英漢思維對(duì)比課件

1、中英思維方式對(duì)比 語(yǔ)言思維方式 體現(xiàn)反作用思維方式：中VS英 中國(guó)思維形象思維本體思維順向思維重整體 偏綜合性思維重直覺(jué) “悟性”曲線思維重倫理英美思維邏輯思維客體思維逆向思維重個(gè)體 偏分析性思維重實(shí)證直線思維重認(rèn)知中國(guó)：Figurative thinking尚像偏重形象起源：象形文字英美：Logical thinking尚思偏重抽象起源：腓尼基字母胸有成竹：To have a bamboo in ones chestTo have a well thought-out plan 水深火熱的生活：Lead a life in deep water and hot fireLead a life

2、 for extreme hardship1. 形象思維VS邏輯思維腓尼基字母現(xiàn)在的希伯來(lái)字母、阿拉伯字母、希臘字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯來(lái)字母和阿拉伯字母一樣，都是輔音字母 (abjad)，沒(méi)有代表元音的字母或符號(hào)，字的讀音須由上下文推斷。 現(xiàn)在的希伯來(lái)字母、阿拉伯字母、希臘字母、拉丁字母等，都可追溯至腓尼基字母。腓尼基字母像希伯來(lái)字母和阿拉伯字母一樣，都是輔音字母 (abjad)，沒(méi)有代表元音的字母或符號(hào)，字的讀音須由上下文推斷。 小伙子年輕年輕漂亮，腦子里卻是一張白紙。A nice enough young fellow, you understand, n

3、othing upstairs.我軍勢(shì)如破竹，打得敵軍落花流水。Our army won a smooth and overwhelming victory.三個(gè)人品字式坐下，隨便談了幾句。The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.聰明人防患于未然，愚蠢者臨渴掘井。Wisdom prepares the worst, but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.形象思維：具體形象的詞抽象事物借物言志抽象思維：抽象名詞具體事物指稱意義實(shí) 明 直 顯

4、象虛 暗 泛 隱 曲秋思馬致遠(yuǎn)枯藤老樹(shù)昏鴉小橋流水人家古道西風(fēng)瘦馬Oer old tree wreathed ri:d with rotten fly evening crows;Neath tiny bridge beside a clear stream flows;On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes; - 許淵沖 譯英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)虛化手段。1.名詞化in every step of his swift, mechanical march, and in every pause of his resolute observati

5、on, there is one and the same expression of perfect egotism, perfect independence and self-confidence, and conviction of the worlds having been made for flies.每當(dāng)它敏捷而機(jī)械地邁出一步，或者果斷地駐足觀察，總是流露出一付自命不凡，不求他人，十分自信的神情，儼然認(rèn)為世界就是為蒼蠅而創(chuàng)造的。2. 詞義虛化1.虛化詞綴構(gòu)詞：前綴：pan- 泛inter- 相互micro- 微pro- 先trans- 跨contra- 相反intra- 內(nèi)mu

6、lti- 多ultra-超后綴：-ness、-ity表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、程度-tion表動(dòng)作狀態(tài)、結(jié)果-ism表主義、學(xué)說(shuō)、信仰3. 用介詞表達(dá)較虛泛的意義。If any mischief was going forward, Peter was sure to be in at it.只要有什么惡作劇，總少不了彼得的份。I understand hes in for a job in the company.我知道他在申請(qǐng)公司的一個(gè)職位。If theres any profit to be got out of the deal. Im going to be in on it.如果這次買(mǎi)賣(mài)可以賺

7、到錢(qián)，我打算湊一份。Bob has it in for George because George told the teacher that Bob cheated in the exam.因?yàn)閱讨蜗蚶蠋焾?bào)告鮑勃考試作弊，鮑勃就對(duì)喬治懷恨在心。漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)具體化的手段英譯漢中，漢語(yǔ)采用如下手段來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)的抽象詞義。1. 動(dòng)詞取代抽象名詞。He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions.在決策過(guò)程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。These problems defy easy classification.這些問(wèn)題難以歸類。2.

8、 范疇詞He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility. 據(jù)說(shuō)他對(duì)鄧的靈活態(tài)度印象很深。He discussed greatness and excellence.他探討了偉大和杰出的涵義。The sight of his native place called back his childhood.見(jiàn)到自己的故鄉(xiāng)，他想起了童年的情景。3.具體詞語(yǔ)The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。In America, Wang computers have become a fix

9、ture in offices throughout the country.在美國(guó)，王安公司的電子計(jì)算機(jī)已成為各地辦公室的必備之物。請(qǐng)翻譯下面這段文字To help myself live without fault. I made a list of what I considered the 13 virtues. The virtues are 1. Temperance 2. Self-control 3. Silence 4. Order 5. Firmness of mind 6. Savings 7. Industry 8. Honesty 9. Justice 10. Cle

