綜合教程4Unit1 Never givein never

1、Unit 1 Never give in, never, never, neverLanguage work1. Since的用法How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?離開（沒住在）上海多久了？ It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(tuán)（不當(dāng)團(tuán)員）半個月了。 Its been quite some time since I was last in London.我離開倫敦已很長時間了。 比較：He has written to me frequently since I was ill

2、.自從我病愈以來，他屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為狀態(tài)動詞） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來，他就屢次給我寫信。（從句謂語為終止性動詞） Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year.自從我們自己有了汽車，我們每年都去野營。 試比較：1. Since Ive been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學(xué)校，我們已換了三個校長了。 Since I was at this sch

3、ool, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學(xué)校，他們已換了三個校長了。 2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來，他從未來看過我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病愈以來，他從未來看過我。 由此可見，since引導(dǎo)的從句持續(xù)動詞的一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之，前者以肯定的語法形式反映著否定的邏輯內(nèi)容，而后者的形式與內(nèi)容是一致的。 至于It is +一段時間+since的句型與It h

4、as been +一段時間+since意思相同。前者是規(guī)范說法，后者是口語說法。 應(yīng)注意的是，在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，since引導(dǎo)的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義，下面兩句都錯了： It is a long time since he didnt study English. Its two months since you didnt come to see me. 正確的說法為： Its a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學(xué)英語了。 You havent come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了

5、。at your Head Masters kind invitationat: in response toDetailed reading1 at your Head Masters kind invitation 1e.g.A meeting was arranged at the ambassadors request.At my suggestion, Mrs. Carey wrote to her former employer.Collocations:at ones invitation/request/suggestion, etc.Detailed readingTrans

6、lation:應(yīng)胡錦濤主席之邀，美國總統(tǒng)將對中國進(jìn)行國事訪問。At the invitation of President Hu Jintao, President of the United States will pay a state visit to China._catastrophic: a. involving or causing sudden great damage or sufferingDetailed reading1 catastrophicSynonym:disastrousDetailed readingCollocations:catastrophic flo

7、ods/losses/effects/resultsDerivation:catastrophe n. 1. adj. Something that is catastrophic involves or causes a sudden terrible disaster. 災(zāi)難性的A tidal wave caused by the earthquake hit the coast causing catastrophic damage. 地震引發(fā)的海嘯襲擊了海岸，造成了災(zāi)難性的損失。The water shortage in this country is potentially cata

8、strophic. 該國水資源的匱乏很可能是災(zāi)難性的。2. adj. If you describe something as catastrophic, you mean that it is very bad or unsuccessful. 極糟的; 失敗的a catastrophic depression; catastrophic illnessDetailed reading1- ups and downsups and downs: a mixture of good things and bad things n. 沉??；盛衰；高低 e.g.Sitting beside the

9、 window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.Detailed readingTranslation:從1999年建立以來，公司歷經(jīng)盛衰浮沉。The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999._Detailed reading1- positionposition: situation at a particular time Synonym:situationDetailed readinge.g.It is tim

10、e those companies revealed more about their financial position.Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up.1. N-COUNT The position of someone or something is the place where they are in relation to other things. 位置The ship was identified, and its name

11、 and position were reported to the Coast Guard. 該輪船的身份已得到確認(rèn)，其名稱和位置已報告給了海岸警衛(wèi)隊。2. N-COUNT When someone or something is in a particular position, they are sitting, lying, or arranged in that way. 姿勢It is crucial that the upper back and neck are held in an erect position to give support for the head. 重要

12、的是：上背和頸部要挺直以支撐頭部，這一點很重要。Mr. Dambar had raised himself to a sitting position. 丹巴先生已坐了起來。3. V-T If you position something somewhere, you put it there carefully, so that it is in the right place or position. 小心放置Position the cursor where you want the new margins to begin. 將光標(biāo)放在你所要的新頁邊空白開端。 4. N-COUNT Y

13、our position in society is the role and the importance that you have in it. (社會) 地位Adjustment to their changing role and position in society can be painful for some old people. 對有些老年人適應(yīng)他們在社會中不斷變化的角色和地位可能是痛苦的。5. N-COUNTA position in a company or organization is a job. 職位 正式 He left a career in teachi

