自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線-外文翻譯

1、精品English Translation MaterialTransfer MachineThe highest degree of automation with special-purpose, multifunction machines is achieved by using transfer machines. Transfer machine are essentially a combination of individual workstations arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer

2、devices, and integrated with interlocked controls. Workplaces are automatically transferred between the stations, which are equipped with horizontal, vertical, or angular units to perform machining , gaging ,workplace repositioning, assembling, washing, or other operation.The two major classes oftra

3、nsfer machines are rotary and in-line types.An important advantage of transfer machines is that they permit the maximum number of operations to be performed simultaneously. There is relatively no limitation on the number of workplace surface or planes that can be machined, since devices can be inter

4、posed in transfer machines at practically any point for inverting, rotating, or orienting the workplace, so as to complete the machining operations. Work repositioning also minimizes the need for angular machining heads and allows operations to be performed in optimum time. Complete-可編輯-精品processing

5、 from rough casting or forging to finished parts is often possible.One or more finished parts are produced on a transfer machine with each index of the transfer system that moves the parts from stations to stations. Production efficiencies of such machines generally range from 50% for a machine vari

6、ety of different parts to 85% for a machine producing one part, in high production, depending upon the workplace and how the machine is operated(material handling method, maintenance procedures, etc. )All types of machining operations, such as drilling, tapping, reaming, boring, and milling, are eco

7、nomically combined on transfer machines. Lathe-type operations such as turning and facing are also being performed on in-line transfer machine, with the workplace being rotated in selected machining stations. Turning operations are performed in lathe-type segments in which toolholders are fed on sli

8、des mounted on tunnel-type bridge units. Workplace are located on centers and rotated by chucks at each turning station. Turning stations with CNC are available for use on in-line transfer machine. The CNC units allow the machine cycles to be easily altered to accommodate changes in workplace design

9、 and can also be used for automatic tool adjustments.Maximum production economy on transfer lines is often achieved by-可編輯-精品assembling parts to the workplaces during their movement through the machine. such items as bushings, seals, welch plugs, and heat tubes can be assembled and then machine or t

10、ested during the transfer machining sequence. Automatic nut torquing following the application of part subassemblies can also be carried out.Gundrilling or reaming on transfer machines is an ideal application provided that proper machining units are employed and good bushing practices are followed.

11、Contour boring and turning of spherical seats and other surface can be done with tracer-controlled single-point inserts, thus eliminating the need for costly special form tools. In-process gaging of reamed or bored holes and automatic tool setting are done on transfer machines to maintain close tole

12、rances.Less conventional operations sometimes performed on transfer machines include grinding, induction heating of ring gears for shrink-fit pressing on flywheels, induction hardening of valve seats, deep rolling to apply compressive preloads, and burnishing.Transfer machines have long been used in

13、 the automotive industry for production rates with a minimum of manual part handling. In addition to decreasing labor requirements, such machines ensure consistently uniform, high-quality parts at lower cost. They are no longer confined just to rough machining and now often eliminate the need for su

14、bsequent operations such as grinding and honing.-可編輯-精品More recently, there has been an increasing demand for transfer machines to handle lower volumes of similar or even different parts in smaller sizes, with means for quick changeover between production runs.Built-in flexibility, the ability to re

15、arrange and interchange machine units, and the provision of idle stations increases the cost of any transfer machine,but such feature are economicallyfeasible when productredesigns are common. Many such machines are now being used in nonautomotive applications for lower production requirements.Speci

16、al feature now available to reduce the time required for part changeover include standardized dimensions, modular construction, interchangeable fixtures mounted on master pallets that remain on the machine, interchangeable fixture components, the ability to lock out certain stations for different pa

17、rts by means of selector switches, and programmablecontrollers.Product designis also important,andcommon transfer and clamping surfaces should be provided on different parts whenever possible.Programmable Logic ControllersA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid-state device used to control

