英漢翻譯(7)翻譯中的增詞與減詞課件

1、Lecture SevenAmplification & Omission翻譯中的增詞與減詞1. Amplification 英漢兩種語言，由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同，翻譯時(shí)既可能要將詞類加以轉(zhuǎn)換，又可能要在詞量上加以增減。增詞法就是在翻譯時(shí)按意義（或邏輯上）和句法上的需要增加一些詞來更忠實(shí)地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。這當(dāng)然不是無中生有地隨意增詞，而是增加原文中雖無其詞而有其義的詞。根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要（一）增加動(dòng)詞By supplying necessary verbs before or after nouns.1) They talked for almost eight hours throu

2、gh dinner and well into the night. 他們差不多談了八個(gè)小時(shí)，中間吃了一頓晚餐，接著一直談到深夜。2) He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countries. 他贊同為改善同所有愛好和平的國家的關(guān)系而進(jìn)行努力。 3) Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality, he said. 他說,“誰也不能指望他會(huì)采取克制和講道理的態(tài)度。”4) In spite of yesterdays rainstorm, the

3、 crops lay lush and green in the early light. 雖然昨天遭受了暴風(fēng)雨的襲擊，莊稼在晨曦中顯得郁郁蔥蔥，茂盛異常。（二）增加形容詞By supplying adjectives before nouns.1) This is grasping at straws, I know, said the helpless man. “我知道這是在抓救命稻草?！彼麩o可奈何地說。2) With the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours, I hadnt the time to worry about such

4、trifles. 不出兩小時(shí)會(huì)議就要開始了，我沒有閑工夫?yàn)檫@些瑣事操心了。3) “Itll make a man of him,” said Jack, “College is the place.” “一定會(huì)把他造就成一個(gè)堂堂的男子漢，”杰克說，“就是應(yīng)該上大學(xué)嘛。4) He regarded the National Day edition of that paper as a collectors item. 他把那份國慶版的報(bào)子視為一個(gè)收藏家的珍品。 （三）增加副詞By supplying adverbs before some verbs.1) Now and then his bo

5、ots shone. 他的皮靴不時(shí)地閃閃發(fā)亮。2) A seagull saw the light from the window and darted up to it. 一只海鷗見到來自窗戶光線便飛撲過去。 3) He turned a chair around and straddled it, resting his chin on the back. 他把椅子轉(zhuǎn)了個(gè)向，叉開雙腿一屁股坐在上面，下巴擱在椅子背上。4) In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver mee

6、ts girl tractor driver, they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那些日子的電影里，總是老一套。男拖拉機(jī)手和女拖拉機(jī)手始而相遇，繼而相愛，終而肩并肩地開著拖拉機(jī)走了。（四）增加名詞A. after the intransitive verbs1) He began to see things and to understand. 他開了眼界，并懂得了一些名堂。2) He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 他吃了點(diǎn)東西，喝了點(diǎn)酒，因?yàn)樗哑v不堪了。3) The invading

7、 troops looted and raped whenever they went. 侵略軍所到之處，掠奪財(cái)物，強(qiáng)奸婦女。4) First you borrow, then you beg. 一遭借錢，二遭討飯。5) Wash before you eat. 吃飯前洗手。B. before the adjectives1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 這臺(tái)打字機(jī)確實(shí)價(jià)廉物美。2) He is a complicated manmoody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是個(gè)性格復(fù)雜的人喜怒

8、無常、反復(fù)多變、具有憂郁寡歡的特點(diǎn)。C. after the abstract nouns1) Nassar, with statesmanship and infinite patience, persuaded his quarrelling brother to sign an agreement. 納賽爾以政治家的手腕和極大的耐心，說服了爭(zhēng)執(zhí)不休的兄弟們簽定了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議。2) For many years there has been serious unemployment in the capitalist countries. 資本主義國家多年來存在著嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象。3) He f

9、elt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一種愛國熱情在胸中激蕩。4) The grief of the people took charge. 人民的悲痛情緒失去了控制。D. after the concrete nouns1) The development of Chinese industry remains one of the priorities of the government. 發(fā)展中國工業(yè)仍然是政府的首要課題之一。2) Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawye

