考研英語(yǔ)詞匯：筆記（8-11）

1、法律政治類詞匯法庭類詞匯Court 庭院court of law 法庭federal court（統(tǒng)稱,下設(shè)三個(gè)級(jí)別的法院）首先 supreme court 聯(lián)邦最高法院（全稱 federal supreme court of the UnitedStates ）行政令一總統(tǒng)立法權(quán)-國(guó)會(huì)congress司法權(quán)一sc其次 US court of appeal 吸引，呼吁，上訴 for the federal circuit （關(guān)稅問題/專利權(quán)歸屬）聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院（總共有13個(gè)上訴法院）再次district court聯(lián)邦地方法院（每一個(gè)洲都有自己的法院）trial 審判（sentence to

2、 death ） =judgement/guilty（內(nèi)疚）有罪/innocent （天真的） 無(wú)罪Find sb guilty/innocentAs 當(dāng)/although the hacking 竊聽 trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World. Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones（原因）, and finding his predecessor 前任,Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge Is做名

3、詞 The nobilitys 權(quán)貴 z 貴族 adherence to their privileges.做形容詞加（d）On the overturned 被推翻的 provisions=term 條款 the majority held the Congress had deliberately 處心積慮的,刻意的 , 故意的 “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded 侵犯 on the federal，s privileged 特權(quán)的,專屬的 powers.斗爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗Conflict 矛盾，沖突/confront （針鋒相對(duì)）

4、ationflict=strike本身是打擊”做名詞conflict=confrontation沖突，一般是雙方之間的The conflict has been surfacing 浮出水面 since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant （細(xì)節(jié)）,（同位語(yǔ)）an aging 年久 的 reactor in Vernon.本句不存在重要考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，when是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，2002說明是細(xì)節(jié)做動(dòng)詞 A conflict with BThe White House argued 說 that Ariz

5、onas laws conflicted with its enforcement 執(zhí);去 priorities 優(yōu)先權(quán)，even if state laws complied with 遵守 federal statutes to the letter嚴(yán)格的,一絲不茍的）afflict A be afflicted with BA因?yàn)锽感到痛苦I am deeply afflicted with his failure 因?yàn)樗氖∥腋械胶芡纯?His failure afflicts meinflict使遭受inflict something/somebody on/upon somebo

6、dyThe judge inflicts a penalty 處分 on the criminalThe economic crisis has inflicts a heavy loss upon meObjection/rival（發(fā)出 objection 的人就是 rival 對(duì)手opponent）Objective目標(biāo)，客觀。目標(biāo)的,客觀的PositiveNegativeObjectiveSubjective主觀的，個(gè)人的Rejection 反又寸objection例句The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice

7、Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking 令人震驚的（出乎意料的）assertion 堅(jiān)持 of federal executive power”.Hijack 綁架（hostage 人質(zhì)）invalidate/curb 肖!弱=limit/restrictCurb是比擬常見的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment-including H&M, w

8、ith its green Conscious Collection line-Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.Invalidate使無(wú)效,使不合法反義詞是validate valid有效的,合法的 validity有效性，合法性In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Violate違背 在考試中總與

9、憲法相關(guān)violationviolence 暴力police don，t violate the Fourth Amendment 憲法第四修正案（與人權(quán)相關(guān)）when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant 搜查令社會(huì)行為類負(fù)面社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類exploit剝削，壓榨，利用Exploitation 剝削，壓榨Past / today但狗：Companies today can exploit 利用二use=employ many alternative 可供選擇的,二選的 forms of

10、mediaOne.the alternative = one.the other例 句 ： Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves themvulnerable=subjective 易遭受,對(duì).脆弱 to exploitation and controlSurvive 幸存live alive stay aliverevive revival 復(fù)活 recoversurvive survival根向：But unlike their absolutist 專制者 counterparts 對(duì)立面 in the Gulf a

11、nd Asia,most royal families have survived （暗示皇室現(xiàn)在的生存狀態(tài)遠(yuǎn)不如過去）because they allow voters 選民 to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure 人物Figure二data=shapeexcess(excessive)excess 為中性動(dòng)詞超過 A be in excess of B例句:Americans, she finds(that), buy roughly 20 billion garme

12、nts a year-about64 items per personand no matter how much they give away ( donate 捐贈(zèng)),this excess 過量 leads to waste.Excessive/excessively 過量的彳列句：One is the excessive costs=spending 花費(fèi) of a legal education.exceed 二surpass例句 :the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.Sencounter二conflictcounter柜臺(tái)

