應用語言學(全套課件197P)

1、應用語言學1 Applied Linguistics (1)2 Applied Linguistics (1) Course Plan2 Outline of the Contents3 Reference Books4 Introduction313 Introduction Why language?Useful Interesting & glamorous Why linguistics?Science of language; help us understand language A rich and exciting field Why applied linguistics?A

2、 middleman who bridges the gap between theory and practice4 Course Plan 11weeks Evaluation: 30% for attendance20% for exercises 50% for final paper5 Course Plan What you can get from this course? 1 creditReview the famous theories and great figures Overview of the relation between the development of

3、 linguistics and LT & LLMany topics for paper guide our teaching and learning6 Outline of the Contents1. Introduction 2. Linguistic Study and its Impact on Language Teaching3. Second Language Teaching Theories and Theoretical Models4. Socio-linguistics and Language Teaching & LL5. Semantics and Lang

4、uage Teaching & LL7 Outline of the Contents6. Psycholinguistics and Language Teaching & LL7. Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching & LL8. Pragmatics and Language Teaching & LL9. Cognitive Theory and Language Teaching10. Teaching and Learning Strategies11. Revision8 Outline of the ContentsFocus:In

5、put hypothesis, Output hypothesis, Interaction hypothesisInter-language & Language transferCode-switchingFossilization Good learners behavior9 Topics Suggested for the Course paper1.The importance of studying personality factors2. Studies on the learners learning strategies3. The positive and negati

6、ve transfer in foreign language learning 4. The importance of social context for FLL5. The importance of research and theory for FLT10 Topics Suggested for the Course Paper 6. 語法翻譯法的歷史回顧與展望7.中國學生英語學習策略及學習模式8. 影響外語學習的非語言因素9. 第二語言習得與外語教學10. 遷移理論與外語學習11. 從心理語言學觀點探討學習者的感情因素及學習效果12. 語言輸入原則及大學英語教學11 Perio

7、dicals and Magazines1. Applied Linguistics 2. Style3. Linguistic Inquiry4. College English5. Education Digest6. Language Learning7. Language Teaching 8. Language9. Modern Language Quarterly12 Periodicals and Magazines 10. 外語教學與研究11. 外國語12. 現(xiàn)代外語 13. 外語與外語教學14. 外語學刊15. 外語教學16. 外語界 17. 中國翻譯18. 山東外語19.

8、福建外語20. 外語研究21. 外語與翻譯13 Reference BooksCorder: Introducing Applied LinguisticsStern: Fundamental Concepts of Language TeachingHowatt: A History of English Language TeachingVan Els: Applied Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of FLRichards: Error AnalysisH. Brown: Principles of language learnin

9、g and teachingN. Schmitt: An introduction to applied Linguistics桂詩春: 應用語言學14 Applied Linguistics (1)1. Definition of Al AL is a science which treats a language and human communicative problems as an object of its study. Christopher Candlin (1982) Halliday: AL is a middleman who bridges the gap betwe

10、en theory and practice.15 2. Nature of AL It has the following main characteristic features: 1) Independent discipline (3點) (its own object of study, system of theories, own research people)2) Interdisciplinary science (心理學 linguistics)3) Applied science (to solve the problems in TL)4) Empirical Sci

11、ence 16 3. Role of AL It service as a bridge or link between theories of linguistics and, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc on one hand and language teaching on the other. Figure 1: linguistics, etc. - AL - LT 17 4. Scope of AL(狹義和廣義) Courchene (1981) first put forward 1. “In the broad sense”

12、 : many activities apart from LT, sociolinguistics psycholinguistics etc.2. “narrow sense” : LT and FLT18 British Applied Linguistic Association 確定的范圍：1) Bilingual use 2) Methodology 3) Error Analysis4) L. acquisition 5) Testing 6) Socio linguistics 7) Language Education Policies 19 5.Brief History1

13、. 1870 Baudouin de Courtenay (波蘭人)2. 40年代 University of Michigan established AL as independent discipline3. 50 年代 C. Fries R Lado 發(fā)展4. Corder First book Introducing AL 5. 64. Association of International Linguistique Appliquce 協(xié)會 6. Main figures in this field 50年代 Corder, C. Fries R. Lado 桂詩春、劉潤清、文秋

