高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解5大題型解析(福建省版)

1、 閱讀理解5大題型解析一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題：定義：對(duì)原文的某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。它們大多是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過(guò)程、論述等進(jìn)行提問(wèn)的。 問(wèn)題主要包詢問(wèn)人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect) 以及文中的數(shù)據(jù)(data)等等。特征：題干中包含有比較明確的具體信息，可以在原文中找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的位置。解題方法：定位法：根據(jù)題干信息回歸原文找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的位置（最好做劃線記號(hào)），然后仔細(xì)分析劃線部分前面或后面的句子，與選項(xiàng)做對(duì)比，與原文表述相一致的即為正確選項(xiàng)。要特別注意的是，原文與選項(xiàng)對(duì)比是要表達(dá)意思一致，而不僅僅是某

2、幾個(gè)單詞一樣。經(jīng)典例題：（2010年福建高考英語(yǔ)卷C篇）Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers desire to go green. However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to th

3、e same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the companies should still make efforts to become more environmentally friendly.

4、 Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible companies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a companys environmental reputation was not good enough.Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Ca

5、rbon Trust, sympathizes: “I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is tickingwe dont have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.”Larger companies h

6、ave an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions （排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which comp

7、anies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work companies are doing.“When companies are gran

8、ted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（標(biāo)識(shí)）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said.66According to Harry Morrison, businesses .A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissions B. should buy carbon allowances for shoppersC. are requ

9、ired to make up for their carbon emissions D. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：（2010年福建高考英語(yǔ)卷E篇）In the United States, there were some well-constructed houses for native Indians, ranging from the simple brush shelter to the five-storied pueblo. In the eastern United States,

10、one of the existing types was that commonly know under the Algonkian name of wigwam in which the Iroquois Indians lived. The wigwams were of wagon-top shape with straight sides and ends, made by bending young trees to form the round shape. Over this shape pieces of tree bark were laid to protect the

11、 Indians from bad weather. Over the bark dried grass was added. A small hole allowed smoke to escape from the top. Doorways at each en served also as windows, The Iroquois Indians built trunk walls all around their villages. The wall had only one opening. They could quickly close this opening if the

12、ir enemies came near. Interestingly, the Choctaw Indians in Mississippi also lived in a wigwam of a most primitive(原始的) construction, but different from those of the Iroquois Indians. The Choctaw Indians wigwams, made from mud, cane and straw, were in the form of a bee-hive. The covering was made of

13、 a long, tough grass. A post in the centre supported the roof. A hole in the top admitted the light, and allowed the smoke to pass out. The tipi tent-housing of the upper lake and plains area was put up with poles set lightly in the ground, tied together near the top, and covered with bark and grass

14、 in the lake country. It was easily portable, and two women could set it up or take it down within an hour. The Pawnee, Mandan and other Indian tribes (部落) along the Missouri built solid ring-shaped structures of trunk, covered with earth and dried grass, housing a dozen families. The Wichita and ot

15、her tribes of the Texas border built large ring-shaped houses covered with dried grass. Apart from the regular housing, almost every tribe had some style of housing.73. According to the passage, the Pawnee Indians built their houses _.A. with openings in the trunk walls B. large enough for several f

16、amilies C. in a ring shape with bark and mud D. by bending young trees to form the shape xx|二、推理判斷題：定義：在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文章的信息做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理判斷試題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。它包括判斷和推理題，這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。近年來(lái)高考推理判斷題的題量有加大的趨勢(shì)，考生一定要注意：特征：一般有如下提問(wèn)方式：It can be inferred from the passage /

17、text that _. 或What can be inferred from the passage?It may be concluded from the passage that_The passage suggests that _Which of the following is TRUE/Not True according to the passage?We can learn/know from the passage that_.According to the text, which can best describe ?Which is true about ?解題方法

18、：排除法：由于題干中沒(méi)有提供具體的信息讓我們?cè)谠闹姓业轿恢?，所以這類題型只能從選項(xiàng)入手，A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐個(gè)與原文對(duì)比分析，先排除在原文中能找得到且對(duì)比之后發(fā)現(xiàn)與原文不一致的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，再排除文章中未提到的選項(xiàng)，最后得出正確選項(xiàng)，正確選項(xiàng)總是和原文中的某句話、某個(gè)信息由直接或間接地關(guān)系。經(jīng)典例題：（2010年福建高考英語(yǔ)卷C篇）Driving a car is not just handling controls and judging speed and distance. It requires you to predict what other road users will do