18、machine motion or process operation by means of a stored program. The PLC sends output control signals output and receive input signals through input/output (I/O) devices. A PLC controls output in-可編輯-精品response to stimuli at the inputs according to the logic prescribed by thestored program. The inp

19、uts are made up of limit switches, pushbuttons, thumbwheels, switches, pulses, analog signal, ASCII serial data, and binary or BCD data from absolute position encoders. The output are voltage or current level to drive end devices such as solenoids, motor starters, relays, lights, and so on. Other ou

20、tput device include analog devices, digital BCD displays, ASCII compatible devices, servo variable-speed drives, and even computers.Programmablecontrollers were developed (circa in 1968) whenGeneral MotorsCorps, and other automobile manufacturers wereexperimenting to see if there might be an alterna

21、tiveto scrapping alltheir hardwired control panel of machine tools and other production equipmentduringa modelchangeover. This annual traditionwasnecessary because rewritingof the panels was more expensive thanbuying new ones.The automotive companies approached a number of control equipment manufact

22、urers and asked them to develop a control systemthat would have a longer productive life without major rewriting, but would still be understandable to and repairable by the plant personnel.The new product was named a“ programmable controller” .The processor part of the PLC contains a central process

23、ing unit andmemory. The central processing unit (CPU) is the“traffic direction-可編輯-精品the processor, the memory stores information. Coming into the processor are the electrical signals from the input devices, as conditioned by the input module to voltage levels acceptable to processor logic. The proc

24、essor scans the state of I/O and updates outputs stored in the memory of the PLC. For example, the processor may be programmed so that if an input connected to a limit switch is true (limit switch closed), then a corresponding output wired to an output module is to be energized. This processor remem

25、bers this command through its memory and compares on each scan to see if that limit switch is, in fact, closed. If it is closed ,the processor energizes the solenoid by turning on the output module.The output device, such as a solenoid or motor starter, is wired to an output module s terminal, and i

26、t receives its shift signal from the processor, in effect, the processor is performing a long and complicated series of logic decisions. The PLC performs such decisions sequentially and in according with the stored program. Similarly, analog I/O allows the processor to make decisions based on the ma

27、gnitude of a signal, rather than just if it is on or off. For example, the processor may be programmed to increase or decrease the steam flow to a boiler (analog output) based on a comparison of the actual temperature in the boiler (analog input ) This is often performed by utilizing the built-in PI

28、D (proportional, integral, derivative) capabilities of the processor.-可編輯-精品Because a PLC is“ software based ” , its control logic functions can bechanged by reprogramming its memory. Keyboard programming devices facilitate entry of the revised program, which can be design to cause an existing machi

29、ne or process to operate in a different sequence or to different level of, or combinations of stimuli. Hardware modifications are needed only if additional, changed, or relocated input/output device are involved.Automated AssemblyAssembly in the manifacturing process consists of putting together all

30、 the component parts and sub-assemblies of a given product, fastening, performing inspections and function tests, labeling, separating good assembly from bad, and packaging and or preparing them for final use.Assembly is unique compared to the methods of manufacturing such as machining, grinding, an

31、d welding in that most of these processes invovle only a few disciplines and possibly only one. Most of these nonassembly operations cannot be performed weithout the aid of equipment; thus the development of automatic methods has been necessary rather than optional. Assembly, on the other hand, may

32、involve in one machine many of the fastening methods,such as riveting, welding, screwdriving,and adhesive application,as well as automatic parts seletion, proding, gaging, functional testing, labeling,and packaging. The state of the art in -可編輯-精品assembly operations has not reached the level of stan

33、dardization; much manual work is stillbeing performed in this area.Assembly has traditionally been one of the highest areas of direct labor costs. In some cases, assembly accounts for 50% or more of manufacturing csosts and typically 20% 50%. However, closer cooperation between design and manufactur

34、ing engineers has resulted in reducing and in a few cases eliminating altogether the need for assembly. When asssembly is required, improved design or products has simplified automated (semiautomatic or automatic) assembly.Considerations for Automated AssemblyBefore automated assembly is adopted, se