14、芳、王初明20 6. AL需要回答的幾個問題：1)、在中國什么年齡學習英語最好？2)、為什么30后（博士）外語還沒有過關？ 聽說沒有領先？閱讀不過關？發(fā)展不平衡3)、外語環(huán)境下用外語思維是否可能？4)、什么樣的語言環(huán)境對外語學習最好？ 能否創(chuàng)造這種環(huán)境？5)、中國特點的教學理論和學習理論到底是什么？6)、最佳的外語學習方法，教學方法是什么？7)、中國學生的性格和情感對外語學習有沒有影 響？21 7. Linguistic study and its impact on LT1) Linguistic study in various periods has different impact o

15、n LT2) There is a close relation between LS and LT.3) LS is the basis for LT, LL, FLT, FLL22 Example: Grammar Translation Teaching Method1) What kind of linguistic theory is the basis for GTM?2) What is the relation between linguistic study and GTM?3) Who founded GTM?4) Under the influence of lingui

16、stic theory, Special features advantages and disadvantages 5) Its impact on LT model, LL model, textbook 6) Present state of GTM23 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:1) Before 18th century, classical linguistics originated in Greece. Greek, Latin, Hebrew24 Classical Linguistics and G

17、TMClassical Linguistics:Purpose of LS at that time was to interpret various phenomena of a language (relation between a verb and a noun to describe the various forms of a language book books build - built)25 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:3) Stoics and their contribution Scope of

18、 grammar case, tense, voice study on verbs findings: tenses26 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:4) Alexandrian (Plato & Aristotle) Contributionsclassification of words (eight groups of words) verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, conjunction, preposition stress on verbs (

19、tense 三種時態(tài), changes, voice) 27 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on teaching:On the basis of the classical study, basic theory came out for LT. 1) Language is a classification of words 掌握了詞匯，即掌握了所學語言2) Grammar is an adhesive linking, making words to form a language. Main Task

20、 of teaching is to teach grammatical rules. 語法是粘合劑,只要能夠按照語法規(guī)則將詞匯粘合在一起即可表達思想. 28 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on teaching:3) Written language is the cream of language. Contents of teaching were determined.29 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on tea

21、ching: Established the Greek-Latin grammar system Special features: 1) Lexical centered system 2) Grammatical rules-based system 3) written text as the object 4) grammatically a complete system 5）Clear interpretation of a language30 Classical Linguistics and GTMGrammar- Translation MethodKarl Plotz

22、founded GTM他的教學方法主要體現(xiàn)在兩個基本原則上：一是背誦規(guī)則，強調語法分析二是句子對譯練習31 Classical Linguistics and GTMGrammar- Translation Method1.Words and grammar are the core of a language.2. Teaching was mainly translation.3. Explanation and analysis are certain to dominate the class teaching. 4. On the basis of Classical L, gram

23、mar translation method was established. 32 Main advantages of GTM 桂詩春 (5)1. Completeness and Unity of Grammar system 語法體系的完整性和整體性。這一體系有利于學習者較好、較快地掌握目的語的整個結構。2. Cognitive practice of target language 語法翻譯法有利于外語學習者認識目的語的形式、不同的詞類、句子組合等。它在很大的程度上符合并順應了人們認識和學習目的語的客觀規(guī)律，有利于學習者掌握好這一體系。33 Main advantages of GT

24、M 桂詩春3. Reflect the basic function 外語學習的本質功能，即兩種語言形式的轉換，達到語際信息交流的目的。 4. Lay a foundation of a language語法翻譯法重視詞匯和語法知識的系統(tǒng)傳授，它有利于學習者語言知識的鞏固，有利于打好語言基礎。5. Deep understanding of the target language 語法翻譯法強調對書面語的分析，著重原文的學習，這樣它有利于學習者對目的語的深入理解和掌握. 34 P. Balcom 的概括(3)：1) Comprehensible input, systematic, and f

25、rom the shadow to deep approach 在語法翻譯教學法中，精細的語法規(guī)則和廣泛的詞匯知識使得語言輸入更易于理解。能夠使外語學習者所接觸到的各種語言現(xiàn)象系統(tǒng)化，由潛入深地將語言分級處理。2) Conscious and unconscious assumption about the target language, and awareness of differences between mother tongue and target language 語法翻譯教學法能夠幫助外語學習者做出無意識或有意識的假設，辨別母語與目的語的異同。3) Help learners

