cloning(基因重組克隆技術(shù))

1、Unit 81Teaching Objectives1. Enlarge vocabulary2. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages cloning brings to us 3. Learn to identify the writers purpose4. Learn to write a letter of thanks2SectionsSection A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning Section B Who Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning

2、? Section C Twins Six Years Apart3Section A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning4Table of Contents Background Information Warming-up Activities Text Analysis Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary Test Writing 5 There are different types of cloning, and cloning technologies can be used for other pur

3、poses besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. The three types of cloning technologies are: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning（基因重組克隆技術(shù)）, (2) reproductive cloning（再生克隆技術(shù)）, and (3) therapeutic cloning（干細胞療法克隆技術(shù)）. What is cloning ?6 Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from a

4、dult DNA, was put down by lethal injection on Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Celebrity Sheep Dolly (1)7 Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, ot

5、her than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several yearsCelebrity Sheep Dolly (2)prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way. 8 Scientists have been cloning animals for many years.

6、In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells. Since Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats,

7、 rabbits, and a gaur. All these clones were created using nuclear transfer technology（細胞核移植技術(shù)）. What animals have been cloned? (1)9Dolly Cloned monkeys First cloned mule What animals have been cloned? (2)10Cloned twin goats First cloned horse First cloned cat11 Reproductive cloning is expensive and

8、highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infectio

9、n, tumor growth, and other disorders. What are the risks of cloning? (1) 12 Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long e

10、nough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously.What are the risks of cloning?(2) 13Group Discussions (1)1. As far as you know, what are the advantages and disad

11、vantages that cloning brings to us? Some fatal diseases can be cured with the application of cloning; the rate of success in organ transplant will be greatly improved; and the infertile couples are hopeful to have their own babies, etc. However, it may bring confusion and fear to us; it will threate

12、n human society and dignity; and those clones may feel miserable if they are treated as organ donors instead of independent human beings. 14Group Discussions (2) 2. Should Humans be cloned? Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning and the lack of understanding about this technology, Im strongly aga

13、inst it. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections. Moreover, we dont know how cloning could impact mental development, which is crucial for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, t

14、he attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible. 15Comprehension of the Text (1)How did the world react to the first successfully cloned sheep?The world was amazed by the news at first, then worried about and puzzled over a long list of wild po

15、ssibilities.16Comprehension of the Text (2)2. What are the two broad categories human cloning situations often fall into?One of the situations is that parents want to clone a child who can serve either as a transplant donor or as a substitute for the original. The second is that adults want to clone

16、 themselves for a variety of reasons.17Comprehension of the Text (3)3. According to the author, why are twins more alike than clones? Because clones are only physically identical while twins share the same environment within the mother and are usually raised in the same family.18Comprehension of the

17、 Text (4)4. Biologically speaking, what is the only possible major difference between a clone and the original?The only possible major difference is bearing children, as scientists are not sure if Dolly will be able to have lambs.19Comprehension of the Text (5)5. Why do some parents want to save the

18、ir fatally ill child through cloning?6. Could cloned animals be used as organ donors?Because cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.If technology was improved, this could be realized.20Comprehension of the Text (6)7. How did Judith Martin suggest

19、referring to ones DNA donors?8. What is the gravest concern about human cloning for society?It might be proper to refer to them as “Most honored sir or madam”.The creation of a new and disrespected social class: the clones.21Main idea of the text When a world with human clones was suddenly within re

20、ach, peoples reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that had arisen from cloning.Text Analysis (1)22Text Analysis (2)Main Ideas of Each PartPart I (Para. 1)Part II (Paras. 2-3)Part III (Paras. 4-18)Part IV (Paras.19)With

21、 the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning.This part is about the worlds strong and immediate responses in the wake of Wilmuts announcement.This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions

22、 on the legal and moral implications of cloning.This part is intended to reaffirm the authors opinion that, although the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.23implicationprohibitmountresembleminorfataldeliberateclassify word

23、that/of succeed in doing draft guidelines for fall into in theory be identical to/with in terms of be concerned about be comparable/similar toWords and Expressions24Structures1. Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments2. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast3. Typical patterns for showin

