完型新版高效解題密招ppt

1、1首先，我們來看看最近六年來，完形填空的短文材料究竟有什么特點。年 份體 裁題 材主 要 內 容短 文 長 度2012年說明文社 會生 活規(guī)章的重要作用與人們對規(guī)章的不同看法300 個 詞2011年論說文學 校教 育以觀察研究論述把優(yōu)生從普通班里分離出去,會造成嚴重后果237 個 詞2010年論說文(以敘述經(jīng)歷為主)民 俗文 化以親身經(jīng)歷的“門”文化差異為例，說明每個國家都有自己獨特的文化217 個 詞短文特點22009年記敘文名人軼事諾貝爾獎設立的原因和經(jīng)過173個詞2008年論說文(以敘述故事為主)民俗文化以仙女換嬰的故事說明并非所有傳說中的仙女都是善良可愛的206個詞2007年說明文科研

2、發(fā)現(xiàn)介紹面部識別登錄技術154個詞3(一)長度: 在2007至2010年, 填10個空時，短文長度大約是200個詞;2011年改為填15個空,當年短文長度沒有明顯變化,但是2012年短文長度明顯增加, 達300個詞。本書材料在270-330個詞之間。結論4(二)題材:貼近生活，或反映最新科技動態(tài)，或體現(xiàn)文化內涵，讓人增長知識，形成正確的觀點，成為幸福的公民。(三)體裁:主要是說明文和論說文,以及用經(jīng)歷或故事說明某一觀點的文章。5(四)難度:一般不會有影響短文理解的超標詞，但有時會出現(xiàn)課標單詞的派生詞，如supernatural, folktale，automatically, recognit

3、ion, inexpensive等，其詞根都是課標中規(guī)定的詞,考生根據(jù)構詞法知識不難理解其意義。6注 只需熟記搭配，不一定需要理解語篇意義即可選出答案的，六年來只考過一個小題，即2009年第21空，考查mistake A for B(誤以為A是B)這一固定搭配。 4.不考同義詞辨析。六年來，從來沒有將在具體語境中其詞義或用法難以辨別的兩個或幾個詞語作為同一個小題的選項。一般說來，四個選項的意義，差別較大。7 本書2012版曾提醒: “像even，ever， still之類的副詞是體現(xiàn)語篇特征的典型詞語,非常適合在完形填空中考查, 盡管以前尚未考查過，但在今后的完形填空中是有可能考的，決不可忽視

4、?！焙髞?，2012年高考果真考查了still！特別說明：8請看近六年高考題正確選項的分布情況：答案分布9在正確選項中，A、B、C和D所占比例均等，即2007至2010年10空時，正確選項中A、B、C、D各占23個；2011年15空后，正確選項中A、B、C、D各占34個。結論10 在15個小題中，若對14個小題有把握,只有1個題沒有把握時，可以根據(jù)答案均等的原則去考慮。例如,你的“正確答案”中只有2個B,那么這個沒把握的題很可能就是選B了。溫馨提示11(一)上下求索尋信息 因為答案信息點有的在空格前，有的在空格后，有的在前文和后文都有出現(xiàn)，需要綜合考慮或相互印證。有時，還要根據(jù)上、下文提供的信息

5、，結合常識，進行適當?shù)倪壿嬐评?，才可得出正確答案。不管題目有多難，都一定能在上下文中找到線索。 根據(jù)上述對廣東高考完形填空的命題研究, 我們歸納了以下一些解題方法：三個原則12例1 The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors, 27 who were getting off the bus should get off first，and students who were getting on should get on 28 . 27. A. parents B. students

6、 C. teachers D. drivers28. A. sooner B. later C. faster D. earlier解析：27題的答案信息點在空格后的and students who中，關鍵詞是students，故選B。28題的答案信息點在空格前, 關鍵詞是first, 與first相對應是later, 故選B。13 答題時, 眼睛不能只盯在空格上或只盯在空格所在的這一個句子上, 一定要“左顧右盼”, 弄清前后的習慣搭配或句式結構。注意, 常常不止一個選項前后可以構成搭配關系, 這時需要根據(jù)上下文的意思來定奪。2. 左顧右盼找搭配14解析：四個選項中, 能與后面for搭配的,

