牛津高中英語(yǔ)模塊一至四語(yǔ)法總結(jié)及練習(xí)

1、牛津英語(yǔ)模塊1至模塊4語(yǔ)法總結(jié)及練習(xí)第一單元一定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句的介紹就像是一個(gè)形容詞或介詞短語(yǔ)修飾名詞一樣，定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾名詞。定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞稱(chēng)為先行詞。形容詞：Thegreenteam介詞短語(yǔ)：Theteamingreen定語(yǔ)從句：Theteamwhowerewearinggreen定語(yǔ)從句通常由關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如which,that,who,whom,whose,或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，如when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)；關(guān)系副詞可以在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。女口：做主語(yǔ)Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampusha

2、velosttheirleaves.做賓語(yǔ)Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表語(yǔ)JackisnoIongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定語(yǔ)ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcantremember.做狀語(yǔ)TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who,whom禾口whose在定語(yǔ)從句中，that和which用來(lái)指代物。eg:Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstory

3、tellingcontest.在定語(yǔ)從句中，who用來(lái)指代人。eg:IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.當(dāng)who在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用whom來(lái)取代，且whom比who更正式。eg:Idontknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，who,whomwhich和that可以被省略。eg:Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.Whose

4、用來(lái)表示所屬，它既可指人也可指物。eg:IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二單元一定語(yǔ)從句：介詞提前的定語(yǔ)從句(preposition+which;preposition+whom當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞(which/whom)做定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的刖面。eg:Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.在非正式英語(yǔ)中，介詞通常

5、放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后。eg:ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.如果介詞放在定語(yǔ)從句的最后，which可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。eg:Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)，并且介詞又放在定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí)，我們通常省略關(guān)系代詞who和thatoeg:Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí)，我們用i

6、nwhich或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，這種情況下，inwhich或that可以被省略。eg:Ididntliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系畐U詞：when,where,why我們通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)先行詞是time,moment,day,season,year等的定語(yǔ)從句。eg:DoyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouinchargeoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.我們通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)先行詞是place,house,city,country,city,wo

7、rld等的定語(yǔ)從句。eg:Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.我們通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)先行詞是reason的定語(yǔ)從句。eg:Idontknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.在更加正式的英語(yǔ)中，where,when和why能夠被介詞+which所替代。eg:Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/

8、forwhichmyparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三單元一定語(yǔ)從句：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)為主句添加額外信息的從句，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前通常有個(gè)逗號(hào)。eg:Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí)，可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。eg:Hemissedtheshow

9、,whichwasagreatpity.我們可以用all+whom/which來(lái)表示全部數(shù)量，用someof+whom/which來(lái)表示部分?jǐn)?shù)量。eg:Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)IsthisthefactoryyouvisitedtheotherdayA.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.theoneIsthisfactorysomeforeignfrie

10、ndsvisitedlastFridayA.thatB.whereC.whichD.theoneIsthisthefactoryheworkedtenyearsagoA.thatB.whereC.whichD.theoneThewolveshidthemselvesintheplacescouldntbefound.A.thatB.whereC.inwhichD.inthatThefreezingpointisthetemperaturewaterchangesintoice.A.atwhichB.onthatC.inwhichD.ofwhatThereasonisheisunabletoop

11、eratethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether7.1lltellyouhetoldmelastweek.A.allwhichB.thatC.allthatD.whichThattree,branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.A.whoseB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.onwhichIhaveboughtthesamedresssheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.whatWeretalkingaboutthepianoandthepianistwereintheconcertweatten

12、dedlastnight.A.whichB.whomC.whoD.thatAnyonethisopinionmayspeakout.A.thatagainstsB.thatagainstC.whoisagainstD.whoareagainstDidntyouseethemanInoddedjustnowB.whomInoddedjustnowC.InoddedtohimjustnowD.InoddedtojustnowIsthereanythingtoyouA.thatisbelongedB.thatbelongsC.thatbelongD.whichbelongs-“Howdoyoulik

13、ethebook”-“ItsquitedifferentfromIreadlastmonth.”A.thatB.whichC.theoneD.theonewhatMr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexceptwhohadalreadytakenthem.A.theonesB.onesC.someD.theothersThetrainshewastravellingwaslate.A.whichB.whereC.onwhichD.inthatItsthethirdtimelatethismonth.A.thatyouarrivedB.whenyouarri

