英國文學史及選讀2017期末復習-名詞解釋最新中英

1、名詞解釋 ENGLISH LITERATURE-DEFINITION OF TERMSBallad(民謠):1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2) Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a19th century En

2、glish ballad.Critical Realism(批判現(xiàn)實主義)1)The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions o

3、f bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. Th

4、e Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with

5、the actual deeds and requirements of the people.啟蒙主義：啟蒙主義是在18世紀在英國發(fā)生的?？傮w上，啟蒙主義是當時的資 產(chǎn)階級對封建主義，社會的不平等、死寂、偏見和其他的封建殘余的一種反對。 通過將科學的各個分支與人民的日常生活和需要聯(lián)系起來，啟蒙主義者們努力將他們變成為人民大眾服務的工具Stream of consciousness “Strea-of-Consciousness or interior monologue ” , is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style

6、 of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, andmental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted viv

7、idly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories,

8、action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.意識流：意識流”或內(nèi)心獨白”是現(xiàn)代寫作技巧之一。它

9、是像是人物親身經(jīng)歷的 那樣來模仿人物思想、感覺、回憶、和頭腦中意象來寫作的一種手法。愛爾蘭作 家詹姆斯訴伊斯于1922年首次使用這種方法。意識流小說打破了時間和空間的 限制，生動地描寫人物不斷變化的潛意識活動，尤其是當人們面對現(xiàn)實時的猶豫和充滿困惑、幻覺和心不在焉的那種心理。美國作家?？思{對這種技巧做了進一 步的發(fā)展，在他的故事中，行為和情節(jié)相比敘述者的反應和內(nèi)心活動已經(jīng)不那么 重要了，時間順序被打破，讀者仿佛置身于故事中而不僅僅是一個觀察者。EpicA 10ng narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflec

10、ting the values1 of the society from which it originated. Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.Sonnet什四行詩)Definition: A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen ia

11、mbic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.English Romanticism:Romanticismwas an artistic,literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe,and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part,it was a revolt agains

12、t aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts,music,and literature,but had a major impact on historiography,education and natural history.浪漫主義是一種藝術(shù)，文學和文化運動，起源于第十八世

13、紀下半葉在歐洲I,并獲得了力量 對工業(yè)革命的反應。在某種程度上，這是一個反對啟蒙和對自然的科學合理化反應時代的貴族 社會和政治規(guī)范的反抗它在視覺藝術(shù)、音樂和文學中表現(xiàn)得最為強烈，但對史學、教育和自然史產(chǎn)生了重大影響。Romance 羅曼史 /騎士文學:1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty

14、and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.Renaissanc即eans “rebirth ” . It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the f ull cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan dr

15、ama.Neo-classicisnmff古典主義 It is an English tendency in the Enlightenment period when the classical works of ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones were worshipped. The neoclassicists believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,restrained emotion and acc

16、uracy and the literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.Metaphysical poetry 玄學派詩歌 :The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial

17、 language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The imagery is drawn from actual life.玄學詩：約翰？多恩的詩或17世紀其他詩人寫的相同風格的詩。玄學詩多使用巧智，結(jié)構(gòu)精巧，韻律多變，語言口語化，意象奇特，把不同的事物進行并置。Dramatic monologueDramatic monologue is a piece of spoken verse that offers insight into the feelings of t he speaker.

18、 A form practiced be Robert Browning.戲劇獨白是一種通過劇中一角色的話語以揭示劇中的中心人物的性格特點的詩 體，簡言之戲劇獨白就是以人之口吻以戲劇性的表現(xiàn)形式闡述微妙的人物關系從 而凸顯詩中各個人物的性格特點。Feature of dramatic monologueA single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the w hole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment.

19、This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people.The main principle controlling the poet s choice and formulation of what the lyric s peaker says is to reveal to the reader, in a way that enhances its interest, the speaker temperament and character.Heroic_Couplet便雄雙韻體)Heroic couplet

20、 refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameterHeroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is m

21、asculine. 3) Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.University Wits(大學才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of the

22、m later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called University Wits ”BeowulK貝奧武甫)1Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2 the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monst

23、er Grendel, his revengeful bother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.Paradise Lost

24、is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton. It is considered by critics to be Miltons major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.The poem concerns the Biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam an

25、d Eve by the fallen angel Satanand their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Miltons purpose, stated in Book I, is to justify the ways of God to men.UtopiaMoore wrote the book s name.Described in a island called utopia, political anld socia system is very perfect, because of the abolition of private

26、property, the public ownership, not evil, everyone is engaged in the work, and have plenty of time to rest, entertainment, or for scientific research.Due to represent fantasy realm 爾所寫的書名。書中描寫在一個叫烏托邦的小島上，政治、社會制度十分完美，由于廢除了私有財產(chǎn)，實行公有制，沒有 罪惡，人人從事勞動，又有充裕的時間休息、娛樂或進行科學研究。因以代表不著邊際的空想境界。Utopiaintended for no

27、 place or good place.Extension of ideal, cant be done a good thing, the Chinese translation can also be interpreted as black is not, is on, state is a country, the unification of the meaning of utopia three word is dream country烏托邦(Utopia)本意為 沒有的地方”或者好地方”。延伸為還有理想，不可能完成的好事情，其中文翻譯 也可以理解為 烏”是沒有，托”是寄托，邦

28、”是國家，烏托邦”三個字合起來的意思即為 空想的國家”Macbeth 麥克白full title The Tragedy of Macbeth, is a tragedy by William Shakespeare; It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of Jame

29、s I, who was patron of Shakespeares acting company, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwrights relationship with his sovereign.and is his shortest tragedy.Macbeth was a marshal of King Dunken of Scotland, one day,he met 3 witches ,they told him some crazy words, and his wife Mrs Macbeth roused hi

30、m againsted King Dunken,and became a king himself.Macbeth obey,and did it. Then ,son of Dunken wanted to revenge,he lead the army from England and destroyed his enemys country,and put Macbeths head chop off . And the most beautiful Mrs Macbeth killed herself to stop the shame.Othello 奧賽羅(The Tragedy

31、 of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603. It is based on the story Un Capitano Moro (A Moorish Captain) by Cinthio, a disciple of Boccaccio. The story revolves around four central characters: Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetia

32、n army; his beloved wife, Desdemona; his loyal lieutenant, Cassio; and his trusted but ultimately unfaithful ensign, Iago. Given its varied and enduring themes of racism, love, jealousy, betrayal, revenge and repentance, Othello is still often performed in professional and community theater alike, and has been the source for numerous operatic, film, and literary adaptations.King Learlis a tragedy