土木工程專業(yè)外語翻譯

1、.：.； 土木工程專業(yè)外語翻譯 Lesson 1 Civil Engineering土木工程 Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，is the planning，design，construction, and management of the built environmentThis environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage system

2、s to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程，最老的工程專業(yè)，是建筑環(huán)境的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、施工和管理。這個環(huán)境包括從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)備的一切根據(jù)科學(xué)原理建造的構(gòu)造物。 Civil engineers build roads，bridges，tunnels，dams，harbors，power plants，water and sewage systems，hospitals，schools，mass transit，and other public facilities essential to modern society and large popul

3、ation concentrations 土木工程師建筑道路、橋梁、隧道、大壩、港口、發(fā)電站、水系統(tǒng)和污水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院、學(xué)校、公共交通系統(tǒng)，以及現(xiàn)代化社會和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共設(shè)備。 They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads，pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial，commercial, or residential use 他們也建筑私人擁有的設(shè)備，如機場、鐵路、水渠、高樓

4、大廈，和為工業(yè)、商業(yè)、民用設(shè)計的其他大型建筑。 In addition，civil engineers plan，design，and build complete cities and towns，and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities space platform=space station 空間站，宇宙站 self-contained 1沉默寡言的2設(shè)備齊全的 3社會團體等獨立的 此外，土木工程師規(guī)劃、設(shè)計和建筑整個城市和鄉(xiāng)

5、鎮(zhèn)，最近曾經(jīng)開場規(guī)劃和設(shè)計空間站以包容獨立的團體。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen “土木這個詞是從拉丁語“citizen派生而來。 In 1782，Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time 1782年，英國人John Smeaton 用這個術(shù)語來區(qū)分他的非軍事工程工

6、程和當時占統(tǒng)治位置的軍事工程師的工程工程。 Since then，the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities，although the field is much broader 從那以后，土木工程這個術(shù)語曾經(jīng)被用來指那些建筑公共設(shè)備的工程師們，雖然這個領(lǐng)域比以前更廣。 Because it is so broad，civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical special

7、ties 由于土木工程的范圍太廣，所以它被細分為許多技術(shù)專業(yè)。 Depending on the type of project，the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed 根據(jù)工程的類型，就需求土木工程師專家的各種技藝。 When a project begins，the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement-water，sewer，and power lines 當一項工程開場時，土木

8、工程師要勘測現(xiàn)場并繪圖，他們還要確定水管、污水管道和電線的適用布置。 Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project 巖土工程專家要做土壤實驗以確定該土能否能接受這項工程的分量。 Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area：the potential for air and groundwater pollution，the p

9、rojects impact on local animal and plant life，and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment 環(huán)境專家要研討工程對當?shù)赜蛴虻挠绊懀簼撛诘目諝馕廴竞偷叵滤廴荆こ虒Ξ數(shù)貏又参锏挠绊?，以及工程怎樣設(shè)計才干滿足政府對維護環(huán)境的要求。 Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease th

10、e burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project 運輸專家要確定需用什么類型的設(shè)備來減輕由完工的工程產(chǎn)生的荷載對當?shù)氐缆泛推渌\輸網(wǎng)帶來的壓力。 Meanwhile，structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs，plans，and specifications for the project 同時，構(gòu)造專家用初始資料來做工程的詳細設(shè)計，規(guī)劃和闡明書。

11、Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists，from beginning to end of the project，are the construction management specialists 從工程開場到終了，監(jiān)視和協(xié)調(diào)這些土木工程專家們?nèi)蝿?wù)的是施工管理專家。 Based on information supplied by the other specialists，construction management civil engineers estimate quanti

12、ties and costs of materials and labor，schedule all work，order materials and equipment for the job，hire contractors and subcontractors，and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified 根據(jù)其他專家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程師要估計資料和勞動力的數(shù)量和本錢，安排一切的任務(wù)，訂購任務(wù)所需的資料和設(shè)備，雇承包商和轉(zhuǎn)包人，以及做其

