文學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)前沿概論：文學(xué)論文研究思路課件

1、Academic Study about Literature 第1頁，共47頁。Approaches to literatureHow to form your ideas and Topics 第2頁，共47頁。Approaches to literature第3頁，共47頁。1.Approaches to literature 1.1. The traditional approaches 1.1. 1 Historical Biographical approach 1.1.2 Moral philosophical approach 1.2. The Formalistic appr

2、oach: new criticism 1.3. Theoretical approaches: 1.3. 1. Feminist approach 1.3. 2. Post-colonial approaches 第4頁，共47頁。 The analysis that dominated the study of literature until the 1930s is usually called the traditional approach, particularly the biographical-historical approach. In this view, the w

3、ork is informed by the authors beliefs, prejudices, time, and history, and to fully understand the work, we must understand the author and his age. 第5頁，共47頁。1.1. The traditional approaches第6頁，共47頁。 1.1. Historical Biographical approach One must know Milton was blind, for instance, for On His Blindne

4、ss to have any meaning. In this case, The knowledge of the authors life experiences can help to understand and clarify some factual reference and allusions in literary works, thereby enriching a readers appreciation for that authors work. So, the authors letter, diaries, and essays were combed for e

5、vidence of authorial intentions in writing. 第7頁，共47頁。Frankenstein by Mary ShelleyThe Awakening by Kate ChopinMrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf David Copperfield by Dickens第8頁，共47頁。Closely connected with the biographical approach is the approach to literature with the reference with the historical and s

6、ocial context in which the authors had lived. 第9頁，共47頁。There are some works that are more likely to invite readers to interpret them from the aspect of the broader extrinsic range of social experience. In this case, the authors are likely to be thought as historians, the interpreters of contemporary

7、 culture, thinkers of the social life.Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, Dombey and SonHawthorne: The Scarlet Letter Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe第10頁，共47頁。with arrival of the New Criticism in 1920s, scholars began to reject biographical-historical approaches But the history seemed to prove that histori

8、cal-biographical approach refused to be out of the historical stage. 第11頁，共47頁。1.1.2 Moral philosophical approach Moral-philosophical critics believe that the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. They would interpret literature within the context of th

9、e philosophical thought of a period. 第12頁，共47頁。Example 1 the conflict between the head and heart, mans inhumanity to man in Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn Henry James: The Portrait of the Lady Twain and Henry Jamess works were concerned with the contemporary scene and were exploration of the very basi

10、s of social life and values. 第13頁，共47頁。Example 2 Moby Dick also frequently invite critics interest in their moral meanings: the theme of the sin. Ahabs raging egoism has something in common with the Hubris of Greek tragedy, and still more, in common with the Christian sin of pride Paradise Lost第14頁，

11、共47頁。1.2. The Formalistic approach 第15頁，共47頁。1.2.1 The Formalistic approach: new criticismFirst, for new criticism, a literary work is a timeless and self-sufficient verbal object. All the elements of a text ideally formed a coherent whole both on the formal and the content level. And the meaning mu

12、st reside within its own structure. 第16頁，共47頁。 So, it is the critics job to analyze the poetic diction to ascertain such tension.In methodology, New Critical reading pays close attention to individual words, syntax, and the order in which sentences and ideas unfold as they are read. 第17頁，共47頁。Exampl

13、e 1Ezra Pound, In A Station of the Metro: “The apparition of these faces in the crowd, Petals on a wet, black bough.” In this brief poem, Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image. 第18頁，共47頁。With such images as “apparition” and “petals”, the poet tries to render exactly his ob

14、servation of human faces seen in an underground. The word “apparition” means something which seems real but perhaps is not is not real; something ghostly which can not be clearly observed. He sees the faces, turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by, h

15、alf resisting, the wet, dark texture of a bough. 第19頁，共47頁。Some novels such as Wuthering Heights and Lord Jim are famous for their narrative technique. In Wuthering Heights, the story is told by two relatively peripheral characters: Nelly Dean, the old family nurse, and Mr. Lockwood, the tenant at T

16、hrushcross Grange. It is traditionally agreed that both Nelly Dean and Mr. Lockwood serve the function of the intermediaries who stand midway between the reader and the books chief characters. Example 2第20頁，共47頁。 * Like biographical-historical and moral-philosophical approaches, new criticism is rar

17、ely practiced by literary critics. Yet it has left a lasting influence on the way we read and write about literature. 第21頁，共47頁。1.3. Theoretical approaches 1.3. 1. Feminist approach 1.3. 2. Psychoanalytic approach 1.3. 3. Post-colonial approaches 1.3. 3. Political approaches 第22頁，共47頁。II. How to cho