26、 internalize the structure of the target language 語法翻譯教學法能夠幫助學習者將目的語的結構內化，從而提高其使用外語表達的能力。35 Classical Linguistics and GTMTextbook compiled on the basis of GTM 許國章英語新概念英語36 Classical Linguistics and GTMTextbook compiled on the basis of GTM 許國章英語新概念英語37 Classical Linguistics and GTMTeaching Models of

27、GTM:Reading-analysis - translation-reciting (5) 1. Word study 2. background information 3. analyze a text sentence by sentence 4. exercise 5. sum up 38 Testing1. E-C2. C-E Advantages: 1) Time saving2) Without guessing3) Objective Still widely used, strong effect on testing 39 Impact on learning styl

28、e(3) 1. Rote learning 2. Habit of analyzing structure3. Dependent on mother tongue 學習者形成了熟背單詞和規(guī)則習慣；以語法規(guī)則為準繩，分析課文中的每一個語法現(xiàn)象；以母語為基礎，理解課文內容。 40 Disadvantages (4)Ignore an oral communication2. Overemphasize the importance of grammar3. Learning is sometimes boring, dull4. Learners are weak in speaking 41

29、Review GTM (3)New viewpoints 1) Grammatical competence is a part of communicative competence Canale & Swain(1982) 語法能力是語言交際能力的一部分 2) Grammar bridges between the concepts and context. 語法起到概念和內容連接的作用3) It is regarded as an approach which can help learners to acquire deep understanding of the target la

30、nguage. 可幫助學習者更好地理解目的語42 Present attitude towards GTM (Post communicative approach, Post GTM后語法教學法時代)1. Continue to improve in theory and practice2. Concentrate on grammar-oriented communication 語法為主體的交流3. Focus on context and grammatical contents 語境和語法內容43 Future: R. Smith (3)1. It will continue to

31、 play its role in LT.2. It will continue to improve itself theoretically.3. It will continue to change and adapt to new requirements for LT.44 Classical Linguistics and GTMAdvantages and disadvantages of GTMCompleteness and Unity Of Grammar SystemIgnore the oral communication 45 2. Modern Linguistic

32、s and ALM20th century, shift of study from words, and rules, and then language family to language structure.Saussure: 1915 Course in general linguisticsBloomfield: 1933, “Language” became popular 46 他們的看法改變了人們對語言的原有認識:1、語言是文字 (語言是詞的劃分,是書面體) Language is a classification of words. 2、語言是一套規(guī)則 (語法是粘合劑) L

33、anguage is a set of rules.47 2. Modern Linguistics and ALMMain viewpoints of structuralism: 1)A language is structured. Each language has its own structure. (Saussure) Bloomfield：phonetic morphologic semantic structures 對教學影響最大的是形態(tài)結構觀點 I think that he will come this afternoon. We believe that this e

34、vening You They 為口語教學中的pattern drill 提供了依據(jù)48 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM2)A language has a certain number of key structures.掌握了這些結構就掌握了語言。3) Sentence is the basic unit expressing meaning, not an individual words. 句子是表達意義的基本單位，而不是單個的詞. (重視句型教學)49 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM4) Language is a behavi

35、or. (語言是行為 )，也是刺激與反應的結果。 Pavlov classical behaviorism （影響） trained a dog to salivate to the tone of tuning fork conditioned response J. Watson (1913) behaviorism Stimulus and response 50 Behaviorism1) 刺激反應得到的結果如何保持？2) Skinner Verbal Behavior言語行為 提出了reinforcement 的觀點（強化理論）3) 習慣的形成需要積極的獎勵（positive awa

36、rding）（這種獎勵是物質的或口頭的）4) 為了強化兒童的學習行為，兩個因素： 強化適宜度（Appropriateness of reinforcement） A dog is asked to open a lock with a key. 定時強化（timed reinforcement）every two days 這樣才能保持學習者的習慣51 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM5) Language is speech, an utterance, and is what the native speakers say, not just a written

37、text.對教學的啟示是：不能是無聲的教學 注意語音 （語音教學開始） 要學習者說話52 6. 語言不應該是人為確定的規(guī)則，而應該是人們如何使用語言的描述。Is not prescribed; is not what someone thinks they ought to say 否定了（規(guī)定）prescriptive linguistics Teach the language, not about the language 不是教語言知識 以上結構主義的觀點幫助產(chǎn)生了Audiolingual Method （聽說教學流派） 53 產(chǎn)生這一教學流派的原因3： 1) 語言研究的新認識 2)

