ArchitectureEnglish2建筑英語第二單元課件

1、建筑英語主講：杜鵑ARCHITECTURE ENGLISHArchitecture School of SIASUNIT two Architectural historyThehistory of architecturetraces the changes inarchitecturethrough various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil,sacred,naval, militaryand landscape ar

2、chitecture.Architecture TimelineHow did the worlds great buildings evolve? Architecture in Prehistoric TimesAncient Egypt (3,050 BC to 900 BC)Classical (850 BC to 476 AD)Byzantine (527 to 565 AD)Romanesque (800 to 1200 AD)Gothic Architecture (1100 to 1450 AD)To be continued World MapThe Brief Histor

3、y of World Architecture I世界建筑簡史課文翻譯 Paragraph1Architecture is the practice of building design and its resulting products；customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture must satisfy its intended uses, must be technically sound, and must conve

4、y aesthetic meaning. The best buildings are often so well constructed that they outlast their original use, surviving not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of culture.建筑是修建設計的實踐和最終產(chǎn)物；習慣用法僅指具有文化重要性的設計和結(jié)構(gòu)。建筑必須要滿足其使用目的，必須技術(shù)上可靠，而且必須傳達美學意義。一些最為杰出的建筑物通常修建巧妙，以至于已經(jīng)超出了其最初的使用目的，不僅僅作為一

5、件美麗的物體存在，還記載了文化歷史。Sound: adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的課文翻譯 Paragraph2For Western readers, the architecture of the ancient world, of the Orient, and of the pre-Columbian Americas may be divided into two groups: indigenous architecture and classical architecture. Indigenous architecture includes ways of building th

6、at appear to have developed independently in isolated, local cultural conditions. Classical architecture includes the systems and building methods of Greece and Rome.對西方讀者來說，源于古代、東方，以及哥倫布到達美洲以前的建筑可以分為兩類：本土建筑和古典建筑。本土建筑包括看上去似乎在孤立的地方文化條件當中獨立發(fā)展出的一些修建方式。古典建筑則涵蓋了希臘和羅馬的建筑方式及體系。課文翻譯 Paragraph3The oldest des

7、igned environments stable enough to have left architectural traces date from the first development of cities. The Assyrian city of Khorsabad, built during the reign of Sargon II and excavated as early as 1842, became the basis for the study of Mesopotamian architecture. Over a long period, the urban

8、 culture of Egypt erected the most awesome of the worlds ancient monuments. The largest and best preserved pyramids-used for royal tombs-are those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza.最早的人造環(huán)境相當穩(wěn)定，保留了自最早城市發(fā)展以來的建筑痕跡?；羲_巴德的亞述城建立于薩爾貢二世在位期間（公元前722-705年）并于1842年被發(fā)掘，成為了研究美索不達米亞建筑的基礎。很長一段時間，埃及城市文明樹立起世界古代遺址最令人敬畏的豐碑?，F(xiàn)存最

9、大最完整的金字塔皇家墓葬分別屬于胡夫和吉薩的哈夫拉法老(Pharaoh)。Map of Giza pyramid Pyramid of Khufu refers to the Great Pyramid.課文翻譯 Paragraph4Early Indian stone architecture, which was elaborately carved, was more like sculpture than building. At sites such as Ellora and Ajanta, northeast of Bombay, are great series of arti

10、ficial caves, sculpted out of the solid rock of cliffs. The Chinese house, built in rectangular and symmetrical fashion, reflects a traditional focus on social order. Japanese house design is more concerned with achieving a satisfying relationship with earth, water, rocks, and trees. This approach i

11、s epitomized in the Katsura Detached Palace .早期的印度石建筑通過精心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建筑。在諸如孟買東北部的埃羅喇和阿謇陀景點就有大量的人工洞穴，于峭壁的巖石雕鑿而成。中國房屋以長方形對稱的結(jié)構(gòu)方式修建，反映了以社會秩序為中心的傳統(tǒng)。日本的房屋設計更注重達到與土地、水流、巖石以及樹木和諧相處的關(guān)系。桂離宮（日本）便是這種方法的集中體現(xiàn)。epitomize : v. 概括； 成為 . 的縮影； 作為典范Ajanta Cave & Katsura Detached Palace 課文翻譯 Paragraph5-1The Teotihuacan cu