18、ose the topic: Pre-writing suggestions第23頁，共47頁。2.1. Taking notes 2.2. Making reasonable inferences2. 3. Arriving at an idea of interest and finding a topic 2. 4. Creating a thesis statement and outline 第24頁，共47頁。At the outset, it is important to remember that writing is a process that begins in unc

19、ertainty. Peoples their writing process will follow three basic stages: discovering ideas, creating the early, rough draft of a critical paper, and preparing a finished essay. The first stage here, discovering ideas, is a phase of pre-writing 第25頁，共47頁。2.1. Taking notes 2.1.1. The function of note-t

20、aking As a research paper aims to explore, discuss, analyze and finally to find new opinions, so it draws its materials from many sources. The materials of literary research may be divided into two sorts, primary and secondary. 第26頁，共47頁。The first step to write an academic essay will include both of

21、 themthe assembling of writers early response to the literary text itself based on a close reading as well as the collection of the valuable materials about the subject of study from all kinds of reference books or other materials. 第27頁，共47頁。The function of reading the criticism is: 1. to enlarge th

22、e vision of the essay writer and help him to form his own views; 2. to enable him to get a good idea of the state of current scholarship on his topic and locate his voice in the landscape of the research 3. to provide detailed evidence to back up any argument his wish to make. 第28頁，共47頁。2.2. Recordi

23、ng your first responses Follow the work and understand its details; while at the same time, respond to the words, get at the ideas, and understand the implications of what is happening. 第29頁，共47頁。Two steps: The first reading: to highlight or annotate certain things, such as passages that you conside

24、r significant. The second reading: to annotate the text and to jot down notes, not necessarily focusing on a specific topic, but rather taking account of your early responses to the work. 第30頁，共47頁。 2. 3. Arriving at an idea of interest and finding a topic Whatever the type of essay in literature, e

25、ach will require you to develop an argument about a particular aspect of the literary text. 第31頁，共47頁。An important way to discover ideas about a work is to raise questions you find in your reading and then to try to answer them by examining your notes and further reading. We might begin our analysis

26、 of Look Back in Anger with the most obvious and central question: why is Jimmy Porter angry? What is he angry with? 第32頁，共47頁。In reading Huckleberry Finn, we might begin our analysis with the obvious and central question : Why does Huck run away? Why does the Negro run away? What is his relationshi

27、p with Jim? How does the river serve as a contrasting setting to the villages and towns along the river? 第33頁，共47頁。 The notes gathered in your reading reveal that the natural setting of Mississippi stands a contrast to the social values of the white south at that time. Hucks floating with Jim stands

28、 as a spiritual journey.第34頁，共47頁。Example 1 Hester1. 2. 3.Hester, A Non-conformist in Conformity 第35頁，共47頁。Sample topics in fiction, drama, and poetry第36頁，共47頁。THEME: Ahabs sin in Moby DickMelvilles religious thought in Moby DickThe theme of carpe diem in “To His Coy Mistress” The tragic motif of Mo

29、by Dick Lord Jim: A tragedy or a moral sermon? To Obey Rebelling: The Quaker Dilemma in Moby Dick第37頁，共47頁。CHARACTERAntonias Jim: a social outcast Hulks dilemma between Head and HeartThe character analysis of Jane Eyre and TessThe Character of Simbathe Hero of The Lion King 第38頁，共47頁。SYMBOLISMAllego

30、ry and symbolism in “Young Goodman Brown”Virgin land: the American west as symbol and myth The biblical images in Moby Dick The fire symbolism in Moby DickThe Corporeal Self : Allegories of the Body in MelvillePasteboard Masks; fact as a spiritual symbol in Moby Dick and The Scarlet Letter 第39頁，共47頁

31、。STRUCTUREThe form and structure in the novel: Adventures of huckleberry FinnAn analysis of the circular dramatic structure Look Back in AngerThe short story as formal structure: juxtaposition in “Young Goodman Brown” 第40頁，共47頁。HISTORICAL-BIPGHRICAL APPROCHESLord Jim and Marlowe The Bronte Myth and

32、Jane Eyre Frankenstein, a nightmare of a females psyche第41頁，共47頁。MYTHOLOGICAL AND ARCHETYPAL APPROCHESThe sacrificial hero: Hamlet Archetypes of time and immortality: “To His Coy Mistress” Syntheses of Jung and AnthropologyHuckleberry Finn as the American Adam The American Adam: innocence, tragedy,

33、and tradition 第42頁，共47頁。FEMINIST APPROCHGender and narrative in the fiction of Kate ChopinPolitics and moral idealism: the achievement of some early women novelists Woolfs feminism and feminisms Woolf Women and madness: the critical phallicy Womens rights as espoused in the works of Gertrude Stein and Willa Cather 第43頁，共47頁。SYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHHamlet: the Oedipus complex The Human Psyche in James Joyces The Dead Rebellion against the