38、社會的需要（social need） Trade, travel, World War II, conference 3)語言教學的自身發(fā)展(Development of LT)，促使產(chǎn)生一種新的教學模式。 Got tired of GTM only model, needed sth. new.54 Main features 主要特征可概括如下（4）聽說為先，兼顧書面語 Listening and speaking prior to written texts2) 重復操練，形成習慣 Repeated drilling to develop a language habit3) 句型為綱，

39、組織教學 Pattern drills are as a key in organizing teaching activities.4) 趣味與實用并重 Emphasize interest and practical value equally55 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM structuralism Audio-lingual Method Listening and speaking Repeated drilling to develop alanguage habitPattern drills are as a key in Organizing

40、 teaching activities Emphasizeinterest and practical value 56 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM GTM ALM1)語言是文字，是書面體 語言是有聲的，sound Language is words 是講的話 speech 2)語言是一套規(guī)則 語言是習慣，habit is a set of rules 是行為behavior3)語言教學是知識的傳授 語言教學是習慣和行為 impart knowledge 的培養(yǎng) train habit4) 語言教學以語法為綱 語言教學應以聽 grammar as key 說領

41、先 speaking first在語言教學認識上的比較 57 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM GTM ALM1) 先學習語法規(guī)則和文字 先學習語音和句型 learn rules and words first learn pronunciation 2) 強調語言的語法性強調語言的可接受性 importance of grammar acceptability3) 以母語為基礎避免使用母語 based on M Tongue Avoid M tongue4) 兩種文字的互譯和理解 句型的模仿與反復操練 translation and understanding im

42、itation and drilling58 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM5) 重視語言規(guī)則的準確性重視語言表達的流利性 accuracy of rules fluency of expressions6) 以經(jīng)典著作為學習版本以日常語言為學習素材 classics everyday EnglishGTM ALM59 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM Mechanical Drilling Reciting Comprehensive Drilling Application(運用)Teaching model 4 (Steps） 60

43、2. Modern Linguistics and ALMTextbooks of ALM 1.英語900句2. Conversational Textbook 61 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM Disadvantages of ALM: 1. 句型操練往往脫離了語言內容和社會語境 Pattern drills training is away from real context. 2. 學習者在寫和閱讀技能的培養(yǎng)方面則 對較弱 weak in writing and reading 3. 學習者對目的語的語法體系的了解和掌握程度不是很好。 Language f

44、oundation is weak62 Present state of ALM更強調學習者的口語交流的參與意識和實踐意 義。2. 更重視口語教學內容的實用性、真實性和趣味性。3. 更強調口語的可接受性以及口語表達的習慣性。4. 更重視口語教學的語境及話題，不再是機械性地重復和模仿。5. 更強調口語教學的互動以及交流性，不再局限與單向的句型操練。63 Thank You !64 Applied Linguistics (2)Review:1. What is the importance of AL for teachers?2. What is the Scope of AL?3. What

45、 is the definition of AL?4. Who started AL, and when did it start?5. What are the main books about AL, and what are the important figures in this field?6. What is called the classical linguistics?65 Review:7. What is the purpose of classical linguistics?8. What is the contribution of Stoics to the l

46、anguage teaching? 9. What is the contribution of Alexandrians to the language teaching? 10. What is the Impact of Classical linguistics on LT?11. What are the main characteristics of GTM?66 For reference1. 1) Can guide our language teaching and learning 2) help understand the basic principles and di

47、sciplines of language teaching and learning 3) Beneficial for teachers to develop themselves theoretically2. 1) Bilingual use 2) Methodology 3) Error Analysis 4) L. acquisition 5) Testing 6) Socio linguistics 7) Language Education Policies67 3. AL is a science which treats a language and human commu

48、nicative problems as an object of its study. Halliday: AL is a middleman who bridges the gap between theory and practice.4. 1870 Boudouin de Courtenay in 50s S. Corder, C. Fries R. Lado 5. Introducing Applied Linguistics by Corder IN China Gui Shichun “Applied Linguistics”68 6. Greek, Latin, Hebrew

49、7. 1) to interpret various phenomena of a language relation 2) to describe the various forms of a language 8. Scope of grammar case, tense, voice study on verbs findings: tenses 9. classification of words, eight groups of words: verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, conjunction, prepositi