14、vedC.thatyouvearrivedD.whenyouvearrivedMaythefourthisthedayweChinesepeoplewillneverforget.A.whichB.whenC.onwhichD.aboutwhichIsitinthatfactory“RedFlag”carsareproducedA.inwhichB.whereC.whichD.thatHemustbefromAfrica,canbeseenfromhisskin.A.thatB.asC.whoD.whatHehastwosons,workaschemists.A.twoofwhomB.both

15、ofwhomC.bothofwhichD.allofwhomI,yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whoisB.whoamC.thatisD.whatisIdontlikeyouspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhichThetwothings_theyfeltveryproudareJimsgoldwatchandDellashair.A.aboutwhichB.ofwhichC.inwhichD.forwhichDoyouknowwhichhotelA.she

16、isstayingB.sheisstayinginC.isshestayingD.isshestayinginWhocanthinkofasituationthisidiomcanbeusedA.whichB.thatC.whereD.inthatTheastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,muchhelpforknowingspace.whichwethinkitisB.whichwethinkareofC.ofwhichwethinkisD.IthinkwhichisofThegreatdaywelookedforwardtoatlastA.c

17、omeB.cameC.comingD.comesIlikethesecondfootballmatchwasheldlastweek.A.whichB.whoC.thatD./Thisistheveryfilmvelongwishedtosee.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whomThehousethecapitalistusedtoliveinisnowanursery.A.thatB.whereC.whatD.whenThedoctordidalltosavethewoundedboy.A.whathecouldB.hecouldC.everythingwhichhecould

18、D.forwhichhecoulddoyouknow,heisafamousmusician.A.AsB.whichC.ThatD./Heistheonlyoneofthethreegotthenewidea.A.whohaveB.whomhaveC.whohasD.whosehadThisisthebabytomorrow.A.afterwhomIshalllookB.whomIshalllookafterC.whoseIshalllookafterD.afterwhomIshalllookafterThesestudentswillgraduatefromtheuniversitynext

19、summer,_theywillhavestudiedhereforfouryears.A.bythenB.bythattimeC.bywhattimeD.bywhichtimeThisisthehousethewindowfacesthesouth.A.ofwhichItisfiveoB.whichC.ofitD.whoseclockintheafternoonC.wheniscalledA.sinceB.beforeInsomecountries,forallpeople.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.one-Howaboutthegames-Veryinteresting,a

20、ndtheonestheyarrivedatthehotel.D.thatequality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightstheyoungmencompetedwerereallyexcitingA.whatB.forwhomC.whereD.inwhich二附加疑問(wèn)句附加疑問(wèn)句是放在陳述句后面的短問(wèn)句。它們通常被用在口語(yǔ)中來(lái)引出一段對(duì)話，以一個(gè)更加禮貌的方式來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)信息，溫柔的發(fā)號(hào)施令或要求某人做某事。我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)意見(jiàn)或征求同意。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)意見(jiàn)時(shí)，為了期待對(duì)方能同意我們的觀點(diǎn)，附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用降調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。當(dāng)我們用附加疑問(wèn)句來(lái)征求同意時(shí)，我們實(shí)際上

21、是在詢(xún)問(wèn)我們自己也不太能確信的事情，這時(shí)候附加疑問(wèn)句會(huì)用升調(diào)來(lái)表達(dá)。附加疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成有以下幾種：1）在肯定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用否定的附加疑問(wèn)句。在否定的陳述句之后，我們會(huì)用肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。eg:Wecanstillbefriends,cantweHedoesntlikeicecream,doeshe當(dāng)主句中有像neither,none,nobody,nothing,few,little,never,hardly或seldom這類(lèi)詞時(shí)，它們被認(rèn)為是否定的，因此后面會(huì)跟個(gè)肯定的附加疑問(wèn)句。eg:Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyouNoonehasfoundmyC

22、D,havetheyNobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didtheyHissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe人稱(chēng)代詞如I,we,you,he,she,it或they會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。eg:Iwasprettysilly,wasntIEveryonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haventyou助動(dòng)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be動(dòng)詞會(huì)放在附加疑問(wèn)句中。eg:Youliketraveling,dontyouThereissomethingwrong,isntthereYoucantspeakItalian,canyou祁使句