13、他的監(jiān)視管理任務(wù)以確保工程能按照闡明按時完工。 Throughout any given project，civil engineers make extensive use of computers 對于任何給定的工程，土木工程師都能廣泛地利用計算機。 Computers are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design，or CAD) and to manage it 計算機被用來設(shè)計工程的各個部分并進展管理。 Computers are a necessity for the modern ci

14、vil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project 計算機對于現(xiàn)代土木工程師而言是必不可少的，由于它們可使工程師高效地處置大量數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)是在確定最優(yōu)施工方案時所需求的。 In this speciality，civil engineers plan and design structures of all types，including

15、 bridges，dams，power plants，supports for equipment，special structures for offshore projects，the United States space program，transmission towers，giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects 在這個專業(yè)里面，土木工程師規(guī)劃和設(shè)計一切類型的構(gòu)造，包括橋梁、大壩、電站、設(shè)備的支撐、近海工程的特殊構(gòu)造、美國的太空方案、傳輸塔、巨型天文望遠鏡和無線電望遠鏡，以及許

16、多其他工程。 Using computers，structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist：its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials，and earthquakes 構(gòu)造工程師用計算機確定構(gòu)造必需抵抗的力：自重、風力、引起建筑資料膨脹或收縮的溫度變化以及地震力。 They also determine the combination

17、of appropriate materials：steel，concrete，plastic，stone，asphalt，brick，aluminum，or other construction materials 他們還確定適當?shù)馁Y料組合：鋼材、混凝土、塑料、石料、瀝青、磚、鋁或其他的建筑資料。 Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water 在這個專業(yè)的土木工程師處置水的自然調(diào)理的各個方面。 Their projects help prevent floods

18、，supply water for cities and for irrigation，manage and control rivers and water runoff，and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities 他們的工程協(xié)助 阻撓洪水，為城市和灌溉系統(tǒng)供水，管理和控制河流流量，維修河灘和其他濱水區(qū)的設(shè)備。 In addition，they design and maintain harbors，canals，and locks，build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams an

19、d water impoundments of all kinds，help design offshore structures，and determine the location of structures affecting navigation 此外，他們還設(shè)計和維修港口、運河和船閘，建筑大型水力發(fā)電大壩和小型水壩以及各種水貯藏灌溉器，他們還協(xié)助 設(shè)計近海構(gòu)造，確定影響航行的構(gòu)造的位置。 Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support

20、 structures and affect structural behavior 專攻此領(lǐng)域土木工程師分析支撐構(gòu)造物并影響構(gòu)造性能的土壤和巖石的特性。 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. 他們計算建筑和其他構(gòu)造由于自重壓力能夠引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。 These engineers also evaluate

21、and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater 這些工程師還估算并確定怎樣加強邊坡和填方以及怎樣維護構(gòu)造免遭地震和地下水的影響。 In this branch of engineering，civil engineers design，build，and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water

22、and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies，both on the surface and underground 在工程的這個分支里，土木工程師設(shè)計、建筑和監(jiān)視各個系統(tǒng)以提供平安的飲用水，防止和控制地表水和地下水供應(yīng)的污染。 They also design，build，and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air 他們也設(shè)計、建筑和監(jiān)視各項工程以控制或消除土地和空氣污染。 These engineers build w

23、ater and wastewater treatment plants，and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes，incineration，or other smokeproducing activities 這些工程師建筑水廠和污水處置廠，設(shè)計空氣凈化器和其他設(shè)備以減少或消除由工業(yè)加工、熄滅或其他一些產(chǎn)生煙霧的行為導(dǎo)致的空氣污染。 They also work to control toxic and haz

24、ardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances 他們也采取措施，經(jīng)過專門的渣滓場的建筑或有毒的和有害的物質(zhì)的中和來控制有毒的和有害的廢棄物。 In addition，the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land 此外，工程師設(shè)計和處置渣滓填埋以防止周圍土地的污染。 Civil e

25、ngineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. 在此專業(yè)任務(wù)的土木工程師建筑一些設(shè)備以確保人和物的平安、高效的運輸。 They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfie

26、lds, ports and harbors. 他們專門設(shè)計和維修一切類型的運輸設(shè)備，公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和機場，以及港口。 Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. 運輸工程師在設(shè)計每一個工程的過程中，既要運用技術(shù)知識，也要思索經(jīng)濟、政治和社會的要素。 They work closely with urban plann

27、ers, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. 他們與城市規(guī)劃者關(guān)系嚴密，由于社區(qū)的質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到運輸體系的質(zhì)量。 In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed

28、 coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. 在土木工程的這個分支里，工程師建筑運輸液體、氣體或固體的管道和相關(guān)的設(shè)備，運輸?shù)奈镔|(zhì)范圍從煤漿和半液體廢料到水、石油和不同類型的易燃性和非易燃性氣體。 The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions

29、it must traverse, the type of materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. 工程師要確定管道的設(shè)計，工程對它必需穿過的地域的經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境

30、影響，要用到的資料類型鋼材、混凝土或不同資料的組合安裝技術(shù)，檢測管道強度的方法，怎樣控制以堅持適當?shù)膲毫?，以及正在被運送資料的流通速度。 Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end 此領(lǐng)域的土木工程師從開場到終了不斷監(jiān)視工程的施工。 Sometimes called project engineers，they apply both technical and managerial skills， including knowledge of construc

31、tion methods，planning，organizing，financing，and operating construction projects 他們有時被稱為工程工程師，他們不僅運用技術(shù)技藝，還運用管理技藝，包括施工方法、規(guī)劃、組織、籌集資金和管理施工工程的知識。 They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work：the surveyors；workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps，excavate

32、for the foundation，build the forms and pour the concrete；and workers who build the steel frameworkThese engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure 現(xiàn)實上，他們協(xié)調(diào)工程中每個人的活動：勘測員、為暫時道路和斜坡定線和施工的工人、挖根底的工人、建模和澆注混凝土的工人、以及建筑鋼構(gòu)造的工人。這些工程師還為業(yè)主作正式的進度報告。 那些從事土木工程該領(lǐng)域的人能夠規(guī)劃或者開發(fā)城市內(nèi)的社區(qū)，或整個城

33、市。 這種規(guī)劃涉及到的遠不止工程方面的思索；在土地和自然資源的利用和開展方面，環(huán)境、社會和經(jīng)濟要素也是關(guān)鍵組成部分。 這些土木工程師協(xié)調(diào)市政工程的規(guī)劃和私人的開展。 他們估計所需求的設(shè)備的種類，包括街道和公路，公共運輸系統(tǒng)，機場，港口設(shè)備，水供應(yīng)和污水處置系統(tǒng)，公共建筑物，公園，和保證社會、經(jīng)濟及環(huán)境安康的文娛和其他設(shè)備。 那些從事土木工程該領(lǐng)域的人能夠規(guī)劃或者開發(fā)城市內(nèi)的社區(qū)，或整個城市。 這種規(guī)劃涉及到的遠不止工程方面的思索；在土地和自然資源的利用和開展方面，環(huán)境、社會和經(jīng)濟要素也是關(guān)鍵組成部分。 這些土木工程師協(xié)調(diào)市政工程的規(guī)劃和私人的開展。 Community and urban pl

34、anning社區(qū)和城市規(guī)劃 他們估計所需求的設(shè)備的種類，包括街道和公路，公共運輸系統(tǒng)，機場，港口設(shè)備，水供應(yīng)和污水處置系統(tǒng)，公共建筑物，公園，和保證社會、經(jīng)濟及環(huán)境安康的文娛和其他設(shè)備。Photogrametry，surveying，and mapping攝影丈量學(xué)、勘測和制圖 這個專業(yè)的土木工程師準確地丈量地球外表以獲得可靠的信息供定位和設(shè)計工程工程。 這種實際通常涉及到高科技的方法，比如衛(wèi)星和航空勘測，攝影成像的計算機處置。 經(jīng)過激光和音波束掃描的衛(wèi)星上的無線電信號被轉(zhuǎn)換成地形圖以提供更多準確的丈量結(jié)果供開挖隧道，建筑公路和大壩，標繪防洪控制和灌溉工程，探出地表下能夠會影響到施工工程的地質(zhì)