10、r in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer. 基辛格覺得羅杰斯在挑刺兒，但律師出身的尼克松卻支持他同行的挑刺兒。（五）增加表示名詞復(fù)數(shù)的詞1、增加重疊詞表示復(fù)數(shù)1) Very acute problems exist among them. 他們中間存在著種種非常尖銳的問題。2) The US. had a brief period of regional feudalism during the period of slavery in the southern states. 美國南部諸州，在奴隸制時(shí)期經(jīng)歷過短暫的地區(qū)封建制度。3

11、) They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings. 他們開著一輛黑色的豪華轎車，通過一叢叢白樺樹和一眼望不到盡頭的一排排千篇一律的新宅。4) The lion is the King of animals. 獅是百獸之王。5) The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 連大地都顫抖了，萬馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。（六）增加表示時(shí)態(tài)

12、的詞 1) I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我在當(dāng)時(shí)就知道得同現(xiàn)在一樣清楚。 2) Mother insisted to this day that she thought I was just joking. 時(shí)至今日母親還堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為我當(dāng)時(shí)只是開玩笑罷了。 3) They had always been able to control things. Now control was getting away from all of them. 他們從前總能控制一切，但現(xiàn)在他們大家在喪失控制了。 4) Stephen looked older tha

13、n his age, for he had had a hard life. 斯蒂芬看上去比他實(shí)際年齡要大，因?yàn)樗羞^一段艱難的生活。（七）增加語氣助詞1) All that made this Christmas Day was my knowing it was. 今天算是圣誕節(jié)，只是因?yàn)槲抑朗鞘フQ節(jié)罷了。 2) The little boy had brought with him knife, scissors and what not, tinkling in his pocket. 那小男孩口袋里帶著小刀啦、剪子啦、等等。丁零當(dāng)啷響個(gè)不停。3) Their host carve

14、d, poured, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他們的主人割肉啦、倒酒啦、切面包啦、談呀、笑呀、敬酒祝福啦，忙個(gè)不也樂乎。（八）增加名詞單位詞1 ) This too was a complete lie. 這也純粹是一派胡言。2) He squeezed his sister too and gave her a gentle push. 他也捏了一把他的妹妹，并且把她輕輕推了一下。3) A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一輪紅日從平靜的海面上冉冉升起。（九）增加根據(jù)上下文需要及反

15、映背景情況的詞1) In April, there was the Ping heard around the world. In July, the Ping ponged. 四月里，全世界聽到中國“乒”的一聲把球打了出去。七月里，美國“乓的把球打了回來。2) The weather was warm and sultry and everyone seemed to be on edge. 天氣悶熱，所有的人都好象熱鍋上的螞蟻，坐立不安。3) His Hitlers discourse, says Speider, became lost in fantastic digressions.

16、 斯派達(dá)爾后來說，希特勒的“談話越說越遠(yuǎn)，越說越離譜，最后不知說到哪里去了。4) The two crashesboy and chairbrought George racing up from the basement. 孩子和椅子先后倒地的聲響使喬治飛快地從地下室跑上來。（十）增加概括詞1) We have achieved rapid progress in industry, agriculture, commerce, education and culture.我們?cè)诠I(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)、教育和文化諸方面已經(jīng)取得了迅速的發(fā)展。2）The social systems of China

17、 and the US. are fundamentally different. 中美兩國的社會(huì)制度有著根本的差別。3) The students of Classes 1 and 3 have gone to the factory. 一、三兩班的學(xué)生已經(jīng)到工廠去了。4) Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October. 這之前， 亨利基辛格在七月和十月兩度在這里下榻。（十一）增加說明性的詞語1) The car stopped in front of the Nile Hilton. 轎車停在尼羅河

18、希爾頓飯店的門口。2) Oilfield Wives Farm the Gobi. 油田工人的家屬耕耘在戈壁灘。3) Chen is 32 and mother of 2 . 陳今年32歲，已有了兩個(gè)孩子。根據(jù)句法上的需要By supplementing the omitted words.1) Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low. 溫度高，水蒸發(fā)得快；溫度低，水蒸發(fā)得慢。2）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by yo

19、ur own. 從別人的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)比從自己的失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)更好。3) Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows lower. 他總是夸大事實(shí)，高的說得更高，低的說得更低。4) We dont retreat, we never have and nerve will. 我們不后退，我們從未后退過，將來也決不后退。5) They have our interests at heart as we have theirs. 他們關(guān)心我們的利益，同樣，我們也關(guān)心他們的利益。6) Loyalt