13、 adj.相反的encounter遭遇對(duì)抗例句 :After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial AccountingStandards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changescounterpart副本相對(duì)物(地位相當(dāng)?shù)南喾疵?Counterfeit 仿造品 fakeCounteract 寸氐消 raise the interest 禾lj息、，利益 to counteract the inflation 通貨 膨脹Interest group利益相關(guān)人群例句 ：If we ca

14、n understand how cancer works, we can counteract its actionintrusivenessintrudeinvade都是入侵invade相對(duì)更加突出入侵，而intrude強(qiáng)調(diào)不受歡迎的進(jìn) 入intrusion intrusiveness例句：The London agents 代理商(地產(chǎn)商)Stirling Ackroyd recently identified 發(fā)現(xiàn) enough sites for half of million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on

15、 green belt=area 綠化帶invasion =aggression 侵略intrusiveinvasive兩個(gè)是形容詞 等同于 aggressive彳列句：Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion 入侵 of their sovereignty 主權(quán) might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States常見社會(huì)類中性詞repl

16、y=correspondreply 名詞 回應(yīng) 建議信：I am looking forward to your early reply動(dòng)詞回應(yīng)例句:how do you reply to somebody who says I dont like this contract”？Correspondence 回應(yīng)，一致，通信例句 ：A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent corresp

17、ondence 通信.reshape= reverse 改變(change ) =revise 修訂shape外形reshape 重塑例句：curb 削弱 our ambition 野心 to reshape historyReverse彳列句：Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse itcease=halt=stop 停止cease fire ?；餭easeless 不停止的 unstoppableHopeless homeless彳列句 ：There will ev

18、entually come a day when The New York Times ceases=stop to publish stories on newsprint.associate 聯(lián)系，聯(lián)想=connectassociate A with B 被動(dòng) A be associated with Bconnect A with B 將 A 與 B 聯(lián)系起來(lái)例子：Britains Labor Party, as its name implies, has 10ng been associated with trade unionism （為了工人的利益而存在的組織）Associatio

19、n 組織，聯(lián)盟organizationreligious associations 宗教組織in association with 在的幫助下；同時(shí)發(fā)生，共存例子：the American Statistical Association 美國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)協(xié)會(huì)（不是考點(diǎn)）=agentClassifyclass 等級(jí)層級(jí) hierarchy hierarchicalFirst class 頭等艙classic 經(jīng)典的，一流的例句 ：Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press=push for more research -a classic 經(jīng)典

20、的 case of paralysis 癱瘓 by analysis 分析”.classical 古典的例句：One possible response is for classical performers 音樂家，演奏家 toprogram 編曲 attractive new music that is not yet available on record 唱片.classify 分類classification 分類例句：The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in s

21、electing, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress.scrutinyscrutiny 審查，審核 review例句：But it takes 花費(fèi) collective 共同的，集體的 scrutiny 審核 and acceptance接受二認(rèn)可 to transform

22、 a discovery claim into a mature discovery.（這個(gè)詞9殳都和科研相關(guān)）Scrutinize二check二verify 辨明真?zhèn)巫屑?xì)檢查Successive 連續(xù)的Successor彳列句： As boards scrutinize succession g米任 plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move onAccelerate=speed up 力口速speed up 好壞都有 quicker/more

23、AccelerationBetter=improveWorse=des troy ed=weaken例句：supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of lifeimagine二envisagevisionimage 圖像，形象二印象imagine 想象例句：hs hard to imagine that many people are dumb=stupid enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so g

24、lamorous 光輝的 imagination 想象力imaginative有想象力的envisage en+ vis+ age 展望 面又寸 想象例句 ：explore 開發(fā)，探索 the many possibilities we can envisageenvision 想象 預(yù)見 展望例句 ：Thats because Congress has always envisioned二expect joint 聯(lián)合的 federal-state immigration enforcement 執(zhí)法正面社會(huì)現(xiàn)象類Independence 獨(dú)立性depend on 依賴 rely on ba

25、se ondependent依賴的dependency 依賴性Dependenceindependent例句：Q The White House claims that its power 權(quán)利 of enforcement 執(zhí);去B is dependent on the statessupport （用常識(shí)可以判斷錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)）distinctiondistinct清楚的，明了的，清楚的（偶爾表示有差異的）distinctive有差異的（different 行om others ）, 有特色的distinction 區(qū)別注些=honor例句：No clear-cut=obvious dist