50、on69 10. 1) Vocabulary was the Core of TL, LL 2) Grammar was the Key of TL, LL centered around the grammar rules 3) Translation was the Main means of teaching 4) Explanation and analysis were certain to dominate the class teaching. 70 11. 1. Lexical centered system 以詞為中心；Syntax was based on the rule

51、s of words. 2. Grammatical rules-based system 以語法規(guī)則為基礎的體系 3. written text as an object 以書面語為對象 4. grammatically a complete system 語法上完整的71 Linguistic study and its impact on LT, FLT and LL. It will include three important examples 1) classical linguistics and its impact on 2) modern linguistics and

52、its impact on LT 3) contemporary linguistics and its impact 72 Example one: Questions 1) What kind of linguistic theory is the basis for GTM?2) What is the relation between linguistic study and GTM?3) Who founded GTM?4) Special features advantages and disadvantages?5) Its impact on LT model, LL mode

53、l, textbook6) Present state of GTM73 Who first founded GTM?普洛茨(Karl Plotz)他的教學方法主要體現(xiàn)在兩個基本原則上：一是背誦規(guī)則，強調語法分析二是句子對譯練習The beginning of GTM74 The above views influence on LT1. Words and grammar are the core of a language.2. Teaching was mainly translation5. Explanation and analysis are certain to dominat

54、e the class teaching. 4. On the basis of Classical L, grammar translation method was established. 75 Main advantages of GTM 桂詩春 (5)1. Completeness and Unity of Grammar system 語法體系的完整性和整體性。這一體系有利于學習者較好、較快地掌握目的語的整個結構。2. Cognitive practice of target language 語法翻譯法有利于外語學習者認識目的語的形式、不同的詞類、句子組合等。它在很大的程度上符合

55、并順應了人們認識和學習目的語的客觀規(guī)律，有利于學習者掌握好這一體系。76 Main advantages of GTM 桂詩春3. Reflect the basic function 外語學習的本質功能，即兩種語言形式的轉換，達到語際信息交流的目的。 4. Lay a foundation of a language語法翻譯法重視詞匯和語法知識的系統(tǒng)傳授，它有利于學習者語言知識的鞏固，有利于打好語言基礎。5. Deep understanding of the target language 語法翻譯法強調對書面語的分析，著重原文的學習，這樣它有利于學習者對目的語的深入理解和掌握. 77 P

56、. Balcom 的概括(3)：1) Comprehensible input, systematic and from the shadow to deep approach 在語法翻譯教學法中，精細的語法規(guī)則和廣泛的詞匯知識使得語言輸入更易于理解。能夠使外語學習者所接觸到的各種語言現(xiàn)象系統(tǒng)化，由潛入深地將語言分級處理。2) Conscious and unconscious assumption about the target language, and awareness of differences between mother tongue and target language

57、語法翻譯教學法能夠幫助外語學習者做出無意識或有意識的假設，辨別母語與目的語的異同。78 P. Balcom 的概括：3) Help learners internalize the structure of the target language 語法翻譯教學法能夠幫助學習者將目的語的結構內化，從而提高其使用外語表達的能力。79 Textbooks Textbook compiled on the basis of GTM 許國章英語，新概念英語 大學英語教程 語法順序編排 reflected the principles 1) From the shadow to the deep; Sys

58、tematic nature;Completeness （由淺入深，系統(tǒng)性強，完整性好）80 Teaching model Reading-analysis - translation-reciting (5) 1. Word study 2. background information 3. analyze a text sentence by sentence 4. exercise 5. sum up81 Testing1. E-C2. C-E Advantages: 1) Time saving 2) Without guessing 3) Objective Still widel

59、y used strong effect on testing 82 Impact on learning style(3) 1. Rote learning 2. Habit of analyzing structure3. Dependent on mother tongue 學習者形成了熟背單詞和規(guī)則習慣；以語法規(guī)則為準繩，分析課文中的每一個語法現(xiàn)象；以母語為基礎，理解課文內容。 83 Disadvantages (4)1. Ignore an oral communication2. Overemphasize the importance of grammar3. Learning

60、is sometimes boring, dull4. Learners are weak in speaking 84 Latest views on GTM 1980 R. Smith (TESOL) Experiment 1) Better in accuracy, translation and reading 第一班的學生在語法的準確性、翻譯能力和閱讀能力方面高于第二個班的學生；2) Almost no difference in listening and speaking 在聽力和口語能力方面，兩個班學生的水平幾乎沒有差別。 85 Review GTM (3)New viewpo