寫作整理材料ByRaindy

1、小作文6 種類型 ：曲線圖組成 ：三段論(引題 正文 結尾)引題( introduction)：描述圖表， “同義轉換 ”。要有吸引力，不能有錯誤。第一句 說明圖表內(nèi)容， 雖然描述的是過去的內(nèi)容， 但是說的是圖表描述的信 息，故而時態(tài)必須用現(xiàn)在時。第二句 給出總體的曲線趨勢【 option 】正文( Describing the graph in details)：要有所選擇，要有比較，突出最值。結尾( Concluding sentences)照抄原文不計分； 不需要對數(shù)據(jù)分析； 不可把結論提前； 結尾句不需加評論圖表作文常用的曲線變化變化趨勢動詞表達用名詞作同義替換表達上升rose (to

2、)a rise (in)increased (to)an increase (in)went up (to)a growth (in)climbed (to)an upward trend (in)boomeda boom in a dramatic rise in下降fell (to)a decrease (in)declined (to)a decline (in)decreased (to)a fall (in)dipped (to) dropped (to)a drop (in)went down (to) slumped (to)a slump in (dramatic fall i

3、n)reduced (to)a reduction (in)不變leveled out (at)a leveling out (of)did not change remained stable/steady/constant (at) maintained the same levelno change (in)波動fluctuated (around) peaked (at) plateaued (at) stood ata fluctuation (in) reached a peak (of) reached a plateau (at)波動描述示意圖 12注： plateau 平臺；

4、高原（發(fā)展、增長后的）平穩(wěn)時期 , 穩(wěn)定狀態(tài) , 停滯時期波動描述示意圖 2表示變化程度的詞匯程度形容詞副詞degree of change 變化程度巨大dramaticdramaticallysharpsharplyconsiderableconsiderablysignificantsignificantlymarkedmarkedlyhugehugelyenormousenormouslysubstantialsubstantially適度steepsteeplymoderatemoderately輕微slightslightlyminimalminimally3speed of cha

5、nge 變化速度快速rapidrapidlyquickquicklyswiftswiftlysuddensuddenly穩(wěn)步steadysteadily逐漸gradualgradually緩慢slowslowly范文 1 （引題段）：【第一句】 The curve illustratesthe number of cases of A-type crimescommitted in the UK between the years 1990 and 2004.【第二句】 It canbe seen thatA-type crimes decreased dramatically to 200

6、cases aroundthe middle of the 1990s and then increased to 2000 before the year 2000.范文 2：（ 全文）From the graph, we can see clearly that in the early morning, at 6 a.m.,few people watch TV . However , from this time onwards , the number of TV audience is on the rise. At noon, the people watching TV acc

7、ount for about 8% of the total population. In the period between 12:00 and 2:00p.m., the TV audience experiences a sharp increase from 8% to approximately 18%.till it reaches itsFrom 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., the figure remains constant at about 18%, then balloons to the peak of the day, reaching appr

8、oximately 50%. The number of TV audiences drops dramatically from 10 p.m.bottom at 3 p.m.On the other hand, there is a sharp increase in radio audience from 6.a.m to 9 a.m., peaking at about 28% at 8:30 a.m. However, from this pointonwards, it declines gradually for the rest of the day, bottoming ou

9、t at 4:00 a.m. the next day.In brief, the number of TV and radio audiences varies according to different phases of time probably due to the different features of these two media.表格圖 類型：縱向比較即自身前后的比較，具有歷史性，可轉為曲線圖； 橫向比較與其他同類事物的比較。原則： 首句永遠概括全部； 中間永遠找最值點描述； 最后總結概括縱向比較：題目： The table below gives informatio

10、n about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.19852000Walking255237Bicycle5141Car3,1994,806Local bus429274Long distance bus54124Train289366Taxi13

11、42Other450585All modes4,7406,4755范文：As can be seen from the table , walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and local bus tend to be less preferred. Of these, the local bus experienced the most dramatic decrease, from 429 miles to 274 miles within the 15-years period.By contra