26、inction can be drawn between professionals 專家and amateurs 業(yè)余爰好者 in sciencedistinguish分辨（考試中常出現(xiàn)）distinguish A from B 把 A 和 B 區(qū)分開distinguish oneself as ooo 因.而有名氣 be famous forCritical thinking/mind 批判性思維is distinguishing彳列句： One part of critical reading, as you have discovered,between facts 事實(shí) and op

27、inions 看法/facts from opinionsextinct extinguish extinction 滅絕（物種-環(huán)保相關(guān)素材）Eliminate :肖滅 elimination例句 ：The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go go extinct=die out extinguish 熄滅彳列句：If good people d。nothing there is a real sossibilit。that an uninformed 未告知的 citizenry 公的 citizenry

28、 公；權(quán) will extinguish the precious embers 灰燼，余暉 of medical progress.Informed citizenry 公民知情權(quán)CapacityCapacity容量，能力彳列句：The sea admits hundreds of thousands of rivers for its capacity to hold海納百川有容乃大Capable be capable of例句：Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted Alex Ross, a classical-m

29、usic critic, has described him as a man who is capable of二able to turning the Philharmonic 愛樂樂團(tuán) into a markedly 顯著地 different, more vibrant 有;舌力的 organization 樂隊(duì)remark(remarkable)markRemark=review 話語(yǔ)評(píng)論Remarkable=marked顯著的，非凡的(值得關(guān)注的)consider 考慮/considerable 大量的it is remarkable that.例句：Owing to 歸因于 /因

30、為 the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas人文科技類詞匯控（插入語(yǔ)+對(duì)左邊破折號(hào)之前內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋+極少成為正確選項(xiàng)的出處）the wider issue=problem of dearth=lack of integrity 誠(chéng)信，TF百 still stand 存在的.Q 37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 th

31、atC Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charjustice （chief justice 首席大法官）/judge法官/jury 陪審團(tuán)/juror 陪審員正義，公正例句： Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountabilityJustice=integrity 誠(chéng)信，TH直法官（常出現(xiàn)，但是不是考點(diǎn)）Justice和judge有區(qū)別（考研）Justice是最高法院的大法官，而judg

32、e是其他的情況下的法官evidence 證據(jù)evident 明顯的=obvious=sound adj.has long been evident 11 ihe social例句：This tendency in the natural sciences sciences tooprosecute 3i/prosecutor/prosecution/lawsuit 起訴，訴訟attorney/lawyer 律師Defendant 被告Plaintiff 原告科學(xué)科技類詞匯hypothesis/theoryhypo-作為詞根,向下的 有時(shí)候偏負(fù)面（hypocrisy虛偽）thesis是理論的意思

33、，而理論的下面就應(yīng)該是一個(gè)假設(shè)（沒有被印證，還是假想階段）under the hypothesis of二 under the precondition of 在,前提之下thesis （可以指論文的意思）和theory基本上可以通用例句：In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction=part can be much reduced.（中文翻譯是理論上說）science/technology 科技（AIdata protection ）這個(gè)基本上不用多說，都知道ScientificScientistHigh-tech indust

34、ryTechnician技工（高級(jí)）科幻片 science& fiction movieAcademic 學(xué)術(shù)的/practical 實(shí)用的 knowledgeacademy學(xué)院（學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)）school學(xué)院同義詞 faculty institution schoolAcademic學(xué)術(shù)的和practical有明顯區(qū)別彳列句：Traditional tests best assess 評(píng)估 analytical and verbal skills（academic knowledge） but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,

35、 components 零件/元素（同位語(yǔ)）also critical to problem solving and life success.（后置定語(yǔ)）profession 職業(yè)=elite 精英反 amateurprofessor 教授professional專業(yè)的 amateur業(yè)余爰好者Profession=occupation 職業(yè)（career 職業(yè)生涯/job/work 工作（量）/occupation ）Find a job first, then choose your career.先就業(yè)，再擇業(yè)compete/competitive 有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的/competitionc

36、ompete 競(jìng)爭(zhēng) + withcompetitor競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者=rival （有敵意的,hostile有敵意的）例句 ： For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded 唱片 performances of the great classical