23、后用willyou,Lets后用shallweeg:Postaletterforme,willyouLetshaveabreak,shallwe反意疑問(wèn)句Hehurthislegwhenplayingfootball.Heisveryuniucky,heAisBdidntCisntDdoesJohnisadiligentstudentwhospendsmostofhistimestudying,heAhadntBhadCdoesDisnt-TheydontanswerthephonewhenIcall.-Thereisntanyoneathomethen,AisntthereBisthereC

24、isitDisntitItseldomsnowsinwinterinShanghai,AdoesntitBisntitCisitDdoesitShehasalreadyplansforthesummerholidays,AhasntsheBisntsheCdoesntsheDhadntitMotherlovesreading.SheneverspendstimewatchingTV,AdoessheBwillsheChavesheDdoesntsheItisthefirsttimethatshehasbeentotheUnitedStates,AisntsheBisntitChasntsheD

25、hasntitIdontthinkheisright,AdoIBdontICisheDisnthe第一單元一一現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)1我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在最近的過(guò)去發(fā)生的但跟現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的事情。eg:ThedisappearaneeofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy.2.我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去剛開(kāi)始，并且現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)結(jié)束的事情。eg:IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的確切時(shí)間不清楚或不重要時(shí)，我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。經(jīng)常連用的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)有：already,ever,for,just,lately,never,rec

26、ently,since,yet,already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句。eg:Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaventheardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段時(shí)間since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間eg:Wehaventseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaventseenhimsince2002.注：當(dāng)已給定具體的時(shí)間時(shí)，我們往往用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作。eg:Thepolicehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.我們也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。eg:Somevilla

27、gessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是：have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞二現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示在過(guò)去發(fā)生的并且仍將繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作。eg:IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示剛剛結(jié)束但以某種方式和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作。eg:-SorryImlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong-Yes,Ivebeenwaitingforanhour.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has+been+doing注：for和since和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

28、連用。eg:Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineoclock.三現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)搫倓偼瓿傻膭?dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去并且現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。eg:LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.（Shefinishedreadingthebook.）LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.（Sheisstillreadingthebook.）我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示不停的動(dòng)作。e

29、g:IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)用于回答howmany/much的提問(wèn)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)用于回答howlong的提問(wèn)。eg:HowmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelakeHowlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake3狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，但只有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。eg:Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.（狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞）IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththis

30、camera.（動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞）IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞）注：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞表示發(fā)生或變化的動(dòng)作，如go,play。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示保持不變的動(dòng)作，女口like,know,exist當(dāng)never,yet,already,ever出現(xiàn)在句子中時(shí)，只用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，而不用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。eg:IvenevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.第二單元一將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)我們用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)：1）談?wù)搶?lái)一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的事情。eg:TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextwee

31、k2）談?wù)搹膶?lái)的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始并且有可能要持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的事情。eg:TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3）沒(méi)有任何意圖的表達(dá)將來(lái)的事情。eg:TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.（在這種情況下表示事情是很自然的發(fā)生的，沒(méi)有人為的安排.）4）禮貌地詢(xún)問(wèn)有關(guān)其他人將來(lái)的計(jì)劃。eg:WillyoubevisitingyouruncleinTanzania將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：1）陳述句：will（not）+v-ingeg:Tob

32、yandhisbrother,Colin,will（not）beflyingtoMorocco.2）疑問(wèn)句：will提到主語(yǔ)的前面eg:WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly回答：will(not)eg:Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot(wont)二過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)我們用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)：表示過(guò)去的將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。eg:Theysetoffat9a.m.andwouldreachtheairportanhourlater.暗指一個(gè)過(guò)去的目的。eg:Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.暗指一個(gè)

33、過(guò)去的安排。eg:ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.指代實(shí)際已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。eg:ThejourneythatwastochangeTobyslifestartedinJulythatyear.陳述句中過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：would+動(dòng)詞原形eg:ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.was/weregoingto,was/wereto,was/wereabouttoeg:Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthe

34、nwedidnthavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool-hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三單元一過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)我們用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)談?wù)撘粋€(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)我們想要談?wù)摫冗^(guò)去更早的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，就用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。eg:Uponenteringthetomb,Cartersluckypetbird,whichhadledhimtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake.在直接引語(yǔ)中，我們用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)指代說(shuō)話的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)

35、作。直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)在間接引語(yǔ)中改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。eg:“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCarter.Cartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)只是指在另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，并不是指發(fā)生在一長(zhǎng)段時(shí)間以前的動(dòng)作。eg:IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum.過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常跟以下引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)連用，如when,after,before,assoonas,u