7、只有mistook, 即mistake A for B (將A誤以為B), 故選C。例3 On April 12, 1888, Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack. A major French newspaper 21 his brother for him and.A. foundB. misunderstoodC. mistookD. judged15解析：根據(jù)動賓搭配, 在四個選項中, 能與名詞the Nobel prizes(諾貝爾獎)搭配的, 只有establish (設立), 即“設立諾貝爾獎”。用他的大部分錢去“構成/開發(fā)/促

8、進”諾貝爾獎, 是講不通的。例4 Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to 28 the Nobel prizes, which would be awarded to people who.A. establish B. form C. develop D. promote16 有時, 若單獨看空格處或空格所在句,其中兩個、三個甚至四個選項填入格中都不錯, 句子也通順, 但結合全文內容來理解, 就只有一個是最佳答案了。因此, 選擇答案時, 一定要考慮到此選項不但在本句中合符語境, 而且要在全文中也講

9、得通, 即貫通全文。3. 思前想后通全文17例5 Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes, which would be awarded to people who made great _ to the causes of peace, literature, and the sciences.A. additionsB. sacrificesC. changesD. contributions解析：若單獨看空格處, 選項B、C、D都可以填,

10、make great sacrifices “作出巨大犧牲”, make great changes “發(fā)生巨大變化”, make great contributions“作出巨大貢獻”; 從文章內容或常識來看, 諾貝爾獎金應當是獎給那些為世界和平、文學和科學事業(yè)“作出過巨大貢獻”的人, 故只能選D。18例6 Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining, construction, and warfare as the inventor of dynamite (炸藥).the article read. “

11、Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became_ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.” .Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to.A. famous B. sick C. rich D. popular解析：若單獨看空前的became, 填四個選項都沒有語法錯誤, 但是由前文中的became a millionaire和后文give the largest part of

12、his money可知, rich為最佳答案, 故選C。19四個步驟(一)通讀全文，理解大意 重視首句信息,跳過空格,瀏覽全文,從整體上感知全文,理解短文大意,這是解題的基礎。這一步非常重要,萬萬不可忽視。20 在理解短文大意的情況下,結合各選項的意義和用法,與前后詞語的習慣搭配,特別是上下文的意義銜接等,初選答案。可以先解決那些自己有把握的問題,對少數(shù)難題,暫時跳過,在上文中難以判斷的題或許在下文中就有暗示或者明顯的提示了,一個在前面不能解答的題或許在填出了另一空后你就會豁然開朗。(二)瞻前顧后，初選答案21(三)復讀全文，解決殘敵 借助已經(jīng)補全的空格,我們已對全文有了更清楚的理解,可以集中

13、解決所遺留的個別難題。(四)再次復讀，彌補疏漏 全部做好后,考生務必要結合自己選擇的答案重新閱讀短文內容，確保全文文意連貫。22五個技巧 根據(jù)廣東高考完形填空題的特點,只要了解上述三個原則,遵循四個步驟,靈活運用以下五個技巧,任何完形難題都可得到順利解決。希望同學們一定要理解、掌握以下五個技巧。23 某些語義相關聯(lián)的詞語在語篇中共同出現(xiàn)的傾向性，叫詞語同現(xiàn),也有人稱之為“詞場”。同現(xiàn)詞之間有反義或相對關系,或者同類互補關系等,如different與same; cruel與friendly; death (死亡) 與destruction (毀滅); ill與pale, patient, nur

14、se, doctor, operation等。(一)詞語同現(xiàn)24 一個語篇往往會圍繞著某一主題或話題，與此相關的詞就可能會共同出現(xiàn)，以實現(xiàn)語篇銜接。如2011年廣東高考完形填空的短文, 是圍繞“把優(yōu)生從普通班里分離出去會帶來嚴重問題”這一主題展開的，涉及這一主題的可能有“普通班” “特殊班” “優(yōu)生” “普通生”，以及“學?！?“老師” “學習”等等, 因此, special, gifted, intelligent, top, regular, average, school, classes, teachers, children, learning這些相互關聯(lián)的詞語就很可能會同時出現(xiàn)在語