10、anliness 11. Calmness 12. Morality 13. Humbleness(Benjamin Franklin)為了使自己在生活中不犯錯(cuò)誤，特列出我認(rèn)為應(yīng)該身體力行的13條守則。這些守則是：1. 節(jié)制飲食 2. 自我克制 3. 沉默寡言 4. 有條不紊 5. 堅(jiān)定信念 6. 勤儉節(jié)約 7. 工作勤奮 8. 忠誠(chéng)老實(shí) 9. 辦事公正 10. 衣履整潔 11. 平心靜氣 12. 品行高尚 13. 謙虛恭順試比較以下句子的翻譯1.No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work. 譯文1 沒(méi)有人對(duì)他在工作中的偏愛(ài)感到滿意。

11、 譯文2 對(duì)他在工作中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的徇私作風(fēng)誰(shuí)都感到不滿意。增加范疇詞語(yǔ)2. Any discourtesy shown to Chinese persons by any official of the Government will be cause for immediate dismissal. 譯文1 任何政府官員對(duì)華人的不敬都將構(gòu)成直接被開(kāi)除的原因。 譯文2 任何政府官員，如果對(duì)中國(guó)人有任何粗暴行為，必須立即予以開(kāi)除。運(yùn)用具體詞匯課內(nèi)練習(xí)現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)大家翻譯以下句子。 1. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out. 有了兒子，又要工作

12、，又要做家務(wù)，就不能卿卿我我了。2. But there had been too much publicity about my case.但我的事現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)搞得滿城風(fēng)雨、人人皆知了。3. The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their

13、speeches. 和有些政客們?cè)谘葜v中愿意公開(kāi)承認(rèn)的事實(shí)相比，人類生存狀態(tài)和社會(huì)不公正現(xiàn)象目前已經(jīng)非常復(fù)雜，這種復(fù)雜性要求社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行根本性改革。4. With the credit card it is unnecessary to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies. 有了這種信用卡，就無(wú)需隨身攜帶大量現(xiàn)金，而且在急需用錢(qián)時(shí)非常有用。中國(guó)：本體型思維以人為中心來(lái)觀察、分析、推理和研究事物的思維方式漢語(yǔ)常以有生命的名詞作主語(yǔ)英美：客體型思維 把客觀自然界作為觀察、分析、推理和研究的中心 英語(yǔ)多用無(wú)

14、生命的名詞作主語(yǔ)3.2 本體思維VS 客體思維3.2 本體VS客體思維She has been a widow only six months.譯1：她只當(dāng)了6個(gè)月的寡婦。譯2：她的丈夫死了至今不過(guò)半年。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點(diǎn)腳步聲也沒(méi)有。3.2 本體VS客體思維我想到了：這是只熟鳥(niǎo)，也許自幼養(yǎng)在籠中。It occurs to me that it must be a tame bird.他贏錢(qián)贏得那么多，無(wú)怪乎眼紅的人，賭輸?shù)娜耍袝r(shí)說(shuō)起這件事情便發(fā)牢騷。His successes were

15、 so repeated that no wonder the envious and the vanquished spoke sometimes with bitterness regarding them.課內(nèi)練習(xí)根據(jù)上述解釋，試翻譯以下幾個(gè)句子，盡量符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。1. What has happened to you? 你怎么了？2. An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。3. American English owes a great deal to Noah Webster, an American lexicographer and

16、writer. 美國(guó)詞典編纂家及作家諾阿韋伯斯特對(duì)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。（具體詞語(yǔ)）4. Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher. 她學(xué)業(yè)優(yōu)良、性情溫順，深得老師喜歡。（具體詞語(yǔ)）5. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 這位曾使全世界人發(fā)笑的人自己卻飽受辛酸。3.3順向思維VS逆向思維中國(guó)：面向著過(guò)去來(lái)區(qū)分時(shí)間先后“前”過(guò)去的時(shí)間 “后”-未來(lái)的時(shí)間英美：面向著未來(lái)來(lái)區(qū)分時(shí)間先后過(guò)去：Back, after, past將來(lái)：Forward, bef

17、ore, futureThe mother is not there, she took off a few years back.-The Loons登幽州臺(tái)歌前不見(jiàn)古人，后不見(jiàn)來(lái)者，念天地之悠悠，獨(dú)愴然而淚下 On climbing the Tower at YouzhouWhere the sages of the past,And those of future years,Sky and earth forever last,Lonely, I shed sad tears.3.3 順向VS逆向思維您先請(qǐng)九五折自學(xué)東北 西南鋼鐵工業(yè)水火不容不管晴雨After you! A five