14、ng to take up a position with the NEH. 他放棄了教職，以便在國家人文基金會任職。6. N-COUNT Your position in a race or competition is how well you did in relation to the other competitors or how well you are doing. (比賽、競賽中的) 名次By the ninth hour the car was running in eighth position. 比賽進(jìn)行到第9個小時的時候該賽車跑在第8位。7. N-COUNT You

15、can describe your situation at a particular time by saying that you are in a particular position. 處境; 狀況Hes going to be in a very difficult position if things go badly for him. 他處境將非常困難，如果情況變糟的話。Companies should be made to reveal more about their financial position. 應(yīng)該要求各公司披露更多的財務(wù)狀況資料。8. N-COUNT You

16、r position on a particular matter is your attitude toward it or your opinion of it. 態(tài)度; 看法正式He could be depended on to take a moderate position on most of the key issues. 可以相信，他會在大多數(shù)關(guān)鍵問題上持溫和態(tài)度。9. N-SING If you are in a position to do something, you are able to do it. If you are in no position to do

17、something, you are unable to do it. (做某事的) 適當(dāng)位置I am not in a position to comment. 我不便發(fā)表評論。10. PHRASE If someone or something is in position, they are in their correct or usual place or arrangement. 在合適的位置上28,000 U.S. troops are moving into position. 2.8萬名美國士兵即將到位。desperately: adv. 絕望地，希望渺茫地; 鋌而走險地，不

18、顧一切地，拼命地The president says people are desperately searching for work, and the government has an obligationto consider every additional responsible step possible to get them working again. They are trying desperately to get water into that pool to avoid a nuclear disaster. adj. desperate 不顧一切的；令人絕望的；

19、極度渴望的n. desperation 絕望的境地；不顧一切拼命unmeasured /nmd/ 1. adj. measureless; limitless 無限的adj. unmeasurable 不可測的；無法計量的menace /mns/ CET6 TEM4 (menacing, menaced, menaces) 1. N-COUNT If you say that someone or something is a menace to other people or things, you mean that person or thing is likely to cause s

20、erious harm. 威脅In my view, you are a menace to the public. 在我看來，你對公眾是一個威脅。2. N-COUNT You can refer to someone or something as a menace when you want to say that they cause you trouble or annoyance. 煩人之人; 煩人之物非正式Y(jié)oure a menace to my privacy, Kenton. 你是個侵犯我隱私的討厭的人，肯頓。3. N-UNCOUNT Menace is a quality o

21、r atmosphere that gives you the feeling that you are in danger or that someone wants to harm you. 危險性; 威脅性There is a pervading sense of menace. 有一種在蔓延的危險感。4. V-T If you say that one thing menaces another, you mean that the first thing is likely to cause the second thing serious harm. 威脅They seem det

22、ermined to menace the United States and its allies. 他們好像決心要威脅美國及其盟國。Detailed reading2- throwing our throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago: recollecting our meeting at Harrow School ten months agoe.g.Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged

23、 in a great war against the Fascists.Detailed readingdeceptive /dsptv/ CET6 + TEM41. ADJ If something is deceptive, it encourages you to believe something which is not true. 騙人的Johnston isnt tired of Las Vegas yet, it seems, but appearances can be deceptive. 似乎，約翰斯頓還沒有厭倦拉斯韋加斯，但表象可能是騙人的。2. deceptivel

24、y ADV 騙人地The storyline is deceptively simple. 故事情節(jié)看似簡單。n. deception 欺騙，欺詐；騙術(shù)deceptiveness 虛偽；迷惑騙人Detailed reading3- meet withmeet with: experience; undergoDetailed readinge.g.Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure. Efforts to put the Russian space programme into mark

25、et have met with little success. She was worried that he might have met with an accident.triumph /tramf/ CET4 1. N-VAR A triumph is a great success or achievement, often one that has been gained with a lot of skill or effort. 勝利; 成就The championships proved to be a personal triumph for the coach. 那些冠

26、軍稱號證明了教練戴夫多諾萬的個人成就。2. N-UNCOUNT Triumph is a feeling of great satisfaction and pride resulting from a success or victory. (成功或勝利的) 喜悅Her sense of triumph was short-lived. 她喜悅的感覺是短暫的。3. V-I If someone or something triumphs, they gain complete success, control, or victory, often after a long or diffic