15、篇之中。25 了解詞語同現(xiàn), 對正確解答完形填空題很有幫助。請運用詞語同現(xiàn)的技巧，解答以下高考真題，并說明正確選項與哪些詞同現(xiàn)。1. (2012廣東)We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, it is right to be to other people. It is also right to look after the environment. Some things are _clearly wrong, too. For instance, we should not hurt or bully(

16、欺負) others, nor should we litter.A. kind B .sensitive C. fair D. generousA 本段講有的事正確, 有的事錯誤, right與wrong相對, 與下文hurt or bully(欺負) others 意義相對的應是be kind to others, 兩者為反義同現(xiàn)。262. (2012廣東) For example, they may believe that people should always tell the truth, and that lying is _ acceptable.A. seldom B. r

17、arely C. merely D. neverD believe后的thatand that是兩個并列的賓語從句, 表達的觀點應前后一致。其中, tell the truth與lying相對, 而與always相對的應是never。always與never是反義同現(xiàn)。 273. (2012廣東) some insist that stealing is always wrong, but others think that one does not need to feel so _ when stealing some food to eat, if he lives in a reall

18、y poor area and he is _.A. nervous B. anxious C. afraid D. guiltyA. begging B. starving C. growing D. wandering前者選D。根據(jù)常識, 偷東西（steal）就是犯法或犯罪的(guilty), 故選D。其中, guilty與stealing是詞語同現(xiàn), wrong與guilty是近義復現(xiàn)。后者選B。因與poor(貧窮)同現(xiàn)的應是begging(乞討)或starving(挨餓)，排除選項C與D。又由常識可知“饑餓, 餓得要死”才會“偷”，故選starving。284. (2010廣東)You

19、 have to push the door with the word “PUSH” to go out of the building and to pull the door with the word “PULL” to _ the building. A. enter B. leave C. open D. closeA 因有push(推)就有pull(拉), 有go out of (出去)就會有enter(進入), 這就是詞語同現(xiàn)。 295.(2009廣東) To make sure that he was remembered with love and respect, Nob

20、el arranged in his to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes, Nobel had to die before he realized what his life was really about. A. book B. article C. will D. contractC 與die(死), arrange(安排后事)同現(xiàn)的應當是will(遺囑)。 30 詞語復現(xiàn)是指某一個詞以原詞或同義詞等方式在同一語篇中重復出現(xiàn)。語篇中的句子通過復現(xiàn)關系達到相互銜接的目的。 詞語復現(xiàn)又可分為原

21、詞復現(xiàn)、同源詞復現(xiàn)(又叫同根詞復現(xiàn))、同義或近義詞復現(xiàn)(包括與近義詞的同根詞復現(xiàn), 如ill與sickness)、上下義復現(xiàn)(即總括與分述, 如animal是sheep, tiger, wolf等的上義詞；rose是flower的下義詞)、反義復現(xiàn)（如wrong與right）等。(二)詞語復現(xiàn)31A. equally B. slightly C. clearly D. increasingly1. (2012廣東) We all know that some things are obviously right. For example, Some things are _ wrong, to

22、o. For instance, C 顯然，Some things are wrong, too與第一句some things are obviously right相對應, 由too可知, 選與obviously詞義相同或相近的clearly, 兩者為同義復現(xiàn)。322.(2012廣東)Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to avoid crashes. Cyclists who give signals before turning or

23、 stopping help prevent _.A. accidents B mistakes C. falls D. deathsA 由常識和上文中的avoid crashes可知, 此處應是prevent accidents。其中accidents與crash是上下義復現(xiàn)。333. (2011廣東) It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classesThere can be little doubt that _ classes can help the gifted c

24、hildren to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner. However, A. regular B. special C. small D. creativeB 與前段第一句中special classes的special是原詞復現(xiàn)。 344. (2011廣東)However, this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students, and some of these _ simply conclude that special c

