英語-語言學(xué)-名詞解釋

1、 名詞解釋Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Design features of language(語言的區(qū)別性特征): Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betwe

2、en a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .Duality: the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one ofsoundsand the other of meanings.指擁

3、有兩層結(jié)構(gòu)的這種特性，底層結(jié)構(gòu)是上層結(jié)構(gòu)的組成成分。指語言是聲音和意義雙重結(jié)構(gòu)組成的系統(tǒng)。舉例： Sounds syllables words phrases clauses sentences texts/discoursesProductivity：Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .語言可以理解并創(chuàng)造無限數(shù)量的新句子，是由雙層結(jié)構(gòu)造成的結(jié)果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）Displacement：Human la

4、nguages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.Linguistics is thescientificstudy oflanguage.It is a scientific study b

5、ecause it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.Langue: F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system

6、 shared by all the members of a speech community. 語言指語言系統(tǒng)的整體，這個整體相對是比較穩(wěn)定的。（abstract）Parole: the realization of langue in actual use. 言語則指代某個個體在實際語言使用環(huán)境中說出的具體話語。（concrete）Competence: Chomsky. Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: Performance is the actual r

7、ealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Phoneme(音位）： A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is the smallest unit of sound in a language, of distinctive value, abstract. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain context.All

8、ophones(音位變體）：The non-distinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.For example, in English, when the phoneme/p/ occurs at the beginning of words likeputandpair, it is aspirated; but when /p/ occurs in words like spanandspare, it is unaspirated。The aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are allophones o

9、f the same phoneme.Minimal pairs(最小對立體）：Word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.For example, in English,pillandbillare a minimal pairComplementary distribution(互補(bǔ)分布）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment, for ex

10、ample, the unaspirated/p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other places.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：stress（重音） (word stress & sentence stress), tone （音調(diào)）and intonation（語調(diào)）.Morphology：Its the branch of linguistics that studies that internal structure of words, and

11、the rules by which words are formed.Morpheme(詞素）：The minimal unit of meaning, the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. PS:Types: roots(詞根）affix（詞綴）and stem（詞干）.Inflectional affix（屈折詞綴）：Inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes(后綴),which are always word final(e.g. dru

12、ms, walks, Marys)limited in numbernot change the part of speechindicating grammatical meaningconditioned by the phrase or sentence they attach toderivational affix（派生詞綴）: Derivational affixes can be prefixes(e.g. depart, online) or suffixes(e.g. teacher, workable).change the lexical meaningmight or

13、might not change the part of speech(詞性)based on simple meaning distinctionsmore productivecan be prefixes or suffixesWord-formation(構(gòu)詞）：the processes of word variations signaling lexical relationships. They arecompound(合成）andderivation(派生).Syntax：It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words

14、are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Category(范疇）：It refers to the defining properties of words.E.g. the categories of the noun and the pronoun are usually said to the categories of number（數(shù)）, gender（性）, case（格）.Syntactical category(句法范疇):A group of lin

15、guistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in sentence-formation. （在句子構(gòu)成中起相同作用的一類語言單位）Word-lexical category, Phrase-phrasal category, Clauseclausal category, SentenceSimple sentence: It contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.Coordinate sentence: It contains

16、 two independent clauses joined by a coordinator(并列連詞) .Complex sentence: It has an independent clause joined with one or more dependent clauses by one or more subordinators(從屬連詞) such as if, when, because, although.Reference: how language refers to the real physical world (語言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense: Inheren

17、t meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (語言形式的內(nèi)在意義)Homonymy: words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.homophones 同音詞 (knight and night, piece and peace)homograph

18、 同形詞 (tear (v) and tear (n), lead (v) and lead (n)complete homonyms 同音同形詞 (fast (adj) and fast (n)言語行為理論Speech Act Theory:J. Austin, 20世紀(jì)50年代末，認(rèn)為語言不僅可以用來表述，更可以用來“做事doing things”，即“to do things with words”.言內(nèi)行為Locutionary Act：指the utterance of a sentence itself,即“說話”行為本身，話語表示字面意思literal Meaning言外行為Il

19、locutionary Act：指說話時，因為言語本身的一些習(xí)慣力量而隨之產(chǎn)生了其他的一些行為，如警告、允諾等；通常表述的是說話者的交流目的或意圖言后行為 Perlocutionary Act合作原則The Cooperative Principles: (P.Grice) Quantity Maxim: Make it as informative as required, not too muchQuality Maxim：不要說不真實false或者缺乏證據(jù)lack adequate evidence的話Relation Maxim：relevantManner Maxim：Avoid o

20、bscurity and ambiguity；be brief and orderly會話含義Conversational Implicature: When any of the maxims is blatantly violated that the hearer knows that it is being violated, then Conversational Implicatures arise.Speech community（言語社區(qū)）: The social group that is singled out for any special study is called

21、 the speech community.Speech variety / language variety: it refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.Bilingualism: bilingualism is a situation that two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play and language switching occurs

22、 when the situation changes.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Context determines the speakers use of language and also the hearers interpretation of what is

23、said to him. Regional dialect: A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.Sociolect: it refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Idiolect: it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines element

24、s regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.Register (語域): According to Halliday, language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. There are three social variables th

25、at determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Culture:In a board sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. A

26、s culture is so inclusive, it permeates virtually every aspects of life and influences predominantly people behavior, including linguistic behavior. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to a local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprises cultur

27、e or food culture etc.Intercultural communication (跨文化交際): it is communication between people, whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It frequently refers to communication between people from different cultures, which implied a comparison

28、 between cultures.Language acquisition: language acquisition refers to the childs acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.A behaviorist view of language acquisition: Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe

29、 that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.An innatist view of language acquisition: Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking. Origina

30、lly, he referred to this innate ability as Language Acquisition Device. Later he prefers this innate endowment as Universal Grammar.Universal Grammar: The different languages havea similar level of complexity and detail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system，it is c

31、alled Universal Grammar.An interactionist view of language acquisition: Language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops. Integrated with the itnnatist view, the interactionist further claims that th

32、e modified language which is suitable for the childs capability is crucial in his language acquisition.Motherese/ caretaker talk: adults speak differently when talking to little children.Second language acquisition: the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his

33、native language.Interlanguage: learners independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.Contrastive Analysis 對比分析: It refers to a comparative procedure used to

34、establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learners first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.Error Analysis錯誤分析: An approach to the study and analysis of t

35、he errors made by the second language learners which suggests that many learner errors are not due to the learner s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as over-generalization and simplification of rules.它指出語言學(xué)習(xí)者所犯的許多錯誤不是母語干擾所致而是體現(xiàn)了一些普遍的學(xué)習(xí)策略.如概括過度和規(guī)則簡化。Input Hypothesis: Learners progress al