36、ntil,since,by,for,already.eg:ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：had+v-edeg:HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)還是過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)當(dāng)我們談?wù)撘粋€(gè)與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的過(guò)去的事情時(shí)，我們用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。eg：HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorers

37、theworldhaseverknown.當(dāng)我們?cè)谡務(wù)撨^(guò)去，并要說(shuō)明一個(gè)更早發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，我們就要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。eg:Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCartersteambegantofallillanddiestrangly.語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)?？於?Alicessecond-handcomputerwrongalthoughsheuseditonlyonce.AgoesBhasgoneCisgoingDhadgoneRobertmehisaddresstheotherday,butImafraidIit.Ahadgiven;lostBhasg

38、iven;havelostCgave;havelostDgives;lostInothingaboutitbeforeyoutoldmethenewsAknowBknewChadknownDhasknown-WhatthesedaysStillbusywritingyournewbook-Yes,IthinkIcanfinishitnextweek.AdoyoudoBhaveyoubeendoingChaveyoudoneDdidyoudo-whatwasthefilmlike-Well，Iitveryinteresting.Athought;wouldbeBthought;maybeCthi

39、nk;isgoingtobeDthink;willbeItwasthethirdtimethatheusabouthisstory.AhastoldBtoldCistellingDhadtoldIforgetwhatIwastaught,IonlyrememberwhatI.AlearnBlearnedChavelearnedDhadlearnedMyyoungersistertheYouthLeague2004.Ahasjoined;inBhasjoined;sinceChadjoined;sinceDjoined;in-WheremypenIcanntfinditanywhere.-Iit

40、onthistable,butnow,itsgone.Adidyouput;haveputBhaveyouput;putChadyouput;wasputtingDwereyouputting;haveputShewaspraisedforwhatshe.AhaddoneBhasdoneCwoulddoDdoesIhewouldhelpmewithmyEnglish,infacthedidnt.AhasthoughtBthoughtCthinkDhadthought-Tom,yourshirtissodirty-Mom,IourstoreroomdownstairsandIwillwashit

41、afterfinishingthecleaning.AcleanedBhavecleanedCwascleaningDhavebeencleaningTheyfriendssincetheymetinNewYork.AhavemadeBhavebecomeChavebeenDhaveturnedNobodybutthetwinssomeinterestintheprojecttillnow.AshowsBshowChaveshownDhasshownexperiment.15.ThestudentsdontwanttohavetheirsupperuntiltheytheirAfinished

42、BhavefinishedChadfinishedDwillfinishBynowstudentsinGradeOne1,700Englishwordsandphrases.AshouldlearnBhavelearnedClearnedDlearn-Sorrytohavekeptyouwaiting!-Ihereforfiftyminutes.AhavearrivedBhavegotChavereachedDhavebeen-WherehaveyoubeenIyouthewholeday.-Iwasinthelibraryreadingmagazines.Ahavebeentelephoni

43、ngBhadtelephonedCtelephonedDwastelephonedHi,Tracy,youlooktired.-Iamtired.Ithelivingroomallday.ApaintedBhadpaintedChavebeenpaintingDhavepainted-whydidntyoucomeyesterday-I,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.AhadBwouldCwasgoingtoDdid-Willyoubefreeatthreeoclocktomorrowafternoon.-No,I_ameetingatthattime.Awillhav

44、eBwasgoingtohaveCwillbehavingDwouldhave-WhatwereyoudoingwhenIphonedyouyesterday.-IjustfinishedmyhomeworkandtowatchTV.Ahave;amgoingBhave;wasgoingChad;wasgoingDhad;amgoing-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Oh,Ithoughtthathetoday.AwascomingBiscomingCwillcomeDcomesWhenwereachNewYork,it.AprobablywillrainBwillp

45、robablyberainingCisprobablyrainingDhasprobablyrained25Isthisthelastexamwehavetotakethisterm-Yes,butthereanothertestthreemonthsfromnow.AhasBisCwasDwillbeItwassaidthatthemachinesometimethenextweek.AhadbeenrepairedBwouldrepairCwastoberepairedDneedsrepairing-Whydidyoubuythispaintsoearly-Imybedroomtomorr

46、ow,butIchangedmymind.AwasgoingtopaintBamgoingtopaintCampaintingDwillpaintAtthistimetomorrowI_areportinmyofficeandI_bynoon.AwillbewritingCwillhavefinishedBwillwriteDwillfinish（打算）seeMr.Lithisevening.30-Haveyoucleanedyourroom-Sorry,Ihavent.ButI（表意愿）goandcleanitatonce.ThejourneythatchangeTobyslifestart

