4.詞的理解與翻譯

1、Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationTechniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶(英漢詞語(yǔ)詞義對(duì)應(yīng)情況)一、詞義的選擇Since of polysemics both in Chinese and English, we can choose and define the meaning of words from the following two aspects:Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese

2、 Translation(A)根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義First judge the word-class of the word in English, then make sure its meaning. E.g. Like charges repel ; unlike charges attract. like : adj, “相同的”相同的電荷相斥,不同的電荷相吸。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation He likes Chinese more than English. 他喜歡漢語(yǔ)勝過喜歡英語(yǔ)。(動(dòng)詞)

3、In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗內(nèi)的陽(yáng)光里,細(xì)細(xì)的塵埃象金子一般在閃閃發(fā)亮。(介詞)Like knows like. 英雄識(shí)英雄。(名詞)Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation再以round為例：The earth rounds the sun.地球圍繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。（動(dòng)詞：繞行）The exciting news was soon carried round.激動(dòng)人心的消息很

4、快就到處傳遍了。（副詞：到處）The round waveguide as the transmission medium presents us with an opportunity to design a communication system of enormous capacity.以圓波導(dǎo)作傳輸介質(zhì)使我們有可能設(shè)計(jì)出容量極大的通信系統(tǒng)。 （形容詞：圓形的）Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationIn the first round our football team has had three wins and on

5、e defeat.在第一輪中我們的足球隊(duì)三勝一負(fù)。（名詞：輪，回合）When direct current flows through a coil, a magnetic field will be built up round the coil.當(dāng)直流電流通過線圈，線圈周圍就形成一個(gè)磁場(chǎng).(前置詞:在周圍) Poor:In my poor opinion, you should let her go.以鄙人淺見，你應(yīng)該放她走。She took me in her cabin and told me that she was a poor sailor and always went to

6、bed immediately on getting on the boat.她把我?guī)У剿块g里并告訴我說，她有暈船的毛病，所以總是一上船就睡覺。The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court.司法部不愿意把沒有把握大贏的官司那到法庭上去。Carter is a poor loser.卡特是一個(gè)輸了會(huì)發(fā)脾氣的人。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation(B) 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來選擇和確定詞義The same word

7、may have different meaning in different language situation, so we can judge its meaning according to context and the rule of collocation in English. E.g. power，n. 在日常用語(yǔ)中就分別具有“能力、權(quán)力、政權(quán)、國(guó)家”等詞義；在科技文獻(xiàn)中就常有“功率、電源、電力“等詞義，翻譯時(shí)就必須分別情況加以處理。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationI will do everythin

8、g within my power to assist you.我愿意盡我的全力來幫助你。（能力）Basically, all power is with the people.歸根到底一切權(quán)力屬于人民。（權(quán)力）Political power grows out of the barrel of gun.槍桿子里面出政權(quán)。（政權(quán)）China has a few nuclear weapons, but she will never join the so-called club of nuclear powers.中國(guó)有了一點(diǎn)核武器，但中國(guó)決不參加所謂核大國(guó)的俱樂部。（大國(guó)）Technique

9、s and Skills in English-Chinese Translation With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over a long distance.隨著電氣工程的發(fā)展，電力能輸送到非常遠(yuǎn)的距離。（電力）The surfaces of ceramics must be checked by examining it under a 20 power binocular microscope.陶瓷表面必須用20倍的雙筒顯微鏡加以檢驗(yàn)。（倍） Techniques and

10、Skills in English-Chinese Translation再以severe為例（基本詞義是：嚴(yán)格的、嚴(yán)重的）： severe weather 凜烈的天氣 severe pain 劇痛 severe looks 嚴(yán)肅的神色 severe test 嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn) severe winter 嚴(yán)冬 severe wound 重傷 Technics and Skills in English-Chinese Translation severe reasoning 嚴(yán)密的推理 severe problem 嚴(yán)重的問題 severe tolerance 嚴(yán)格的容限 severe style

11、 簡(jiǎn)練的文風(fēng) severe temperature 劇烈變化的溫度 severe propagation 惡劣的傳播條件改錯(cuò)：That is the bedroom that I shared with Tom.那是我和湯姆分享的臥室。那是我和湯姆的臥室。The friendship Nancy and I is one of the legacies of my government service.我和南希的友誼是我為政府服務(wù)的遺產(chǎn)之一。我和南希的友誼是當(dāng)年我為政府服務(wù)的收獲之一。Because of this explosive progress, todays machines are

12、 millions of times more powerful than their crude ancestors.有了這種爆炸性的進(jìn)步，今天的機(jī)器比原始時(shí)期的機(jī)器不知強(qiáng)了好幾百萬(wàn)倍。有了這種突飛猛進(jìn)的進(jìn)步，今天的機(jī)器比原始時(shí)期的機(jī)器強(qiáng)了好幾百萬(wàn)倍。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation二、詞義的引申英譯漢時(shí),有時(shí)會(huì)遇到某些詞在英語(yǔ)辭典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義,如任意硬譯或逐詞死譯,會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀,不能確切表達(dá)原意,甚至造成誤解。這時(shí)就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系,從該詞的根本含義出發(fā),進(jìn)一步加以引申,選擇比較恰當(dāng)?shù)臐h詞來表達(dá)?，F(xiàn)舉例