20、y is a very important thing, Miss Gimple, he went on. Oh, very, agreed Miss Gimple. “忠誠是件非常重要的事啊，金波小姐。”他接著說道?！芭?，是非常重要。”她表示同意。By supplying sentence connectors.1) Suddenly everything shook, a loud explosion was heard, a second, a third, . 突然間萬物震動(dòng)，只聽得一聲，接著第二聲，然后第三聲2) For mistakes had been made, bad one

21、s. 因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)犯了錯(cuò)誤，而且還是很嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。By supplying words that forms a connecting link between the preceding and the following.1) He stepped to the platform: a little dingy station, a small crowd of travelers. 他跨上月臺(tái)，停了停，只看見：一個(gè)陰沉沉的小車站和一小群旅客。2) Border formalities, the French officials were polite and efficient, the N

22、azi authorities aloof and superior. 辦理邊境手續(xù)，法國官員有禮貌，效率高，納粹方面則冷淡而高傲。3) The bourgeoisie has torn away from the family its sentimental veil, and has reduced the family relation to a more money relation. 資產(chǎn)階級(jí)撕下了罩在家庭關(guān)系上的溫情脈脈的面紗，把這種關(guān)系變成了純粹的金錢關(guān)系。2. Omission 省略是指原文中有些詞在譯文中不必譯出來，因?yàn)樽g文中雖無其詞而已有其意，或者在譯文中是不言而喻的。換言

23、之，省略是刪去一些可有可無的，或者有了反嫌累贅或違背譯文語言習(xí)慣的詞。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想內(nèi)容刪去?，F(xiàn)從語法角度和修辭角度分別舉例探討省略法：一、從語法角度來看Omission of Personal Pron. 根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，前句出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語，后句如仍為同一主語，就不必重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，英語中通常每句都有主語，因此人稱代詞作主語往往多次出現(xiàn)，這種人稱代詞漢譯時(shí)常?？梢允÷浴?1) As he approached the village he met a number of people but none whom he knew, which somewhat surprised him

24、.快到村子時(shí)，他遇見了許多人，可是一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)，這可使他有點(diǎn)吃緊。2) As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine.因?yàn)槲覀冏≡诖舐放赃?，常有游客或異鄉(xiāng)人來訪，嘗嘗我們家釀的醋栗酒。3) Dr. Bethune began to work as soon as he came to the front.白求恩大夫一到前線就開始了工作。4) When the children finished all the comic books t

25、hey had brought, they opened the lunch and ate it.孩子們看完了買來的所有漫畫書之后，便打開午飯吃了起來。5) She is a thin girl, and she seemed very tired from the journey, but when I asked her if she didnt want me to bring a drink upstairs to her, she said she didnt think she did.她是個(gè)瘦弱的姑娘，路途歸來顯得十分疲勞。但當(dāng)我問她想不想送點(diǎn)飲料到樓上去給她時(shí)，她說不必了。6

26、) He advised her not to go out so often, and she just ignored it.我勸她不要那樣常常外出，可她卻置之不理。7) I sent you yesterday all the books you wanted, have you received them? 你要的書籍，我已于昨日如數(shù)寄出，收到了沒有？8) When anyone among the people breaks the law, he too should be punished.人民犯了法，也要受處罰。9) While reading do not allow you

27、rself to regress, but keep reading ahead in every sentence, even when you come across a new word.閱讀時(shí)不要回頭讀，即使遇到一個(gè)生詞，也應(yīng)繼續(xù)下去。2. Omission of Possessive pronn.1) But his titanic determination, his powerful mind and his fierce commitment to the mission of his class overrode all physical handicapes. 他那巨大的決

28、心，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志和對(duì)本階級(jí)堅(jiān)貞不渝的精神，使他克服了一切身體的缺陷。2) She listened for a moment with her rounded eyes. 她睜圓著眼睛聽了一會(huì)兒。3) When she told a story, she rolled her eyes and waved her head, and was very dramatic.她講故事的時(shí)候，眼睛翻來復(fù)去，腦瓜兒東晃西擺，好像演戲一般。4) They came in their thousands.他們成千上萬地趕來了。5) He wore a ragged, dusty coat that reach