24、g sb.s reactions to sth.25implication n. sth. that is suggested or sth. that is not openly stated 含義，暗示 He smiled, but the implication was that he didnt believe me. 他微微一笑,但這一笑暗示著他不相信我的話。2. involving or being involved, esp. in a crime 牽連，卷入 The implication of the general manager in the criminal case

25、further complicated the whole situation. 總經(jīng)理卷入這件刑事訴訟案使整個形勢進一步復(fù)雜化了。26prohibit vt. fobid, esp. by law or rule; prevent; make impossible 禁止，使不可能，阻止 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the process of handling explosive materials. 在處理易爆物時, 嚴格禁止吸煙。 The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in

26、 most nightclubs. 大多數(shù)夜總會里音樂聲很響，沒法進行嚴肅的談話。27mount vi./vt. (1)vi. increase gradually esp. in a way that makes a situation worse 增加，上升Four days after the accident, the death toll continued to mount. 事故發(fā)生的四天之后，死亡人數(shù)在繼續(xù)上升。I really feel sorry for the old lady when I find she can mount the stairs only with

27、difficulty. 當我發(fā)現(xiàn)這位老婦人上樓梯十分艱難時感到十分難過。vt. 1. go up or on to 登上28mount vi./vt. (2)vt. 2. prepare and produce, organize 準備并進 行，組織The united opponent parties are getting ready to mount a powerful attack on the government. 聯(lián)合起來的反對黨正準備向政府發(fā)動有力的攻勢。29resemble vt. look or be like; be similar, esp. in appearanc

28、e to (sb./sth.) 像，類似 She resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks. 她說話時打手勢的動作像她媽媽。 We have produced a cloth made of pineapple fiber, closely resembling cotton but stronger. 我們生產(chǎn)出了一塊由菠蘿纖維制成的衣料，很像棉布但質(zhì)地更結(jié)實。30minor a./n.a. smaller or lesser in degree, size,numbers or importance

29、 when compared with others 較小的，較少的；低級的，次要的 The important thing is to finish it quickly; cost is only a relatively minor consideration. 重要的是盡快完成，相對而言，費用是次要考慮的事。n. a person who is below the age at which he or she becomes an adult legally 未成年人 In Britain you are a minor until you are eighteen. 在英國，你不滿十

30、八歲就是未成年人。31fatal a. a. very serious and having an important bad effect in the future or (of illness, accidents, etc.) causing death 決定命運的，致命的 Global warming is fatal to the world and therefore scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. 全球變暖對于世界的影響是

31、災(zāi)難性的，因此科學家們不斷呼吁我們要警惕日益嚴重的全球變暖的危險。 It is fatal to drive after drinking alcohol and exceed the speed limit. Such driving habits can lead to fatal accidents. 酒后駕車和超速駕駛會帶來嚴重后果。這些駕駛惡習會導(dǎo)致致命的車禍。32deliberate a./vi./vt. (1)a. 1. planned 故意的，蓄意的 He is the very witness who testifies under oath that the fire wh

32、ich had broken out in the company was deliberate. 他就是那個證人，他發(fā)誓證明公司發(fā)生的火災(zāi)是有人蓄意放的。 2. moving, acting, or thinking slowly and usu. carefully 謹慎的，慎重的 When confronted with such a delicate situation, you are supposed to take deliberate actions. 面臨如此微妙的局面，你應(yīng)該采取謹慎的行動。33deliberate a./vi./vt. (2)vt./vi. think o

33、r talk seriously and carefully about 認真考慮，研討The senate has been deliberating the question for three days.三天來參議院一直在仔細斟酌這個問題。They met to deliberate on possible solutions to the problem. 他們開會仔細研討解決問題的辦法。34classify vt. divide things into groups according to type 分類，歸類 The books in the library are classi

34、fied by/according to subject. 圖書館里的書籍是按題材分類的。 Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment? 你認為她的小說屬于“嚴肅文學”類，還是“純娛樂”類？35word that/of 關(guān)于的消息關(guān)于食品價格即將大幅上漲的消息在街上傳得很快。Word that there would be great increase in food prices has beenspread fast on the streets.36succeed in doin

35、g sth. 成功地做了某事如果他們成功地達成了停火協(xié)議，聯(lián)合國將派駐維和部隊。If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces.37draft guidelines for 為起草指導(dǎo)方針 她正忙著為下月的演講比賽起草演講稿。 She was busy drafting her speech for next months speech contest.38fall into 可分成；屬于 物以類聚，人以群分。 Things of a kind come togethe