13、說明如下:(A) 將詞義作抽象化的引申英語(yǔ)中,特別在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,常常用一個(gè)表示具體形象的詞來表示一種屬性、一個(gè)事物或一種概念。翻譯這類詞時(shí),一般可將其詞義作抽象化的引申,譯文才能流暢、自然。 Techniques and Sillks in English-Chinese TranslationThere is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝國(guó)主義者的性格既殘暴,又狡猾。See - sawing between partly good and faintly ominous（u

14、nlucky） ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct . 在那以后的四個(gè)星期內(nèi),消息時(shí)而部分地有所好轉(zhuǎn),時(shí)而又有點(diǎn)不妙,兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn),一直沒有明朗化。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationWhen I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker-Oats look.我應(yīng)邀外出演講時(shí)，他們都指望我擺出一付毫無表情、一本正經(jīng)的面孔。（ Quaker-Oat

15、s 是歐美一種有名的麥片的商標(biāo)，商標(biāo)中的老頭模樣毫無表情。）Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationMan for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for needle she;Man with the head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to obey. Tennyson.男人適于農(nóng)耕, 女人適于家務(wù);男人宜于征戰(zhàn), 女人宜于縫紉;男人善于深思, 女人富于感情;男人發(fā)號(hào)施令,

16、 女人惟有服從。 坦尼森Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation(B) 將詞義作具體化的引申英語(yǔ)中也有用代表抽象概念或?qū)傩缘脑~來表示一種具體事物,譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可作具體化引申。例如: The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。 Vietnam was his entre to the new Administration. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門磚。There is more to their life than political and social a

17、nd economic problems; more than transient everydayness.他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問題。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation2.英語(yǔ)中有些詞在特定的上下文中,其含義是清楚的,但譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)還必須作具體化的引申,否則就不夠清楚。例如:Wait a minute. Let me put on my things. 等等。讓我把衣服穿上。The car in front of me stalled and I missed the gree

18、n. 我前頭的那輛車停住了, 我錯(cuò)過了綠燈。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation三、詞義的褒貶(一) 英語(yǔ)中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義,漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)相應(yīng)地表達(dá)出來。He was a man of high renown (fame) . 他是位有名望的人。(褒)His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作為流氓的惡名是他死后才傳開的。(貶)An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.好侵略的國(guó)家總是準(zhǔn)備挑

19、起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 (貶) An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.富有進(jìn)取心的年輕人在這家公司前途無量。 (褒)Technics and Sillks in English-Chinese Translation（二） 英語(yǔ)有些詞是中立的,本身不表示褒義或貶義,但在一定的上下文中可能有褒貶的意味,漢譯時(shí)就應(yīng)該用具有褒貶意味的相應(yīng)的詞來表達(dá)。1.需要用褒義詞來表達(dá): NEXT Edison turned his inventive genius to another ambitious project _the invention of a mea

20、ns of lighting streets and buildings by electricity instead of by gas: the invention of an electric-light bulb.然后，愛迪生把其創(chuàng)作天才轉(zhuǎn)向另一項(xiàng)宏大的計(jì)劃發(fā)明用電來代替煤以照明街道和建筑物的方法 ，即要設(shè)法制造電燈泡。Technics and Sillks in English-Chinese TranslationThe two politicians talked of no more than five minutes, at a significant moment in t

21、heir careers.兩位政治家交談了僅僅五分鐘。這次談話是在他們一生事業(yè)的重大時(shí)刻進(jìn)行的。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese Translation2.需要用貶義的詞來表達(dá): He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.他是一個(gè)正直誠(chéng)實(shí)的人,但不幸有某種壞名聲。我相信這個(gè)壞名聲是不該有的。Those who do not remember the past

22、are condemned to relive it.凡是忘掉過去的人注定要重蹈覆轍。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationEXERCISES:Computer science is developing rapidly these years. 這些年來計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)正迅速發(fā)展。 The color TV sets developed by that factory are of high quality.那個(gè)工廠研制的彩色電視機(jī)質(zhì)量高。The aim of this course is to develop the studen

23、ts reading skills.這門功課的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀技能。Techniques and Skills in English-Chinese TranslationThey have developed an interest in gardening. 他們對(duì)園藝學(xué)產(chǎn)生了興趣。I want to have this film developed and printed. 我想找人把這膠卷沖印出來。The inquiry did not develop any new facts.調(diào)查并未揭示出新的事實(shí)。Techniques and Skills in English-Chines

24、e TranslationAccomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or luck and break ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three. 成就常常會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺，使人只看到功成名就，看不到成功來之不易，以為成功者之所以成功是因?yàn)樯眢w好，腦子靈，運(yùn)氣佳，從而為自己找借口，說自己沒有獲得成功是因?yàn)樯眢w不好，腦子不靈，運(yùn)氣不佳。Techniques and Skills in English-