19、 and get ready to react to something unexpected , When alcohol is consumed, it enters your bloodstream and acts as a depressant （抑制藥），damaging eyesight, judgment and co-ordination （協(xié)調(diào)），slowing down reaction time and greatly increasing the risk of accidents. Even below the drink driving link, driving

20、 will be affected.Alcohol may take a few minutes to be absorbed into the bloodstream and start action on the brain. Absorption rate is increased when drinking on an empty stomach or when consuming drinks mixed with fruit juice. To get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not

21、 possible to speed it up with any measures like taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee.The present Road Traffic Ordinance states clearly that the limit of alcohol concentration is: 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of blood; or 22 micrograms of alcohol per 100ml of breath; or 67 milligram

22、s of alcohol per 100ml of urine(尿液)Drivers who cause traffic accidents, or who commit a moving traffic offence or are being suspected of drink driving will be tested.Any drive found drinking beyond the limit will be charged. The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK25,000 and be senten

23、ced to up to 3 years in prison and punished for 10 driving-offence points; or temporarily banned from driving.The same punishment applies to failing to provide specimens(樣本) far breath, blood or urine tests without good excuse.Drink driving is a criminal offence. Be a responsible driver, think befor

24、e you drink. For the safety of yourself and other road users, never drive after consuming alcohol.58 Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Drinking below the drink driving limit has no effect on driving. B. Alcohol is taken in more quickly when drunk with fruit juice. C. Having

25、 a cup of tea helps to get rid of alcohol from the body. D.50 milligrams of alcohol per 100ml of breath is below the drink limit實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：（2009天津卷D篇）Only three local students won Chinese Blog（博客）Competition. And 15 of the 18 awards went to students from China. 170 students task: to get a fully-designed b

26、log up and running, complete with many postings based on a theme of choiceall written in Chinese. Themes ranged from local opinionssuch as the usage of Singlish, education and whether Singapore can be a cultural centreto food blogs. The entries were judged on Language proficiency（熟練程度）and the qualit

27、y of writing, as well as the design and level of exchanging ideas with readers. Academics from the National University of Singapore and the SIM University IT experts, and a journalist from Chinese newspaper Lianhe Zaobao in Singapore made up the judges. In the end, only three Singaporean students ma

28、de it to the award listthe rest of the awards were swept up by students from China. Ks5u“No surprise.” said Mr. Chow Yaw Long, 37 , teachers in charge from Lanova Junior College, which organized the event. “Although the topics were local subjects, the foreign students were generally better in terms

29、of the content of the posts and their grasp of the Chinese language. ”O(jiān)ne of the three local students winning the first prize in the Best Language Award was blogger Christina Gao 19, from the Saint Andrews Junior College, who spared no effort in researching for and writing her blog. Each entry took

30、her between five and seven days to produce, complete with pictures and even podcasts （播客）Her advice for bloggers is: Be responsible. “Some bloggers out there only seek to blame the authorities and other bloggers.” Said Miss Gao. “I think they lack responsibilities and there is no value to their post

31、s.” 57. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A. Chinese students won most of the awards. B. Not all the themes were about local subjects C. The blogs could be written in Chinese or Singlish. D. The judges were from university in Singapore and China.（2009天津卷D篇）Next time a customer

32、 comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when youre doing your holiday shopping online, make sure youre holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation (感覺(jué)) of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisionsthose are the

33、 practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A.Bargh. Psychologists have known that one persons perception (感知) of anothers “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping ev

34、idence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, sho

35、wed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlows work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults

36、with normal social skills. Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozen

37、s of countries. To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the studys hypotheses (假設(shè)), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the

38、 researcher filled out a short information form: The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

39、“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.54. We can infer from the passage that _.A. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwideB. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiencesC. capable persons are often cold to othersD. physical

