【來之不易】Management(管理學(xué)解析課件

1、ManagementXinchi Wang0514-Chapter 2 management yesterday and todayLearning Outline of Chapter 2 historical background of management scientific management general administrative theory quantitative approach toward understanding organizational behavior the systems approach the contingency approach cur

2、rent trends and issueshistorical background of managementTwo historical events are especially significant to the study of management:Division of labor (or job specialization)Industrial revolutionThe six major approaches to management:Scientific management, general administrative, quantitative approa

3、ch, organizational behavior, systems, and contingency.Why studying management history is important?Looking at management history can help us understand todays management theory and practice. It can help us see what did and did not work. Scientific management1911, the year the modern management theor

4、y was born.Frederick Winslow TaylorPrinciples of Scientific managementThe theory of scientific management: the use of scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done.Take it easy, one best wayFrank and Lillian Gilbreth Taylors four principles of managementDevelop a science for e

5、ach element of an individuals work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.D

6、ivide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all for which it is better fitted than the workers. General administrative theory(1)Henri FayolHe identified five functions of managers.His attention was directed toward the activities of all managers.

7、He developed 14 principles of management.He believed that management was an activity common to all business endeavors, government, and even in the home.General administrative theory (2)Max Weber He studied organization, developed a theory of authority structures and relations. the ideal type of orga

8、nization: bureaucracy specialization of labor formal rules and procedures impersonality well-defined hierarchy career advancement based on meritQuantitative Approach to managementThe use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making. Operations research or management science.The quantitative

9、 approach contributes directly to management decision making in the areas of planning and control. Toward understanding organizational behaviorThe field of study concerned with the actions (behavior) of people at work is called organizational behavior (OB).Much of what currently makes up the field o

10、f human resource management, as well as contemporary views on motivation, leadership, trust, teamwork, and conflict management, has come out of OB research. Early advocatesRobert Owen (late 1700s)Hugo Munsterberg (early 1900s)Mary Parker Follett (early 1900s)Chester Barnard (1930s)The Hawthorne Stud

11、iesA series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into individual and group behavior.Western Electric Company works in CiceroHarvard processor Elton MayoPeoples behavior and attitudes are closely related.Group factors affect individual behaviorGroup standards establish ind

12、ividual worker outputMoney is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group attitudes, and security. The systems approachSystema set interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.The systems approach implies that:Managers have to know

13、that all these interdependent units are working together so that the organizations goals can be achieved.Decisions and actions taken in one organizational area will affect others and vice versa.Organizations are not self-contained (it is open). Closed systems systems that not influenced by and not i

14、nteract with their environment.Open systems systems that interact with their environment.Synergy the whole to equal more than the sum of its parts.Entropy the tendency of systems to decay over time.Negative entropy is the ability of open systems to delay or arrest entropy by bringing in new energy f

15、rom the environment in the form of inputs and feedback. The contingency approachSituational approachAppropriate managerial action depends on the particular parameters of the situation.Universal views: same managerial principles apply to every situation.Contingency views: appropriate managerial actio

16、n depends on the situation. Classical theorists, such as Taylor and Fayol, tried to find “the one best way” for managers to operate . The primary value of the contingency approach is that it stresses there are no simplistic or universal rules for managers to follow.Current trends and issuesGlobalization the world has definitely become a global village, leading to important changes in the managers job.Working w