12、lture of Mexico contained two immense pyramids embedded in what was a vast city. The Mayan civilizations greatest building periods fall within the 4thto the 11thcentury. The Maya created impressive structures through extensive earth moving. Their bold architectural sculpture is either integral with

13、the stone monuments or is added as stucco ornamentation.墨西哥提奧帝華坎文化（公元前100年到公元700年）擁有兩座巨型金字塔鑲嵌于一座龐大的城市當中?，斞盼拿髯顐ゴ蟮慕ㄖr期是公元4世紀到公元11世紀。通過大范圍的遷徙途中，瑪雅人創(chuàng)造出了許多令人印象深刻的建筑物。他們粗獷的建筑雕刻中既有整體巖石雕琢也有涂以灰泥為裝飾。The Mayan Pyramid and the ancient Maya Region 課文翻譯 Paragraph5-2The Inca Empire was centered in the Peruvian And

14、es and flourished from about 1200 to 1533. Inca masonry craftsmanship is unexcelled; enormous pieces of stone were transported over mountainous terrain and fitted together with precision.印加古國位于秘魯安第斯山脈中心，繁榮于1200年至1533年這段時期。印加石匠們的技藝無可比擬；巨大的巖石穿過崇山峻嶺被運來而且精確的被組裝起來。masonry : n.磚石建筑；石工行業(yè) terrain： n.地帶；地形 課

15、文翻譯 Paragraph 6-1The building systems and forms of ancient Greece and Rome directly determined the course of Western architecture. Forms of the Greek temple, the archetypal shrine of all time, range from the tiny Temple of Nike Apteros (427-424 BC) of about 6 by 9 meter (about 20by 30 ft), on the Ac

16、ropolis in Athens, to the gigantic Temple of Zeus (500? BC) at Agrigento in Sicily, which covered more than one hectare (more than two acres). 古代希臘和羅馬的建筑體系以及建筑形式直接決定了西方建筑的進程。希臘廟宇的形式，即所有時期的典型神殿，范圍從位于雅典衛(wèi)城的小到6至9米的勝利女神神廟，到西西里島阿格里琴托城里大到1公頃（相當于2英畝）的宙斯神廟。Shrine : n.圣地； 神龕； 廟Acropolis: 雅典衛(wèi)城Temple of Nike Ap

17、teros (wingless victory)AcropolisParthenonOld Temple of AthenaStatue ofAthena PromachosTemple of Athena NikePropylaeaErechtheionTemple of Zeus 課文翻譯 Paragraph 6-2Two Greek architectural orders developed more or less concurrently. The Doric order predominated on the mainland and in the western colonie

18、s. The acknowledged Doric masterpiece is the Parthenon （447-432 BC），which crowns the Athens Acropolis. The Ionic order originated in the cities on the islands and coasts of Asia Minor. It featured capitals with spiral volutes, slender shafts, and elaborate bases. The Corinthian order, a later develo

19、pment, introduced Ionic capitals detailed with acanthus leaves.希臘的兩大結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎在同一時期發(fā)展起來。多立克柱式在大陸和西方殖民的占主導地位。帕特農(nóng)神廟被公認是多立克柱型建筑風格的代表作，使雅典衛(wèi)城達到了頂峰。愛奧尼柱式起源于島嶼和小亞細亞沿岸的城市。它以螺旋渦形的柱頭，細長的柱身以及精致的底座而著稱。科林斯柱式風格，較晚出現(xiàn)，采用毛莨葉形裝飾的愛奧尼式柱頂。ParthenonParthenonDoric orderCornice : 檐口Frieze ：檐壁，橫飾帶Architrave：額枋Capital ：柱頭，柱頂Shaft

20、：柱身Stylobate : 基座Triglyph ：三攏版；三槽間飾帶Metope :垅間壁；柱間壁Ionic orderPediment :山花;三角楣飾Entablature: 檐部,柱頂盤Column: 立柱Raking cornice: 斜挑檐Moldings : (檐口)線腳Abacus : （圓柱）頂板Volute : 渦形；螺旋型；Flute: （柱上的）凹槽Fillet : 平緣，木摺Base:柱礎 Corinthian orderDentil :齒狀裝飾Boss :浮雕，圓形突出物，凸飾Rosette : 圓形花飾Acanthus leaf :毛茛葉 課文翻譯 Paragr