35、構(gòu)成，和大量的其他建筑用途。 許多土木工程師選擇最終走向管理的職業(yè)。其他人能在管理職位上開場他們的職業(yè)。 土木管理工程師可以將技術(shù)知識和組織協(xié)調(diào)人力、資料、機械和資金的才干結(jié)合在一同。 這些工程師能夠在市、縣、州或聯(lián)邦政府任務(wù)；能夠在美國陸軍工兵部隊作為軍事或民用的管理工程師；或者在半自治區(qū)或城市當局或類似的組織任務(wù)。 他們還能夠管理規(guī)模從幾個到幾百個員工的私營工程公司。 選擇教師職業(yè)的土木工程師通常在技術(shù)專業(yè)教授研討生和大學(xué)生。 許多從事教學(xué)的土木工程師參與最終會導(dǎo)致建筑資料和施工方法的技術(shù)革新的根底研討。 許多教學(xué)型土木工程師也擔任工程工程或技術(shù)部門和技術(shù)委員會和重要工程的顧問。 This

36、 text mainly introduced some concepts related to civil engineering, such as civil engineering, civil engineers and civil. We also learned there are many branches in civil engineering and every branch has its own purpose. 這篇文章主要引見了有關(guān)土木工程的一些概念，比如土木工程、土木工程師、土木等等。這篇文章還通知我們土木工程包括很多的分支，而每一個分支又有其各自的用途。 要求：

37、掌握關(guān)于土木工程的一些專業(yè)詞匯。 Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑學(xué) The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities 一座建筑物的作用是為人類活動的進展提供一個躲避處。 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements 從穴居時代到如

38、今，人類最重要的需求之一就是有一個躲避風雨的地方。 In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs 從更普通的意義上說，建筑的藝術(shù)包含了人類為了他本人的需求而控制環(huán)境和引導(dǎo)自然力的一切努力。 insense 在意義上說 in all senses 在任何意義上說 in the proper (strict, literal) sense 在本來嚴厲、字

39、面的意義上說 This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges 除了建筑物，這藝術(shù)還包括一切的土木工程構(gòu)造物，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。 The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other

40、purposes is identical 對于作為躲避處的建筑物的設(shè)計和作其他用途的土木工程構(gòu)造物的設(shè)計，其科學(xué)根據(jù)是一樣的。 It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths 正只是作為我們現(xiàn)代化社會的專業(yè)需求的結(jié)果，這兩個領(lǐng)域才沿著不同的途徑開展。 In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the buil

41、ding as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder 同樣地，和作躲避處的建筑物有關(guān)的總建立者就不再是一個個體；相反，他的任務(wù)是由幾個專家規(guī)劃者、建筑師、工程師和建筑工人組成的一個團隊來完成的。 The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of

42、 this team 一座現(xiàn)代化建筑的完成要依托這個團隊的集體才干。 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors 一座建筑物的方式是它的功能、環(huán)境和各種社會經(jīng)濟要素的產(chǎn)物。 An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill 一幢公寓，

43、一座辦公樓和一所學(xué)校在方式上各有不同，由于它們要完成的功能是不一樣的。 In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building 在公寓里面，每一處居住的空間，比如起居室和臥室必需有從窗戶進來的自然光，而浴

44、室和廚房那么可以用人工光線，因此可以布置在建筑的內(nèi)部。 This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building 這些要求就使公寓樓的進深遭到了自然的限制。 In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need

45、for natural light 相反，在辦公樓里，為了更加一致的亮度，人工光線是可以接受的，因此這種建筑的進深就不會遭到自然光要求的約束。 Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building 環(huán)境能夠影響到建筑物的外形和外觀。 An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，and a country school may develop as an inte

46、gral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function 一所城里的學(xué)校會用擋墻把它跟城市完全隔開以發(fā)明一個本人的環(huán)境，一所鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校那么可以作為風光的一個完好部分來開展，即使兩所學(xué)校完成一樣的功能。 Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions 最