36、r; people of a mind fall into a group.39in theory 在理論上 你的計劃理論上聽起來不錯，但我不知道實際上是否行得通。Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I dont know if it will work in practice.40be identical to / with 與一模一樣；就等于 他的意見似乎和我的一樣，這真的是我沒有料想到的。It seems that his opinion is identical to mine, which is really out of my expectat

37、ion. 41in terms of 從方面（來說）； 根據(jù)；按照 令我大為吃驚的是，現(xiàn)在他考慮任何事情都從金錢的角度出發(fā)。To my great surprise, he thinks of everything in terms of money now.42be concerned about / over 擔心，擔憂 作為成年人，我們應(yīng)該關(guān)注非洲兒童的健康成長問題。As adults, we should be deeply concerned about the healthy growth of the children in Africa.43be comparable / si

38、milar to 可與相比；類似于 在一些人眼里，愛情就像是個迷宮，充滿了誘惑和陷阱。In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps.441. Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments 原句: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldnt have to worry about cloning twins for transplants. (L. 48) 如

39、果把克隆的動物用作器官捐贈，那我們就不必考慮為器官移植而克隆雙胞胎了。句型提煉If sb. / sth. could be / do sth., we wouldnt have to worry about (doing) sth. else. 假如某人 / 某物可能是 / 做某事，我們不必擔心45 應(yīng)用：如果每個人都能夠認識到自然資源并非取之盡，那我們就不必再擔心人們對資源的盲目開發(fā)了。If everyone could realize natural resources are not inexhaustible, we wouldnt have to worry about any bl

40、ind exploitation of them.462. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast (1) 原句:Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dollys appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. (L. 11) 就像相對論、原子裂變和第

41、一次太空飛行一樣，多莉的出現(xiàn)給科學家、政治家和哲學家們提出了一長串難以解答的問題。47 Like sth. else, the appearance / arrival / birth / invention of sth. new generates / produces / makes 像某些事/ 物一樣，某事 / 物的出現(xiàn)/ 誕生 / 發(fā)明產(chǎn)生 / 帶來了句型提煉應(yīng)用：就像歷史上的任何一場戰(zhàn)爭一樣，伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭給世界帶來了一長串的戰(zhàn) 后難題。Like any other wars in history, the Iraq war has generated a long list of d

42、ifficult postwar problems for the world483. Typical patterns for showing sb.s reactions to sth. 原句:In the wake of Wilmuts announcement, governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. (L. 6)就在威爾莫特宣告成功之后，為了一個未知世界，一個充滿各種不可思議的可能性的未來，各國政府立即起草指導(dǎo)方針。句

43、型提煉In the wake of sth., sb. hurries / begins to 在某事之后，某人急著 / 開始49 應(yīng)用：那次失敗以后，他急著尋找機會重新證明自己。In the wake of that failure, he hurried to look for chances of reproving himself.50Vocabulary Test Directions: For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best

44、completes the sentence. 1. To understand the _ of a situation, we have to know something about the kind of situation. A. passages B. relations C. implications D. findings C. implications512. The tension _ as the guest of honor was about to announce the winner. A. climbed B. raised C. descended D. mo

45、unted 3. I suspect this is _ attempt to discredit their critics. A. an intentional B. a deliberate C. a purposeful D. a considered 4. Salaries for _ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones. A. legal B. optional C. voluntary D. temporaryD. mountedB. a deliberateD. temporary525.Research un

46、iversities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _ price. A. on account of B. regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention6. The ships generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _ instead of mechanically. A. manually B. artificially C. automatically D. syn

47、thetically7.First published in 1927, the charts remain an _ source for researches. A. identical B. indispensable C. intelligent D. inevitable B. regardless ofA. manuallyB. indispensable538. Harry _ his pants at the seams (接縫) when he bent over. A. sliced B. split C. cracked D. broke9. The boy cyclin

48、g in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received _ injuries. A. fatal B. excessive C. radical D. exaggerated10.Remember that customers dont _ about prices in that city. A. debate B. consult C. dispute D. bargain B) splitA. fatalD. bargain54 Directions: Fill in the blanks with the phrases g