40、temperature affects how we see others三、主旨大意題：定義：在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意。今年來(lái)高考主旨大意題有加大題量的趨勢(shì)，考生要特別注意，特別是對(duì)作者意圖、觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的提問(wèn)也是考試的熱點(diǎn)題。特征：一般有如下三類提問(wèn)方式：1、考查文章標(biāo)題：1) The best title for this passage might be_.2) What is the best title for the passage? 3) Which of the following wou

41、ld be suitable as a title for the passage? 2、考查文章的大意及中心思想：1) This passage chiefly deals with _.2) This passage / The first paragraph is mainly about _.3) What is the subject discussed in the text?3、考查作者的觀點(diǎn)、寫(xiě)作態(tài)度和意圖：1) What is the authors main purpose in wiring this passage? 2) In the passage the auth

42、or wants to tell/ hold the view that _. 3) The writers attitude toward . is_. 解題方法：抓重點(diǎn)法?？v覽全文或全段，抓文章的主題句、主題詞、反復(fù)提及的詞等經(jīng)典例題：（2011年福建高考英語(yǔ)卷D篇）Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was one of the most private women in the world, yet when she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life, she r

43、evealed herself as she did nowhere else.After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate（巨頭）Aristotle Onassis Jacquelines close friend and former White House social secretary Letitis Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career in publishing. After consideration, Jacqueline acc

44、epted it. Perhaps she hoped to find there some ideas about how to live her own life .She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publishers editor, first at Viking, then at Doubleday ,pursuing（追求）a late-life career longer than her two

45、 marriages combined. During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell to transf

46、orm their popular television conversation into a book, The Power of Myth. The book went on to become an international best-seller. She dealt too, with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography(自傳)，Moonwalk.Jacqueline may have been hired for her name and for her social relations, but she soon

47、proved her worth. Her choices, suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing since and to Jacqueline herself. In the books she selected for publication, she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind. H

48、er books are the autobiography she never wrote. Her role as First lady, in the end, was overshadowed by her performance as an editor. However, few knew that she had achieved so much.71. The passage is mainly . A. an introduction of Jacquelines life both as Fist Lady and as editor.B. a brief descript

49、ion of Jacquelines lifelong experiences.C. a brief account of Jacquelines career as an editor in her last 20 years.D. an analysis of Jacquelines social relations in publishing（2011年福建高考英語(yǔ)卷E篇）The internet will open up new vistas (前景), create the global village- -you can make new friends all around th

50、e world. That, at least, is what it promised us. The difficulty is that it did not take the human mind into account. The reality is that we cannot keep relationship with a limited number of people. No matter how hard the internet tries to put you in communication, its best efforts will be defeated b

51、y your mind.The problem is twofold（雙重的）. First, there is a limit on the number of people we can hold in mind and have a meaningful relationship with. That number is about 150 and is set by the size of our brain. Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest（投入）in

52、 then. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribute whats left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline（減弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.This is not, of course, to s

53、ay that the internet doesnt serve a socially valuable function. Of course it does. But the question is not that it allows you to increase the size of your social circle to include the rest of the world, but that you can keep your relationships with your existing friends going even though you have to

54、 more to the other side of the world.In one sense, thats a good thing. But it also has a disadvantage. If you continue to invest in your old friends even though you can no longer see then, then certainly you arent using your time to make new friends where you now live. And I suspect that probably is

55、nt the best use of your time. Meaningful relationships are about being able to communicate with each other, face to face. The internet will slow down the rate with which relationships end, but it wont stop that happening eventually.75. What is the authors attitude towards the use of the internet to

56、strengthen relationships?A. He is uncertain about it. B. He is hopeful of it. C. He approves of it. D. He doubts it.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：（2010福建高考英語(yǔ)卷C篇）（題目見(jiàn)第1頁(yè)）64Whats the main idea of the passage?ABusinesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.BCompanies will soon get information about cutting c

57、arbon emissions.CFirms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.DFirms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppersenvironmental awareness.Decision thinking is not unlike poker it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think t

58、hey think you think. The mental process is similar. Naturally, this card game has often been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed that all games of “perfec

59、t information”, games like chess where the players cant hide anything or play tricks; they dont win by chance, but by means of logic and skills. Then there are games of “imperfect information”, like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance that one course of action is better than another.

60、One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse. Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors which woul