大學(xué)英語(yǔ)閱讀猜詞技巧

1、英語(yǔ)閱讀猜詞技巧 在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，我們自然會(huì)遇到許多生詞。這時(shí)，許多人立即翻閱字典，查找詞義。其實(shí)，這種做法是不科學(xué)的。它不但費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，而且影響閱讀速度。事實(shí)上，閱讀材料中的每個(gè)詞與它前后的詞語(yǔ)或句子甚至段落有著互相制約的關(guān)系。 我們可以利用語(yǔ)境（各種已知信息）推測(cè)、判斷某些生詞的詞義。 一、 針對(duì)性解釋 針對(duì)性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)或詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對(duì)性，利用它們猜詞義比較容易。 1根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義: 如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。 例如：anthropology is the sc

2、ientific study of man. In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 定義的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。2.根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義: 雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是

3、提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。 復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語(yǔ)或是從句。 Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)，和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語(yǔ)前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i. e. 等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。 Capacitance, or

4、 the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings. 根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語(yǔ)從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位

5、語(yǔ)a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出 SAD含義，即“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。 3.根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義：恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索。 例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 二、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系 根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知

6、識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。 1 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。 例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。A go

7、od supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.2 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。 例如： Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。3 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。例如： Tom is consi

8、dered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.4 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義：在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語(yǔ)、根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。 例如：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt

9、 was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 三、 外部相關(guān)因素 外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知識(shí)。有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)

10、在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí)就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。 Husband：Its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? The snake slithered through the grass. 在猜測(cè)詞義過(guò)程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識(shí)，從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。 1 根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義 He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious

11、, for a few minutes. Im illiterate about such things. 2 根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義 例如： Insecticide is applied where it is needed. Then the vapor may change into droplets. （附：常用前綴、后綴） 3根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義 Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Highlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由high （高的，

12、強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是“以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出” 的意思。 Bullfight is very popular in Spain. 綜上所述，利用各種已知信息推測(cè)、判斷詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技巧。在實(shí)踐中，我們可以靈活運(yùn)用，綜合運(yùn)用上面提到的幾種猜測(cè)技巧，排除生詞的障礙，順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容，提高閱讀速度。常用前綴、后綴 常用前綴 anti- against, opposite 反對(duì)，針對(duì) antiwarantibody antiterrorism antianxietyauto- of or by oneself 自己做的，自動(dòng)的 autostopautocritic

13、ism autobiographybe- cause to be or have 使，有 befool befriendbi- two, twice, double 雙biparty bimirrorbio- life 生命，生物biomedicine bioanalysisbiodiversitycenti- hundredth part 百分之一 centiliter centimetre co- with, together 共同，和一起coworker cooperatecon-, col-, com-, cor- with, together 共同，和.一起 conjoin coll

14、ocation compassion correlationcontra- opposite 反對(duì)，相反，相對(duì) contraattitude contranaturalcounter- opposite 反counterattack counteract counterpartdis- not, the opposite of 否定，相反disagree dishonesten-, em- cause to become, put into the stated condition 使成為，使處于.狀態(tài)enlarge endanger empocketex- former 以前的，前任的exp

15、resident exhusband extra- outside, beyond 超出，在之外extraodinary extraartisticfore- in advance, before, in or at the front 預(yù)先，前，在前面的forehead forejudge foreseein-, im-, -il, -ir not 不，非，無(wú)indirect illegal immoral irregularin- in, into 內(nèi)，向內(nèi)indoor 室內(nèi)的inter- between, among 相互，在之間 interuniversity interdepende

16、nt interrelationintra- inside, within 在之內(nèi) intragroup intragenickilo- one thousand 千 kilogram kilowatt macro- large 大的，宏觀的macroclimate 大氣候mal- bad, badly 壞，不良，不當(dāng) malformation malnutrition maltreatmicro- extremely small 極小的microcomputer microwavemid- middle 中間 midterm midday midwestmini- small, short

17、極小的，極短的miniskirt minitankmis- bad, badly 壞，不當(dāng)?shù)膍isunderstand misleadmono- one, single 單一的mononuclear monologuemulti- many, more than one 多multichoice multistore multinationalnon- not 無(wú)，非，不 noncooperation nonsmokerout- outside, beyond 超越，勝過(guò)outlearn outstandingover- too much, above, additional 過(guò)分，在上面，額

18、外的overhead overweight overdopost- later than, after 在之后postgraduate postwarpre- before, in advance 在之前，預(yù)先preview predesignre- again 再，又recur retell redosemi- half, partly 半，部分的 semicircle semifinal semiprofessionalsub- under, below, less important 在之下，低于，次于的 submarine substandard subconscioussuper-

19、greater, or more than superstar supernaturaltele- over a long distance/telephone 遠(yuǎn)程的，電話的telesale teleconference telelecturetherm-, thermo- heat 熱t(yī)hermometer thermocyclingtrans- across, on or to the other side of 橫越，貫穿transatlantic transplanttri- three 三triangle tricycleultra- beyond, very, too 超過(guò)，極度

20、的ultracold untramodernun- not 不unfair unfamiliar unbeatenunder- too little, below 過(guò)少，在下面underestimate undergouni- one, single 單一的unidirectional uniformvice- next in rank below 副vice-president常用后綴 1. 名詞后綴-ability, -ibility able, possible 能夠的，可能的ability 能力possibility 可能性-age postage 郵資shrinkage 收縮-al

21、approval 同意arrival 到達(dá)-an, -ian, -arian 人humanitarian 人道主義者，librarian 圖書(shū)管理員-ance, -ence appearance 出現(xiàn)importance 重要性-ancy, -ency emergency 緊急情況 expectancy 期待-ant, -ent consultant 顧問(wèn)study- student 學(xué)生-cy fluency 流利-dom freedom 自由-ee employee 雇員trainee 受訓(xùn)者-er, -or, -ar worker 工人conductor 導(dǎo)體scholar 學(xué)者-ery

22、 bravery 勇敢-ese Chinese 中國(guó)人-ess goddess 女神-ful handful一把的量armful 一抱的量-hood neighborhood 鄰居-ics linguistics 語(yǔ)言學(xué)-ion, -ition, -ation collection 收集composition 作文situaition 位置-ism Marxism 馬克思主義-ist socialist 社會(huì)主義者scientist 科學(xué)家-ity, -ty authority 權(quán)威 cruelty 殘忍-ment movement 運(yùn)動(dòng)-ology psychology 心理學(xué)-ship friendship 友誼-sion,-ssion decision決定admission許可-ure pressure 壓力2. 動(dòng)詞后綴-en strengthen 增強(qiáng)-ify cl