25、lasses should be set up for those who are talented. A. students B. adults C. scholars D. teachersB 因adults是上文parents and teachers的上義詞, 即這是上下義復現(xiàn), 故選B。 35 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關系來推斷正確答案,邏輯關系包括因果關系、對比關系、并列關系、轉折關系、讓步關系、遞進關系、條件與結果的關系等。從五年來的廣東高考完形填空題來看,最多的是利用因果關系來推斷正確答案。 請運用邏輯推斷,解答以下試題, 并指出正確選項是根據(jù)什么邏輯關系推斷出來的。3. 邏輯推理36

26、A. interesting B. vital C. easy D. valuable1. (2012廣東) If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be _ for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view.C 由“不考慮其他事情(without taking other matters into consideration)”, 即全面地看問題, 可推斷出, 這種人很“容易”形成黑白觀(非

27、黑即白)。（因果關系）372. (2012廣東) Such people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may get into _.A. trouble B. power C. prison D. controlA 持“非黑即白”觀點的人, 即使“惹上麻煩”,也總是堅持自己的觀點。(讓步關系)383. (2012廣東) Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is cruel to eat animals, but othe

28、rs argue that they can eat meat _ and be kind to animals.A. still B. even C. later D. somehowA 他們認為可以吃肉, 但對動物“依然”是友好的。(轉折關系)394. (2012廣東) Rules help us live together in harmony, because they show us the right way to _ others.A. follow B. instruct C. treat D. protectC “規(guī)章制度有助于我們和睦相處, 因為規(guī)章制度告訴我們“對待他人的

29、正確方式”。分別用“跟著” “指導” “保護”代入, 意義不通。(因果關系)405. (2012廣東) However, some people argue that rules may be , having observed that rules change all the time, and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones so who is to what _ is right?A. disgusting B. confusing C. unsafe D. unimporta

30、ntA. predict B. explain C. decide D. consider前者選B。因為“規(guī)章總是在變(change), 學校不同規(guī)章也不同(different)”, 所以規(guī)章可能是“令人困惑的”。(因果關系）后者選C。既然“規(guī)章總是在變”“不同學校的規(guī)章不同”，那么該由誰來“評判(decide)”什么是正確的呢？(因果關系)416. (2011廣東) In the regular class, having no worry about keeping up, they (intelligent children) began to reflect _ on many pro

31、blems, some of which were not on the school program. A. directlyB. cleverlyC. voluntarilyD. quicklyC 因為having no worry about keeping up(因為不擔心跟不上), 所以“自動地(voluntarily)”考慮許多問題, 因果推斷。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語表示原因)。427. (2009廣東)Nobel was _to find out not that he had died, but that, when his time was up, he would be thoug

32、ht of only as one who profited from death and destruction. A. upsetB. anxiousC. excitedD. pleasedA 因他發(fā)現(xiàn)當自己死后被認為是靠制造死亡獲取利潤的人, 所以他感到“傷心難過”。(在表示情感變化的形容詞后的不定式表示原因)43 將文段意思和我們原有的生活經(jīng)驗、文化背景知識,以及科普常識等結合起來,進行簡單推理,從而得出正確答案。事實上,該技巧與“邏輯推斷”常常交織在一起的,因為雖有背景常識,仍需簡單推理;邏輯推理離不開背景常識。請運用背景常識，進行適當推理，解答以下高考試題。(四)背景常識441.(

33、2010廣東) In South Korea, we do not need to wait for people to get off. One morning, I hurried to the bus, and when the bus doors opened, I _ tried to get on the school bus through the front door. A. politelyB. patientlyC. unconsciouslyD. slowlyC 由前文可知, 因韓國不必等別人下了車再上, 作者當時是初來美國的韓國人, 在韓國土生土長, 由常識“習慣成自然”可知, 作者早已習慣不等別人先下了再上車, 所以看到校車將門打開后, 就“無意識地, 不知不覺地”上車了。452. (2008廣東) .the N