49、iven below. Change the form where necessary.1. I didnt know the word. I had to _ a dictionary. 2. Airport security was extra tight _ yesterdays bomb attacks.succeed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall intoprovide for in the wake of refer to in terms of be concerned abou

50、t as well refer toin the wake of553. The astronauts _ returning from the moon to the earth according to the plan.4. He went ahead _ all warnings about the danger of his mission.5. He has never _ what other people think of him.succeed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall

51、intoprovide for in the wake of refer to in terms of be concerned about as well succeeded in regardless ofbeen concerned about56succeed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall intoprovide for in the wake of refer to in terms of be concerned about as well 6. _ customer satisf

52、action, the policy cannot be criticized.7. His behavior _ betraying us.8. The rules of safe driving _ everyone.9. Hes grown so much that now even the top of shelf is _.10. This book _ the class of modern fiction.In terms ofis identical towork forwithin (his) reachfalls into57Writing 感謝信 Letter of Th

53、anks 寫作方法 參考范文58appreciate 感激 appropriate 恰當?shù)腷eyond words 難以言表 convey 傳達awesome 棒極了 be obliged to 感激的 considerate 體貼的 indebted 感恩的 generous 慷慨的 grateful 感激的gratitude 感激之情 heartfelt 衷心的hospitality 好客，熱情款待 thankful 感謝的 kindness 好意 thoughtful 考慮周到的understanding 善解人意的unselfish assistance 無私的幫助make lasti

54、ng impressions 留下永久的記憶 cherish/ treasure 珍藏，珍視extend heartfelt thanks 表達衷心的感謝Useful words and phrases59Useful Sentence Patterns1. I am grateful to you for. 我非常感激你的 2. I am greatly indebted to you for all you have done for me. 我十分感激你為我所做的一切。 3. I take this opportunity to express to you my deep apprec

55、iation for the kind assistance you rendered me. 我借此機會對你所給予我的幫助表示深深的謝意。 4. Many thanks for your kindness and hospitality. 多謝你的好意和好客。 5. Words fail to convey my gratitude to you. 感激之情，難以言表。 60Useful Sentence Patterns6. Thanks so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I got

56、on my birthday. 非常感謝你送給我的禮物 , 這是我生日時收到的最好的禮物之一。7. Nothing will be able to erase our fond memories, and we will nurture them forever. 沒有什么能抹掉我們美好的記憶，我們會永遠銘記在心。61Writing ProcessOpening1. State the purpose of your letter.表明寫信目的。2. Express sincere gratitude to the receiver.向收信人表示誠摯的感謝。62Writing ProcessB

57、ody1. Recall the happy minute /event.回憶快樂時光 ( 事件 ) 。2. Highly praise the past favor.高度評價 ( 贊賞 ) 收信人的幫助 。3. List the reasons why you are grateful to the recipient.列舉為何對收信人心存感激。4. Express your feeling. 表達你的感受 ( 感情 )。63Writing ProcessEnding1. Restate your great appreciation for the favor and help rende

58、red to you. 再次表達你對收信人的幫助的謝意。2. Express your wish to have the opportunity to reciprocate /repay the past favor. 希望有機會回報收信人的好意和幫助。64Writing Practice A Letter of Thanks1.向?qū)Ψ窖堊约旱郊依镒隹捅硎靖兄x。2.回憶在對方家庭度周末的快樂時光。3.再次表達對對方款待的謝意。65Writing Practice1. 首先，在引言部分，應(yīng)表明自己的寫信目的，并向?qū)Ψ奖硎菊\摯的感謝 。2. 接著，在正文部分，回憶在對方家庭度周末的快樂時光 。

59、可以從以下兩點切入：1）描寫對方的熱情款待 2）表達自己心中的感受。3. 最后，在結(jié)尾部分，應(yīng)再次表達對對方款待的謝意，并表達希望有機會回報對方的好意和幫助的心情。 66Reference Model Dear Mr. Ng, It is a pleasure to write this letter because it gives me an opportunity to tell you how much I enjoyed your hospitality last weekend. It was my first visit to an American family and, at

60、 first, I was very anxious about my limited English and my knowledge of American customs. Then I saw you and your children waiting for me at the station with warm smiles of welcome and your wonderful family put me at ease right away.67Reference Model There are many happy memories of the weekend that