18、percent discountSelf-taughtNortheast southwestIron and steel industryAs incompatible as fire and waterRain or shine中國(guó)：重整體偏重綜合性（從多到一）對(duì)稱與和諧語(yǔ)法的隱含性句法的意合性詞義的籠統(tǒng)與模糊性英美：重個(gè)體偏重分析性思維（由一到多）語(yǔ)法的外顯性句法的形合性詞義的具體性3.4 重整體VS重個(gè)體中國(guó)人的傳統(tǒng)思維方式總是習(xí)慣于整體把握對(duì)象，因而漢語(yǔ)具有較高的整體概括性英語(yǔ)思維注重細(xì)節(jié)分析，在對(duì)自然社會(huì)的思考中往往把整體加以局部性、具體性分解3.4 重整體VS重個(gè)體 起源造字法中國(guó)

19、：形聲造字法英美：”原子主義“=原子核+核外電子”木”旁：松 柏 桃 李 樹(shù) 林 Pine，cypress， peach ， plum ， tree ，forest“水“旁：江 河 湖 泊 海 洋 深 淺 river ，lake ，sea ，ocean， deep， shallow3.5 綜合性VS分析性春花含苞待放,綠葉緩緩舒展,溪水潺潺流淌,歡樂(lè)的春天涌動(dòng)著無(wú)限的追求和希望,這一切難以用語(yǔ)言傾訴表達(dá)。Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves , and the coursing of it

20、s streams , and in itssweet restless seeking ! (John Galesworthy The Apple Tree)課內(nèi)練習(xí)請(qǐng)翻譯以下的句子。1. He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases.他感到習(xí)語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)言的主要支柱，因此特別主張用生動(dòng)的短語(yǔ)，他的想法是非常正確的。2. Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or h

21、e told you Im just an ordinary guy in the world. 如果有人說(shuō)我的一生是一個(gè)喜劇，或者說(shuō)我只是個(gè)普通人，他們都在撒謊。3. The theory is of great important that the hotter the body is, the more energy it radiate. 物體的溫度越高，放射的能量越多，這一理論非常重要。3.6 對(duì)稱與和諧生存在功利社會(huì)，奔波勞頓，勾心斗角，若想做到從心所欲，難哉兮！In a business society, where people run about in pursuit of

22、personal gains at the expense of others, it is really difficult to do as you please.3.6 對(duì)稱與和諧善欲人見(jiàn)，不是真善；惡恐人知，便是大惡。A good deed is no good deed if it is done for show. An evil is all the worse if it is covered up 時(shí)(tense) 體 (aspect) 語(yǔ)態(tài)(voice) 語(yǔ)氣(mood)我完全被吸引住了，死死地盯著看，一個(gè)同伴問(wèn)我是不是認(rèn)識(shí)這肖像。我就在想，除了幾個(gè)我認(rèn)識(shí)的人外，我肯定是唯

23、一知道的人了。I was totally arrested, and as I stood gazing on it, my companion asked me if I knew the who it was. I was thinking that, beyond a few whom could name, I must be almost the only person who could know.3.6 語(yǔ)法的隱形VS顯性3.7 詞義的朦朧VS具體漢語(yǔ)詞義較籠統(tǒng)，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義較具體 “車(chē)來(lái)了” Here comes the ”車(chē)bus, minibus, lorry, taxi, b

24、ike, motorcycle“借我一支筆”筆pen, ball pen, pencil, a piece of chalk, color pen3.8直覺(jué)VS實(shí)證中國(guó)：重直覺(jué)，”悟性“，”天人合一“英美：重實(shí)證，理性知識(shí)，”天人相分1）熱得我滿身大汗。The heat made me sweat.I was sweating all over.2）不堅(jiān)持，就會(huì)失敗。One will fail unless one preserves.3.9直線思維VS曲線思維It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possess

25、ion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. ( J. Austen, Pride and prejudice)凡是有錢(qián)的單身漢,總想娶個(gè)太太,這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。3.9直線思維VS曲線思維Soccer is a very difficult sport .(1) A p layer must be able to run steadily without rest. (2) Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head. (3) Players must be wil

26、ling to bang into and be banged into by others. (4)They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles. 3.10 重倫理VS認(rèn)知中國(guó)：重倫理，集體主義，”大小“，順其自然，聽(tīng)天由命英美：重認(rèn)知，個(gè)人主義，”小大“探求自然In June 1990, he graduated from the English Department, Peking University.他于1990年6月畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)英語(yǔ)系。申奧演講看中英思維差異集體主義和個(gè)人主義對(duì)比兩篇演講中的人稱代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率：政府，我國(guó)，我

27、們我李嵐清143布萊爾913李嵐清申奧演講稿Mr. President, IOC members, Ladies and gentlemen, On behalf of the Chinese government, I wish to reaffirm that our Government stands firmly behind Beijing in its bid for the 2008 Olympic Games. The Chinese Government respects and appreciates the conclusion reached by the IOC Ev

28、aluation Commission. We have worked out a plan accordingly to ensure an excellent Games in Beijing. The Chinese Government will honor each and every commitment it has made in Beijings Candidature File and will do whatever it can to assist Beijing to fulfill its promises. China embraces the Olympic spir