35、veral factors should be considerd.These include practicalityof the process for automation,simulation for economic considerations and justification,managementinvolvement, and labor relations.Determining the practicality of automated assembly required careful evaluation of the following:a)The number o

36、f parts in assembly.b)Design of the parts with respect to producibility, assembility, automatic handling, and testability (materials, forms, dimensional tolerances, and weights).c)Quality of parts to be assembled. Out-of-tolerance or defective parts can cause production losses and increase costs bec

37、ause of-可編輯-精品stoppages.d)Availablity of qualiyied, technically competent personal to be responsible for equipment operation.e) Total production and production-rate requipments.Product variations and frequency of design changes.f)Joining methods required.g)Assembly times and costs.h)Assembly lines o

38、r system configuration, using simulation, includingmaterial handling.譯文1.自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線使用自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線可以利用專用、多功能機(jī)床來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)最大程度的自動(dòng)化。自 動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線實(shí)質(zhì)是那些由工件傳送裝置連接起來(lái)的按所需順序布置的單個(gè)工位的 組合，并且通過(guò)連鎖控制集成為一體。工件在工位間被自動(dòng)傳送，每個(gè)工位都裝 配有用于加工、測(cè)量、工件再定位、組裝、清洗或其他操作的臥式、立式及傾斜 式設(shè)備。自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線的兩大主要類別上旋轉(zhuǎn)式和直列式。自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線的一個(gè)顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它們?cè)试S同時(shí)完成大量的操作。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)機(jī)加工工件表面或平面的數(shù)量沒(méi)有限制，因?yàn)檠b置可介

39、入自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線，實(shí)際上在 任意位置能使工件翻轉(zhuǎn)、旋轉(zhuǎn)或定向以便完成加工操作。工件重定位也使傾斜主 軸箱的數(shù)目減至最小，使操作在最佳時(shí)間完成。經(jīng)?？蛇M(jìn)行從原始鑄件或鍛件到 成品件的完整加工。一個(gè)或多個(gè)成品件在一條帶有每個(gè)傳輸系統(tǒng)標(biāo)志的自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上生產(chǎn)，傳輸系統(tǒng)使部件從一個(gè)工位運(yùn)動(dòng)到另一個(gè)工位。這類生產(chǎn)線的生產(chǎn)效率通常為50%85% ,由一條生產(chǎn)線生產(chǎn)各式各樣部件時(shí)為 50% ,由一條生產(chǎn)線大批量 生產(chǎn)一個(gè)部件時(shí)達(dá)85%,這取決于工件和如何操作自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線（材料處理方法、 維護(hù)程序等。-可編輯-精品所有類型的機(jī)加工操作，如鉆削、攻絲、較削、鏈削和銃削，在自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線 上被經(jīng)濟(jì)地組合在一起。諸如車削和表面

40、加工的車床式操作也在直列式自動(dòng)生產(chǎn) 線上完成，工件在選擇的機(jī)加工工位上旋轉(zhuǎn)。 車削操作在機(jī)床部件完成，多刀架 通過(guò)安裝在隧道式橋形裝置上的滑軌進(jìn)給。 工件定位在中心位置，由在每個(gè)車削 工位上的卡盤帶動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。直列式自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上 CNC的車削工位可供使用。CNC 裝置允許我們很容易地改變機(jī)器工作周期以適應(yīng)工件設(shè)計(jì)的改變而且用于調(diào)整 自動(dòng)刀具。當(dāng)工件在傳送機(jī)上移動(dòng)時(shí)通過(guò)將零件組裝到工件上，經(jīng)?？梢垣@得連續(xù)生 產(chǎn)線上最大的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。在傳送加工過(guò)程中，能夠?qū)χT如軸襯、密封墊、威 爾士襯套和保溫管等零件進(jìn)行組裝、機(jī)加工或測(cè)試。完成部件局部裝配后也可進(jìn) 行自動(dòng)螺帽扭轉(zhuǎn)。如果能使用合適的機(jī)加工裝置并隨后進(jìn)