29、ed only to his knees.他穿著一件長及西蓋的破爛的臟大衣。6) She is in her dressing gown and has cream all over her face.她穿著一件睡衣，滿臉涂脂抹粉。 3. Omission of it and there.1) It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast.天又冷又暗，天空布滿烏云。2) It was a good meal they had together that night.那天晚上他們一起吃了一頓豐盛的飯菜。3) Whatever is coming, well

30、manage it all very well, you will see.無論發(fā)生何事，我們都會(huì)應(yīng)付自如的，你將看著吧。4) Did it never occur to you that he might wish one day to see the country in which his father was born?難道你從來沒有想到過他可能有一天想去看看他父親出身的古國？5) There was a pistol shot from the woods, followed close by another.樹林里傳來了一聲槍響，緊接著又是一響。II.Omission of con

31、junctions1.Omission of Coordinating Conjj:1) The early autumn day was warm and charming.初秋時(shí)節(jié)，日間溫暖迷人。2) He looked gloomy and troubled.他神色黯然，心思重重。3) She is just the personso quiet and so bright.她是個(gè)理想的角色，秉性溫和，聰明伶俐。4) The doors opened and the audience came crowding in.大門開了，聽眾一擁而入。5) Wise men love truth,

32、 whereas fools shun it.智者熱愛真理，愚者躲避真理。6) He is not honest, so he is not fit to be a cashier.他不誠實(shí)，不適合當(dāng)出納。7) There must be somebody in, for I heard a voice.屋子里準(zhǔn)有人，我聽見了聲音。2. Omission of Subordinating Conjj:1) Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.車未停穩(wěn)，切勿上下車。2) The grandmother said

33、she would tell them a story if they would keep quiet.奶奶說他們肯安靜下來不吵鬧，就給他們講一個(gè)故事。3) Dear, dear, think of me if you wont think of yourself.啊，天哪，你不想想自己，也得想想我們。4) I should not have time to see him even if he were here.他就是在這兒，我也沒功夫見他。5) I was just stepping out of the shower when I heard the bell ring.我剛洗完淋浴

34、出來，就聽見門鈴響了。III. Omission of the Definite or Indefinite Articles:1) More often we would go for a weekend to Camp David.我們到戴維營去度周末倒是更經(jīng)常些。2) He would never have to sleep in a strange bed.他決不愿意在別人的床上睡覺。3) Life in the White House was confining, and this made the home we bought in summer 1969 for our reti

35、rement even more special for us.白宮的生活給人以禁閉的感覺，這使得我們對(duì)于1969年夏天為以后退休而購置的房子感到更親切了。IV. Omission of Prepositions:1) By autumn of 1984, I was in Moscow bound for China. 1984年秋，我在莫斯科等待去中國。2) For me the most exciting event of the first year of my presidency came in July 1969 when an American became the first

36、 man to walk on the moon.對(duì)我來說，任總統(tǒng)的頭一年，最令我激動(dòng)的事件是1969年七月，一位美國人首次在月球上漫步。3) On Sunday night, July 20, I stood around the TV set in the private office and watched Neil Armstrong step onto the moon.七月二十日，一個(gè)星期天晚上，我在私人辦公室里站在電視機(jī)旁觀看著阿母斯特朗登上月球。4) Life in the White House is active and intense.白宮的生活既活躍又緊張。5) Rum

37、ours had already spread along the streets and lanes.大街小巷早已傳遍了各種流言蜚語。V. Omission of some words or phrases for brevity:1) A few months after this I crossed the sea eastward again.幾個(gè)月之后，我又渡海東去。2) Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at.眼下我們已解決了這個(gè)難題，而且還得

38、出了跟他們相同的結(jié)論。3) He realized the subtlety of Chinas messages, the gap between her hot rhetoric and her cool action.他領(lǐng)悟了中國信息的微妙之處：言辭激烈，行事謹(jǐn)慎。4) It seemed to me discret to retire, and I described myself as anxious for a walk before dinner.我覺得還是脫身為妙，于是就設(shè)法在進(jìn)餐前去散散步。V. Homework for today1. When we reflected o

39、n the labors and pains, the cares, disquiet, and dangers which attended the road to greatness.2. And Homer! Is not he likewise human? Even Homer may sometimes nod. To err is human.3. It is part of the general theory of democracy that all human beings are equal in the sense that they all have some basic rights and that all should be treated alike.4. Stephen came out of the hot mill into the damp wind and cold wet streets, haggard and worn.5. I was struck by their cordiality.6. Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars.7. There li