12、st , the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences. To be more specific , the number of miles that car traveled was 3,199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4,806 in the subsequent years.The figure by long distanc

13、e bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs.124 miles),while the miles by taxi trebled which were13 miles and 42 miles respectively. Likewise , the use of other , unspecified, forms of transport also increased.Overall, there is a considerable increase in total miles byall modes oftra

14、nsportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985, with the increased use of cars possibly accounting for almost all of that increase.橫向比較：題目：The table shows the number of foreign visitors (in millions) to 7 countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown

15、 below. You should write at least 150 words.Country visitedTotalFrom the UKFrom the USAAustralia30.30.3Canada150.612.0France537.40.1Ireland42.40.4Italy201.21.8Mexico70.15.5Thailand60.30.36范文：(Introduction)The table shows the total number of visitors to sevencountries around the world and details the

16、 number of those visitors who came from the UK and the USA. Certain patterns are evident from these figures.(Comparison1) Canada received more than twice as manyvisitors asMexico , yet the percentage ofvisitors to those countries from the USAwas about the same, 80%. 12 million Americans visited Cana

17、dawhile5.5 million visited Mexico. British visitors to these two countries were much fewer in number , with 0.6 million visiting Canada and 0.1 million visiting Mexico.(Comparison2) Australia had half as many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6 million), but the number of visitors tothose countries

18、 fromthe UK and the USAwas the same , 0.3 million.(Comparison3 ) France and Ireland received more visitors from the UK (7.4 million and 2.4 million respectively) than from the USA. France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.Over half of Ireland vsis itor

19、s came from the UK. Italy received 20 million visitors, ofwhich 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 millionwere from the USA.(Conclusion) Althoughthe table shows a limited numberof countries,it can be seen that British and American people tend to visit those countries nearest geographically. Howeve

20、r , the relationship is not definitive.扇形圖The highest The greatestThe lowest The smallestpercentage of proportion of number ofsth.are unemployed are black題目：The graphs below show the annual expenditure of university students in three countries in 2003. 解析：可以根據(jù)圖中的消費類別進行歸類，也可以分別描述各個國家中的消費比例。范文：The thr

21、ee pie charts show howuniversity students in three countriesspent their money in the year 2003.In general, students in country A spent slightly more than hose in countryB (US$5000 and US$4500 respectively). In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 perye

22、ar .Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of expenditure. Altogether they constituted around 60% of the total students expenditure in all the three countries. The difference is that in country A and B accommodation spending exceeded food spending while the reverse was true for country C.

23、The rest of the students spending was divided among leisure, books and“ others ”. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (around 20%)of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in countryC more money was spent on books (21%) than on leisure (12%)Overall, as wealth decreas

24、ed, the percentage of students spending onnon-essential items went down.柱狀圖/ 條形圖柱狀圖 / 條形圖 可以轉成表格圖（橫向、縱向） ，曲線圖、扇形圖Country C($1500)Country B ($4500)Country A ($5000)條形圖accomodation % food % book % leisure % other %($5000) ($4500) C($1500)柱狀圖流程圖1. 首段常用句子The following diagraph shows the structure ofThe

25、picture illustrates stages.The whole procedure can be divided intoIt mainly consists ofIt works as follows.It always involves following steps.2. 描述流程/ 過程的常用過渡性詞語首先接著 /然后同時最后To begin with To start with First of allIn the following stageThenNextAfter thatAt the same time Meanwhile SimultaneousIn the f

26、inal stage At last Finally Eventually題目 1 ：玻璃的回收流程【單圖】范文 1：This diagram illustrates therecycling process of glass bottles.Thewhole process is a cycle which can be divided intothreemainstages.10In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point ready tobe transported by a truck.The s

27、econd stage starts ina cleaning plant,where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones and washed by high-pressurized water. When the cleaning isdone , the bottles are conveyed to a glass factory where they are cut into glass pieces which are then poured into a furna