27、ult struggle. 成功; 獲勝All her life, Kelly had stuck with difficult tasks and challenges, and triumphed. 凱利在一生中遭遇了種種艱巨任務(wù)與挑戰(zhàn)，但成功了。impostor /mpst/ also imposter TEM8 1. N-COUNT Someone who is an impostor is dishonestly pretending to be someone else in order to gain an advantage. 假冒者; 冒名頂替者He was an impos

28、ter who masqueraded as a doctor. 他是位冒牌醫(yī)生。Detailed reading3- imagination . imagination makes things out far worse .: . what one imagines tends to be worse than reality .e.g.How do you make that out (= what are your reasons for thinking that)? + wh- I cant make out what she wants.Detailed readingmake

29、out: see or understand Paraphrase:I cant make out how to put it back. I dont know/understand how to put it back._Detailed reading3- far-reachingfar-reaching: TEM41. ADJ If you describe actions, events, or changes as far-reaching, you mean that they have a very great influence and affect a great numb

30、er of things. 影響深遠(yuǎn)的The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 除非實施影響深遠(yuǎn)的改革，否則經(jīng)濟就有崩潰的危險。e.g.The consequences of the decision will be far-reaching.They decided to carry on far-reaching constitutional reforms.Collocations:far-reaching consequences/implications/chan

31、ges/reformsDetailed readingaddress CET4 TEM4名詞讀作drs 或drs。動詞讀作drs。1. N-COUNT Your address is the number of the house or apartment and the name of the street and the town where you live or work. 地址2. N-COUNT The address of a website is its location on the Internet, for example, . 網(wǎng)址計算機Full details, in

32、cluding the website address to log on to, are at the bottom of this page. 包括要登陸的網(wǎng)址的完整信息在本頁下端。3. V-T If a letter, envelope, or parcel is addressed to you, your name and address have been written on it. 寫 (收信人的) 姓名地址 usu passiveApplications should be addressed to: The business affairs editor. 申請信應(yīng)該寄給商

33、務(wù)編輯。4. V-T If you address a group of people, you give a speech to them. 作演講He is due to address a conference on human rights next week. 他下周要在一個人權(quán)會議上發(fā)言。5. N-COUNT Address is also a noun. 演講He had scheduled an address to the American people for the evening of May 27. 他已經(jīng)安排在5月27日晚向美國人民作一個演講。conviction:

34、 n. CET4 TEM4 Detailed reading5 convictione.g.She was motivated by deep religious convictions. In face of difficulty, he held a conviction that all would be well in the end. Detailed reading(1) a strong opinion or belief 堅定的信念usu N that(2) U the feeling or appearance of believing sth. strongly or of

35、 being sure about it 堅信e.g.He said he agreed but his voice lacked conviction. The leaders speech in defense of the policy didnt carry much conviction.We shall, sir, said Thorne, with conviction. 索恩堅定地說：“先生，我們會的”。Collocations:political/moral convictionsnever give in or surrender to the seemingly stro

36、ng enemynever yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy_Detailed reading5yieldDetailed readingyield: v. yield (to sth./sb.): (formal or literary) give up control (of)e.g.After a long siege 圍攻，包圍, the town was forced to yield. He reluctantly yielded to their demands. If the newly founde

37、d regime does not yield, it should face sufficient military force to ensure its certain defeat.I yielded to temptation and had a chocolate bar.Synonym:surrenderParaphrase:overwhelming: 1. ADJ If something is overwhelming, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it. 強悍而令人難以

38、應(yīng)對的The task wont feel so overwhelming if you break it down into small, easy-to-accomplish steps. 如果你把這個任務(wù)分解成一個個容易完成的小步驟，就不會覺得那么難以應(yīng)對。The other women all seemed overwhelmingly confident. 其他的女士們似乎都令人難以應(yīng)對地自信。2. ADJ You can use overwhelming to emphasize that an amount or quantity is much greater than oth