21、aph 7-1Rome became a powerful, well-organized empire, marked by great engineering works-roads, canals, bridges, and aqueducts. Two Roman inventions allowed for greater architectural flexibility: the dome and the groin vault-formed by the intersection of two identical barrel vaults over a square plan

22、. 羅馬成為實力強大，組織完善的王國，以大量的工程作品著稱：道路、運河、橋梁以及高架渠。兩組羅馬特色的發(fā)明使得建筑更加靈活起來：穹頂以及通過兩個獨立筒形拱頂交叉于一個正方形設計上的交叉拱頂。 課文翻譯 Paragraph 7-2 The Romans also introduced the commemorative or triumphal arch and the Colosseum or stadium. Rome was noteworthy for grandiose urban design, demonstrated through the forum, complete wit

23、h basilica, temple, and other features. The most remarkable forum is Hadrians Villa (125-132) near Tivoli.羅馬人還創(chuàng)造了作為紀念而建造的凱旋門、用于公開討論的廣場和露天競技場。羅馬值得注意的有宏偉的城市設計，用于集會的廣場，完美的教堂，廟宇以及其他特色建筑。最著名的廣場是位于提沃利的哈德良寢宮。Forum 于1460年進入英語，源自古典拉丁語的forum，意為公共場所、市場。在這里指古羅馬城鎮(zhèn)的廣場,當時是古羅馬的城市中心，包括一些羅馬最古老與最重要的建筑。現(xiàn)指論壇。 Agora：原意為市

24、集，泛指古希臘以及古羅馬城市中經(jīng)濟、社交、文化的中心。通常地處城市中心， 為露天廣場。城市男性居民聚集在那里進行商業(yè)交易。此外， Agora還是居民談論政治、談論哲學以及相互結(jié)識的場所，以至于古羅馬時代Agora被稱為Forum。Rome Triumphal Arch & Colosseum & Roman Forum Roman Agora & Hadrians Villa 課文翻譯 Paragraph 8 In the 4thcentury, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity and created

25、a Christian empire, prompting the building of many new churches. The surviving basilicas in Rome that most clearly evoke the Early Christian character include Sant Agnese Fuori le Mura and Santa Sabina (422-432). Byzantine churches, domed and decorated with mosaics, proliferated throughout the Byzan

26、tine Empire; most notable is the Hagia Sophia (532-537), built by Eastern emperor Justinian I at Constantinople.公元4世紀，羅馬國王康斯坦丁大帝皈依了基督教，并且建立了國教為基督教的王國，興建了許多新式教堂建筑。巴西利卡式教堂在羅馬延續(xù)了下來，極明顯地促進了早期基督教風格的發(fā)展，包括圣阿格涅斯和圣薩比納教堂。拜占庭風格的教堂有穹頂并裝飾有馬賽克并在拜占庭帝國迅速大量的產(chǎn)生；最著名的有圣索菲亞大教堂（532-537年），由東羅馬帝國國王查士丁尼一世在君士坦丁堡修建。Sant Agnes

27、e Fuori le MuraByzantine church Hagia Sophia 課文翻譯 Paragraph 9The basilican plan was elaborated in Romanesque architecture. Some greatest monastic Romanesque churches did not survive the French Revolution (1789-1799) but has been reconstructed in drawings. Its design influenced Romanesque and Gothic

28、churches in Burgundy and beyond.巴西利卡式建筑風格在羅馬式建筑風格中變得復雜起來。一些最偉大的羅馬修道院在法國大革命期間沒能幸免于難，但是人們根據(jù)繪畫作品進行了重建。其設計對位于勃艮地以及更遠地區(qū)的羅馬和哥特式教堂產(chǎn)生了影響。Monastic： n.僧侶；修道士 adj.修士的；修道院的 課文翻譯 Paragraph 10At the beginning of the 12thcentury, Romanesque was transformed into Gothic architecture. Although the change was a response to a growing rationalism in Christian theology, it