47、edinJulythatyear.（必然的情況）ItoldyouColinandIspendafewweekstraveling.（過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）Weseethewildanimals,butthenwedidnthavetime.（過(guò)去的打算）IshowyouthephotoIwasinterrupted.（正打算）名詞性從句名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞1、連接代詞：who,whose,whom,what,which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等

48、。2、連接副詞：when,where,why,how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語(yǔ)。3、連接詞：that,whether,if,asif。that無(wú)詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略；if（whether）,asif雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問(wèn)句，因而從句中謂語(yǔ)不用疑問(wèn)式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether和if（是否），asif（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if和asif都用不上時(shí)，才用that作連接詞（that本身無(wú)任何含義）。（二）主語(yǔ)從句1、主語(yǔ)從

49、句在復(fù)合句作主語(yǔ)。e.g.Whowillgoisnotimportant.2、用it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。e.g.Itdoesntmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.3、that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.（三）表語(yǔ)從句1、表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。e.g.Thequestionwaswhocouldgothere.2、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。e.g.Myideais（that）wecangetmorecomradestoh

50、elpinthework.（四）賓語(yǔ)從句1、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g.Ihope（that）everythingisallright.2、介詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或whether。e.g.Iminterestedinwhetheryouvefinishedthework.Iminterestedinwhatyouvesaid.3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，?？苫Q。但下面情況不能互換。賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)，只用if，不用whether。e.g.Iwonderifitdoesntrain.用if會(huì)引

51、起誤解，就要用whether。e.g.Pleaseletmeknowwhetheryouwanttogo.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）賓語(yǔ)從句中的whether與ornot直接連用，就不能換成if;不直接連用，可換。e.g.Idontknowwhetherornotthereportistrue.Idontknowwhether/ifthereportistrueornot.介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，只能用if

52、，而不能用whether。e.g.Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.Theydontknowwhethertogothere.Pleasecometoseemeifyouhavetime.（五）同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ)，一般位于該名詞（如：news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等）之后，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g.Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.練習(xí)：Thefactsheworkshar

53、diswellknowntousall.thatB.whatC.whyD.whichThefacthewassuccessfulproveshisability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whyThenewshewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whenHissuggestionthemeetingbedelayedwasturneddown.A.whichB.thatC./D.ithavenoideahewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./vecomefromthegovernment

54、withamessagethemeetingwontbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.whichThethoughthemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.thatTheordertheprisonerbesetfreearrivedtoolate.A.whichB.whetherC.thatD.whatThenursesaretryingtheirbesttoreducethepatientsfearhewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.asC.ofwhichD.wh

55、ichHeoftenaskedmethequestiontheworkwasworthdoing.A.whetherB.whereC.thatD.whenAlongwiththeletterwashispromisehewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whetherTheotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetatIthoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.thatLuckily,wedbroughtaroadmapwithout

56、wewouldhavelostourway.A.itB.thatC.thisD.whichTherearesignsrestaurantsarebecomingmorepopularwithfamilies.A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.whoseWecanseethesamesignsstandoutthroughoutthecity.A.thatB.whichC.inwhichD.whose在英語(yǔ)句子里，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。（一）語(yǔ)法一致原則：語(yǔ)法上一

57、致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。女口：Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.youreyes./TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy./Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall./Thechildrenwereintheclassroomtwohoursago./Readinginthesunisbadfor注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從

58、句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。女口：WhatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks./WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfultoyou.2、由連接詞and或bothand連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。女口：LucyandLilyaretwins./SheandIareclassmates./Theboyandthegirlweresurprisedwhentheyheardthenews./BothsheandheareYoungPioneers.注意：若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就

59、應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：Thewriterandartisthascome.;/由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no,each,everymorethana(an),manya(an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Everystudentandeveryteacherwasintheroom./Noboyandnogirllikesit.3、主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,aswellas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,besides,including等弓I起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形

60、式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。女口：MrGreen,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina./NobodybutJimandMikewasontheplayground./She,likeyouandTom,4、either,neither,each,every的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如:isverytall.或no+單數(shù)名詞和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成Eachofushasanewbook./Everythingaroundusismatter.注意：在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)eitherneither后跟有of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)