41、行良好的操作， 在自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上進(jìn)行 深鉆孔或較削是一項(xiàng)理想的應(yīng)用。球面座和其它表面的仿形鏈削和車削可用仿形 控制單點(diǎn)進(jìn)入工件完成，因此取消了昂貴的專用成形刀具。 對(duì)較孔或鏈孔的測(cè)量 以及自動(dòng)刀具的調(diào)整是在自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上進(jìn)行的，以保持精確的公差。有時(shí)在自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上進(jìn)行的非常規(guī)加工包括磨削、 環(huán)形齒輪的感應(yīng)加熱冷縮 配合壓在飛輪上、閥座的感應(yīng)淬火、深度輾壓以施加預(yù)壓載荷和拋光。自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線很早就用于汽車工業(yè)高效率得生產(chǎn)相同部件，手工零件加工量極少。除了減少勞動(dòng)力需求外，這種生產(chǎn)線能保證低成本生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始終如一的、高質(zhì)量零件。它們不再局限于粗加工，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)常取消了諸如拋光和搪磨這樣的后 來(lái)工序。目前，對(duì)自

42、動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線的需求越來(lái)越多，用來(lái)處理少量的小尺寸的相似的或甚 至不同的零件，用于生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的快速轉(zhuǎn)換。內(nèi)置柔性，即重新布置和互換機(jī)加工 設(shè)備的能力，以及提供空轉(zhuǎn)工位增加了每個(gè)自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線的成本，但是在經(jīng)常重新設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品的情況下這些特性是經(jīng)濟(jì)可行的。現(xiàn)在許多這樣的生產(chǎn)線已用在非汽車 領(lǐng)域里來(lái)滿足少量的生產(chǎn)要求?，F(xiàn)在用于減少零件更換時(shí)間的特殊性能包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸、模塊結(jié)構(gòu)、安裝在自 動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線主托架上的互換性?shī)A具、可互換性的夾具零件、借助選擇開(kāi)關(guān)將不同的 部件鎖定在具體工位上的能力和可編程控制器。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)也很重要，如可能在不 同的零件上應(yīng)提供常見(jiàn)的移動(dòng)和夾緊用的表面。2,可編程序邏輯控制器-可編輯-精品可編程邏輯

43、控制器（PLC）是一種固態(tài)電子裝置，它利用已存入的程序來(lái)控 制機(jī)器的運(yùn)動(dòng)或工藝的工序。PLC通過(guò)輸入/輸出（I/O）裝置信號(hào)發(fā)出控制信號(hào) 和接受輸入信號(hào)。PLC依據(jù)以存入程序所規(guī)定的邏輯控制輸出裝置響應(yīng)的激勵(lì)。 輸入裝置由限位開(kāi)關(guān)、按鈕、手輪、開(kāi)關(guān)、脈沖、模擬信號(hào)、ASCII系列數(shù)據(jù)和來(lái)自于絕對(duì)位置解碼的二進(jìn)制或 BCD數(shù)據(jù)組成。輸出的是驅(qū)動(dòng)電磁線圈、電動(dòng) 起動(dòng)機(jī)、繼電器、指示燈等設(shè)備的電壓或電流電平。其他輸出裝置包括模擬裝置、 數(shù)字BCD顯示、ASCII兼容裝置、伺服變速驅(qū)動(dòng)器、甚至計(jì)算機(jī)。當(dāng)通用汽車公司和其他制造商們正在試驗(yàn)看能否有另一種方法來(lái)銷毀型號(hào) 轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程中機(jī)床的所有布線控制面板和其他生產(chǎn)設(shè)備時(shí)，PLC被研制成了（大約在1968年）。這種年度厲行工作是必要的，因?yàn)榭刂泼姘宓闹匦虏季€比購(gòu)