37、 musicians of the 20th century.EducationalEducation educatorEducational有教育意義的novel/noveltyNovel=new小說，新穎的novelist小說家 fiction （小說,更多偏向科幻類）novelty新穎,新奇的事物novel application 創(chuàng)新應(yīng)用彳列句：Sometimes years are required fr truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.machine/mechanical 機(jī)械的machiner

38、y不可數(shù)，是機(jī)器的總稱machine 可數(shù) device 機(jī)械mechanical 機(jī)械的mechanic技工,機(jī)修工Mechanism=system 機(jī)制(?？荚~)例句 ： An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.automate/automaticauto 汽車automatic 自動(dòng)的，自動(dòng)化 robot roboticMid-classEmpirica

39、l 中性詞(experimental)empire 帝王,帝國(guó)empirical經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)的,依據(jù)觀察的paradox矛盾彳列句：Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.取信過程出版類常見詞匯Reviewer審核員/評(píng)論家view review reviewer 評(píng)論家，評(píng)論員peer review 同業(yè)審查（discovery claim ）Peer pressure 朋輩壓力例句 :Researchers should improve their standards! he wrote in 2012, but

40、 journals（學(xué)術(shù)）期干 should also take a tougher line二standard J （ by ）engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify=check （辨明真?zhèn)危﹖he process.（方式狀語(yǔ)）editor/editorial編輯主編journal/journalist t己者廳ournalism力ournalistic記者Capitalism注意journalism新聞業(yè)，不是新聞主義例句：These men believed in journ

41、alism as a calling 使命，and were proud to be published in the daily press 新聞.（日寸艮）publish/publication出版，出版行業(yè)彳列句：Within the complex social structure of the scientific community 科學(xué)界, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process （方式狀語(yǔ)）;othe

42、r scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes藝術(shù)類常見詞匯decoration=ornamentdecorate 裝飾例句： Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth （小并列，閱讀中的無(wú)效信息）,and will be very ex

43、pensive.om-表示裝飾的詞根ornate華麗的ornament 裝飾物 ornamentationadorn裝飾adornment裝飾品例句：The fashion industry knows （ that ） it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types.liberal/illiberalLegal illegalliberal自由的，開朗的，自由主義者liberal arts人文藝術(shù)（偏重文科教學(xué)）liberal arts education 文學(xué)libe

44、rty自由，解放liberalism 自由主義illiberal吝嗇的，小心眼的（重利的）例句：The AAAS displays great enthusiasm二passion 熱情 forliberal education文科教育例句:Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicineor business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree 文科學(xué)位 before embark

45、ing on a professional qualification形近詞literal照字面的literacy有文化,識(shí)字.-fXj-.、，.literature 又子彳列句：His concern is mainly with the humanities 人文科學(xué)：literature, languages, philosophy and so on.Abstract 抽象的/abstractionAdj.抽象的n.摘要v.提取ab- abs-離去或者語(yǔ)氣加強(qiáng)tract-作為詞根有拉出tractor拖拉機(jī)extract就是提取，剝離attract吸引 拉出來(lái),拉過來(lái)二appeal=se

46、ducedistract拉開，分心contract co con 一起，把兩個(gè)人拉到一起，簽合同常考意思就是抽象的an abstract idea=concept 概念Elegant高雅的Elegancy 高雅例句：People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores （后置定語(yǔ)）that offered “vast arrays=a lot of goods in an elegant 高雅的 atmosphere.99Elevate 提升Eleva

47、tor 電梯Elevating 高雅的=elegant例句：Immigrants are quickly fitting into 融入 this common 群眾 culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous=harmful.E療健康類詞匯unhealthy/healthhealth 健康=well-beinghealthy健康的例句 :pose no threat to his safety or well-beingunhealthydiagnosis名詞診斷Diagnostic診斷的，判斷

48、的Reduce二change from A to B彳列句：Now a pink slip 失業(yè),a bad diagnosis , or a disappearing spouse 酉己 彳禺 can reduce a family from solidly mid-class to newly poor in a few months.medicine（medical）medical treatment 藥物治療medicine 藥物（相對(duì)更加廣泛，處方,）medication藥物藥物治療（多指醫(yī)生開的處方藥）Med/mid表示中間的,調(diào)節(jié)的mediate調(diào)停調(diào)節(jié)斡旋mediate a m

49、eeting between A and Bmedium中間的,中等的,媒介例句：That would probably be more than enough 綽綽有余的 for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summertreatmenttreat招待，款待 its my treat我請(qǐng)客treat him well好好招呼他treatment 治療under treatment （處于治療中）和under-treatment （處理缺乏，不到位）Under development 處于開展中Under-development 欠興旺的