39、er amounts or quantities. (數(shù)量上) 壓倒性的強調(diào)The overwhelming majority of small businesses go broke within the first twenty-four months. 絕大多數(shù)的小公司在最初的24個月里破產(chǎn)。Overwhelmingly adv. (數(shù)量上) 壓倒性地The people voted overwhelmingly for change. 人們以絕對多數(shù)投票贊成變革。Detailed reading5overwhelming The evidence against him was ove

40、rwhelming. She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth. e.g.Detailed readingoverwhelming: a. very great in amount Derivation: overwhelm: v. defeat or make powerless (usu. a group of people) by much greater force of numbers; e.g. to overwhelm the opposing armyTranslation:壓倒性的大多數(shù)表決反對這

41、個提議。An overwhelming majority voted against the proposal._liquidate /lkwdet/ TEM81. V-T To liquidate a company is to close it down and sell all its assets, usually because it is in debt. 清算商業(yè)A unanimous vote (全票通過) was taken to liquidate the company. 投票一致通過對這家公司進(jìn)行清算。liquidation N-VAR 清算The company we

42、nt into liquidation. 這家公司進(jìn)入了停業(yè)清理階段。2. V-T If a company liquidates its assets, its property such as buildings or machinery is sold in order to get money. 將資產(chǎn)換成現(xiàn)金商業(yè)The company closed down operations and began liquidating its assets in January. 這家公司在1月份停止運作，開始把其資產(chǎn)折換成現(xiàn)金。flinch /flnt/ 1. V-I If you flinc

43、h, you make a small sudden movement, especially when something surprises you or hurts you. 畏縮 usu negLeo stared back at him without flinching. 利奧毫不畏縮地回瞪著他。2. V-I If you flinch from something unpleasant, you are unwilling to do it or think about it, or you avoid doing it. 退縮The world community should

44、 not flinch in the face of this challenge. 該國際團(tuán)體不應(yīng)該在這一挑戰(zhàn)面前退縮。3. N the act or an instance of drawing back 退縮Detailed reading6 persevereDetailed readingpersevere: v. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no indication of successCollocations:persevere (in sth.

45、/ in doing sth.); persevere (with sth./sb.)Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. She persevered with her violin lessons.e.g.Derivations: persevering a.; perseverance n.adj. persistent 固執(zhí)的，堅持的；持久穩(wěn)固的persevering 堅忍的；不屈不撓的adv. persistently

46、堅持地；固執(zhí)地perseveringly 堅定地n. perseverance 堅持不懈；不屈不撓persistence 持續(xù)；固執(zhí)；存留perseveration 持續(xù)言語（指言語反復(fù)不止的病態(tài)）；持續(xù)重復(fù)的行為；執(zhí)拗Detailed reading7 compliment 1compliment: v. politely congratulate or praise (sb.) for sth.e.g.She complimented him on his excellent German.Detailed readingCollocation:compliment sb. (on sth

47、.) These words have similar spellings but completely different meanings. If you compliment someone, you say something very nice to them. If one thing complements another, the two things work or look better because they are together. Comparison:compliment & complement Detailed reading7 compliment 2A.

48、 The different flavors each other perfectly. B. She me on my English. complement_Detailed readingcomplimented_Blank filling:stern /stn/ CET6 TEM41. ADJ Stern words or actions are very severe. (話語或行為) 嚴(yán)厲的Mr. Monroe issued a stern warning to those who persist in violence. 門羅先生向那些頑守暴力之徒發(fā)出嚴(yán)厲警告。sternly A

49、DV 嚴(yán)厲地We will take the necessary steps, she said sternly. “我們將采取必要措施，”她嚴(yán)厲地說道。2. ADJ Someone who is stern is very serious and strict. 苛刻的Her father was stern and hard to please. 她父親苛刻，不易討好。3. N the rear or after part of a vessel, opposite the bow or stem 船尾; 艉Detailed reading8 venture to do sthColloc

50、ations:venture sth.; venture to do sth.; venture + speech; venture that Detailed readingventure to do sth.: be brave enough to say sth.e.g.She hardly dared to venture an opinion.She would never venture to ask for a raise.“And if I say no?” she ventured. Translation:我小心翼翼地說她可能犯了個錯誤。I ventured to sugg

51、est that she might have made a mistake. _Detailed reading1 you are beginning you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase:You are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period.Detailed readingDetailed reading3 appearances appearances are often very d