局部解剖學課件：Cranium 顱部

1、Cranium 顱部Calvaria 顱頂Frontoparietooccipital region 額頂枕區(qū)Temporal region 顳區(qū)Base of skull 顱底Cranial cavity 顱腔Frontoparietooccipital region 額頂枕區(qū)BoundariesAnteriorsupraorbital marginPosteriorexternal occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lineLateralsuperior temporal lineLayers of frontoparietooccipi

2、tal regionConsists of five layers Skin 皮膚Superficial fascia 淺筋膜 Epicranial aponeurosis and occipitofrontalis 帽狀腱膜及枕額肌Subaponeurotic loose connective tissue(space)腱膜下疏松結締組織(間隙)Pericranium 顱骨外膜 The superficial 3 layer are closely knit together, called scalp 頭皮1. Skin 皮膚 thick and hair bearing and cont

3、ains numerous sebaceous glands 皮厚、腺多、血運豐富2. The superficial fascia 淺筋膜 Dense connective tissue that binds the skin to the underlying epicranial aponeurosis The vasculature of the scalp runs primarily in this layer. It is rich and widely anastomosis.Wounds of the scalp bleed profusely but heal well.a

4、. v. and n. in superficial fasciaAnterior groupSupratrochlear a. v. n. 滑車上動、靜脈和神經Supraorbital a. v. n. 眶上動、靜脈和神經Posterior groupOccipital a. v. 枕動、靜脈Greater occipital n. 枕大神經3. Epicranial aponeurosis and occipitofrontalis 帽狀腱膜和枕額肌It is interposed between the frontalis and occipitalis portions of the

5、occipitofrontalis muscle.These muscles place the aponeurosis under tension so that deep transverse lacerations of the scalp gape widely 堅韌致密，前連額腹，后連枕腹，1、2、3層，合稱頭皮4. Subaponeurotic loose connective tissue(space)腱膜下疏松結締組織(間隙)Contains a rich network of deep arteries and veins. Therefore, this layer has

6、 been called the “dangerous area”. Infection may spread to the substance of the bones, to venous channels within the cranial cavity, or to the brain.5. Pericranium 顱骨外膜Fuses firmly with bone at the sutures and with the periosteum of the adjacent bone, thus limiting the subperiosteal space.薄而致密，易于顱骨分

7、離，如有血腫，與骨一致Temporal region 顳區(qū)Boundaries Superiorsuperior temporal lineInferiorsuperior border of zygomatic archAnteriorthe junction of frontal and zygomatic bonesPosteriorposterior portion of superior temporal lineLayers of temporal regionConsists of five layers: Skin 皮膚Superficial fascia 淺筋膜 Tempor

8、al fascia 顳筋膜Temporalis 顳肌Pericranium 顱骨外膜Superficial fascia 淺筋膜Anterior auricular groupSuperficial temporal a. & v. 顳淺動、靜脈Auriculotemporal n. 耳顳神經Posterior auricular group Posterior auricular a. & v. 耳后動、靜脈Lesser occipital n. 枕小神經Temporal fascia 顳筋膜Two layersAttached above to the superior temporal

9、line and below to the superior border of the aygomatic archTemporalis 顳肌Periosteum 骨膜 thin and strongly adherent to the temporal boneHypophysis and hypophyseal fossa 垂體與垂體窩Shape and positionPea-sized organ, attached by infundibulum to hypothalamus, lies in hypophysial fossaConsists of two parts:Aden

10、ohypophysisNeurohypophysis Coronal sectionRelationshipAnteriortuberculum sellae Posteriordorsum sellaeAnterolateralyoptic canalAbovediaphragm sellae, optic chiasma and optic nerve Laterallycavernous sinusBelowsphenoid sinus Cavernous sinus 海綿竇Position: lies on each side of sella turcicaTraversing th

11、e cavernous sinusinternal carotid artery 頸內動脈abducent nerve 展神經Traversing the lateral wall of the cavernous sinusoculomotor nerve 動眼神經trochlear nerve 滑車神經ophthalmic nerve 眼神經maxillary nerve 上頜神經Tentorium cerebelli 小腦幕Communications between extracranial and intracranial veins Facial vein 面靜脈 connections with cavernous sinus 海綿竇 through ophthalmic vein 眼靜脈pteygoid veous plexus 翼靜脈叢 via the deep facial vein 面深靜脈Parietal emissary v. 頂導靜脈穿過頂孔，連接顳淺靜脈與上矢狀竇Mastoid emissary v.乳突導靜脈穿過乳突孔，連接枕靜脈與乙狀竇condylar emissary v. 髁導靜脈穿過髁管，連接枕下靜脈叢與乙狀竇Frontal emissary