47、后，建筑物的方式還要遭到各種社會經(jīng)濟要素的影響，包括土地費用、租賃、建筑預(yù)算和分區(qū)制的限制。 High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings 城里面高的土地本錢導(dǎo)致了高的建筑，而在鄉(xiāng)村低的土地本錢導(dǎo)致了低矮的建筑。 A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a lowcost housing project 為富人做的住宅工程與低

48、本錢的住宅工程相比一定會采用不同的方式。 A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings 一幢顯赫的辦公大樓采用的方式所花的預(yù)算將比其他辦公樓多得多。 The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions. 建筑物的體積和輪廓能夠被分區(qū)制所限制。 In all these examples，buildings with similar functions ta

49、ke on different forms 在一切的這些例子中，有著類似功能的建筑物都采用的不同的方式。 Architecture is the art of building 建筑學(xué)是建筑的藝術(shù)。 Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. 本質(zhì)上整個建筑學(xué)都與供人運用的圍合空間有關(guān)。 The precise activities to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in

50、a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within 建筑物內(nèi)部一些空間的大小和外形是由那些將要包容在該建筑物如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室里確實切活動所規(guī)定。 These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other 這些空間的陳列還應(yīng)有合理的關(guān)系。 Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the bui

51、lding-“circulation in architectural parlance-requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic 另外，人在建筑物中的走動在建筑學(xué)的說法中叫“流通需求有走廊、樓梯或電梯，其尺寸受預(yù)期交通負荷的支配。 The plan of a structure，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purpos

52、es into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building 建筑方案是建筑師首先要思索的事，它是不同功能在空間上的組織，以表達建筑意圖。 Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice 好的方案可以使來訪者在建筑中找到其目的

53、地并留下印象，這種印象也許是下認識地經(jīng)過把大的建筑體系中一些單元明顯地聯(lián)絡(luò)起來而構(gòu)成的。 Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion 相反，壞的方案所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是不方便、浪費和視覺上的混亂。 Furthermore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen ma

54、y allow 此外，一座建筑的構(gòu)造必需建造良好；它必需具有永久性，這種永久性既是設(shè)計意圖要求的，也是資料的選擇所允許的。 The raw materials of architecturestone，brick，wood，steel，or glassin part govern the forms of the building and are expressed by them 建筑資料石、磚、木材、鋼材或玻璃部分地決議著建筑物的方式，并被這些方式所表現(xiàn)。 Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almos

55、t indefinitely 石頭幾乎可以無限地接受壓力。 While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited 雖然在實驗室中能夠把石頭壓碎，但在實踐運用中它的抗壓強度幾乎是無限的。 On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart 另一方面，石料的抗拉性卻很弱。 Any beam spanning a vo

56、id tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension 任何橫跨空間的梁都會出如今支點間下彎的趨勢，從而使梁的下半部處于拉應(yīng)力形狀。 It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals 基于石頭抗拉性差的緣故，這種資料的梁須相對短，且支點多

57、。 Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide 而且，石柱必需粗而短，其高度很少超越寬度的十倍。 In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are widethe vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic 在石建筑中，窗、門以及支柱間的空間，其高度不

58、得不超越寬度，從而構(gòu)成了具有石材美感的豎向矩形。 Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period 石料在西方世界的建筑中占很大的優(yōu)勢以致于適宜它的方式即使在木材建筑的大樓里都得到了保管，就像美國喬治王朝時期一樣。 Stone，then，lends itself to

59、the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive 在那時，石料主要用于這些類的構(gòu)造中：支撐樓板和屋頂?shù)膲?，有很近的空間柱的樁和過梁，應(yīng)力主要是壓力的拱。 Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tens

60、ion as readily as it does compression. 木材是一種含纖維的資料，既可接受壓應(yīng)力，又可接受拉應(yīng)力。 Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced 木梁比起石梁要相應(yīng)長些；木柱那么比較細，且間距寬。 A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in J