50、例句：she is under treatment她處于治療中例句：It identifies 辨明 the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive 過度的 use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even as the twin problems of end-of-life care 臨終關(guān)懷. Epidemic 流行病/cancer/diabetes/obesityheart attack 心臟病cold catch a coldflu流感 b

51、ird flu禽流感euthanasia 安樂死obesity = overweightdiabetes 糖尿病 diabetic 糖尿病患者diabeticsepidemic流行病流行的例m Now mpia烏托邦 has grown unfashionable, as-because we have ained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.Nutrition 營(yíng)養(yǎng)Mal-nutrition

52、 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良/under-nutrition 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良PracticeMal-practice違規(guī)操作例句：At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections 感染 got in the way.Gene/genetic/genome/generate/generationGene基因Genetic遺傳的Generation 一代人產(chǎn)生Generate 產(chǎn)生立法類詞匯Legal 法律的/legislature 立法機(jī)構(gòu)/Legislative 立法的例句：Tn 2006, the state 州政府

53、 went a step further, requiring that any extension 延期 of the plants license be subject to 遭受 Vermont 佛州 legislatures 立法機(jī) 構(gòu) approval許可.（賓語(yǔ)從句）A be subject to B A 遭受 B例句：The legal issues in the case are obscure 模糊的二vague: whereas=while （盡 管）the Supreme Court has ruled 裁決二judge that states do 確實(shí) have so

54、me regulatory 監(jiān)管 authority 主權(quán),權(quán)威二right over nuclear power, legal scholars 學(xué)者，權(quán)威人士 say that Vermont case will offer a precedent tin史無(wú)前例的） setting 先例的 test of how far those powers=regulatory 監(jiān)管 authority 主權(quán)， 權(quán)威二right extend.Legitimate=OK=reasonable合理的，合法的例句：As Nature has pointed out before, there are

55、some legitimate 合理的 concerns fS =worry about how science prizes - both new and old 一 are distributed 分配的.黨派詞匯Democratic Party 民主的 Democracy 民主Republican Party 共和的 republic 共和Abortion 墮胎Weeds大麻Puritan清教徒Conservative 保守黨Labor 工黨. Monarchy/successor/royalMonarch 君主君主立憲制度帝王制 monarchyMonarch 帝王 King and

56、queenSuccessor繼任者，世襲Royal皇家的royalty皇室移民（美國(guó)+歐洲）+居民Immigrant （移民的身份認(rèn)證的歸屬權(quán)+非法移民減少對(duì)美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)的傷害） 開頭是im是移入ImmigrationEmigrate 遷出Migrate migration 遷移移民的總稱呼，沒有出入之分都是移民類詞匯，在歐洲，移民是個(gè)大問題，美國(guó)也是，就是文化融入非常難考試文章主要集中于他國(guó)人移居美國(guó)或歐洲，大局部情況看到的都是immigration例句 ：Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas

57、made the problem worse.例句:The administration 聯(lián)邦政府 was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes 期待，no state should be allowed to do so either.另外一組類似詞Settler/dweller （resident=locals 居民）Settle解決，定居Settle down 定居Settler移民殖民者Settlement 解決Unsettling=upset

58、難以釋懷的Dwell徘徊 dweller居民,居住者例 句 ：Two years ago, Rupert Murdochs daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the unsettling=upset=worry=conecern dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions 機(jī)構(gòu)例句：It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure 休閑 where they could experience a refreshing

59、 air.Refuge/refugee比擬慘的移民,比方歐洲EmployeetraineeFug-作為詞根等同于flee逃亡Fugitive 逃亡者 =refugeeRefuge避難所，避難ShelterCitizen 公民/citizenry/citizenship公民權(quán)Senior citizen 老年人The old/the aged/the elders忻：Some powers=rights 權(quán)禾Ido belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship 公民權(quán) and the border

60、s is among them.7. Civil/civil service公共月艮務(wù)（公務(wù)員）/public sector公共部門（國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)）/civilservice entrance examinationCivil公民的，市民的，有禮貌的Civilization 文明=cultureCivility二politeness 禮貌公民的Civic=civil 城市的,To fulfill 完成 a civic role in the court 出庭作證二 witness juror 陪審Civilization 文明Civil service 行政事務(wù)，公務(wù) public sectorC