28、ce.After being heated inthe furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid, which flows into a glass mold. Here glass liquid from other sources is added and the molding process takes place. In the final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid,then packed and dispatched to the supermarke

29、t readyto be picked by consumers.At this point, a cycle has been completedand a new cycle will begin.題目 2 ：蠶的生活史及絲綢服飾的生產(chǎn)流程【組圖】11范文 2 ：【總述】 The diagram illustrates the main stages inthe life cycle ofsilkworm and the procedure of silk cloth making.【兩圖關系】 From thisdiagram it can be seen thatthe cocoons

30、 are necessary raw materialsused for silk cloth production.【分述流程 1】In the first stage, eggs are produced by the moth and ittakes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts forup to six weeks until the larvaproduces a cocoon of silk thread around

31、itself.After a period of aboutthree weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.【分述流程 2 】When it comes tothe production of silk cloth,once thecocoons are selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each t

32、hread is between 300 and 900 meters long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and thenused to produce cloth in the weaving stage.【小結】 Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.用于地圖比較的方位及動態(tài)變化詞匯 ：of the r

33、esidential zone. （在 的 方位Mountainsare parallel tothe rivers.（與平行）The truck isto the right ofthe gas station.（在 的右邊）The churchis surrounded bytrees.（被包圍）In the west ofthe map, there are mountains. （在 的西部）There are riversin the eastern part ofthe map. （在 的東部）A policeman is at the crossing . （在 十字路口）The

34、 bank is in the top left-hand corner左上角） 半途中)The playground is 的中間）roughly in the middle ofthe residential zone. （大概在The supermarket isdirectly opposite tothe bus stop. （在 的正對面）The barber s isi n close proximity tothe hospital. （在 附近）Houses are at the bottom ofthe residential zone.在底部）The supermarke

35、t ishalfway betweenthe bank and the barber s（. 在12The motorcyclist is outside the residential zone.(在 外面)The port is along the roadside . (在路邊) 動態(tài)變化bec ome/turn/get + bigger/larger/smaller/shorter/longernewly built/established/exist/disappear/no longer there extend/enlarge/develop/add (to)/rise/grow

36、/increase reduce/decline/decrease/drop/fall/halve replace (by)/remove/convert (into)/give way toimprove/degrade connect/change/turn over/straighten/construct/complete/open題目 3 ：【地圖比較】 Kelsbey 村莊的變化 范文 3 ：13Given are three diagrams concerning the transformation of the village of Kelsbey over the peri

37、od from 1780 to 2000.It is manifest thatthe natural scenery of Kelsbey such as farm, woodsdisappeared at a staggering rate. To be more precise, the vast expanse of farm and woods in 1780 reduced dramatically to 1860, followed with a disappearance in 2000. However , an environment friendly place, nam

38、ely wetland for birds came up in 2000, at the end of villager river.In contrast , man-made constructions witnessed a prosperous development during the more than 2 centuries. Specifically, a bridge, a road and 200 homes were built until 1860, on the base of only 100 homes in 1780, which transformed i

39、nto 2 roads, 500 houses, newly-built sports fields and schools, along with several shops at the river bank in the year 2000.Overall, Kelsbey experienced a diminish of nature areas as well as a prosperity of man-made building and facilities over the more than two centuries period.14大作文大作文的 6 種類型：單邊支持

40、 / 反對半支持半反對探討雙方分析解決陳述利弊多重選擇構成 ：引言段 + 主體段 + 結論段一、引言段 組成：開頭句( Opening sentence )+ 中心論點 步驟：引入話題，同義轉述，再根據(jù)寫作任務表達中心論點I 、 Opening sentence五種方法 :（一）、引人入勝 思路：用一個比較有趣的話題先吊起考官的胃口，并吸引他們往下看 題目 1 ：Many schools demand the students to wear uniforms. Some people think that such a practice can undermine their persona

41、lity and individuality. 范文：The issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wear school uniforms will affect their personality and individualityis of great引起父母的關注 對科學家來說至關重要 對于 A 和 B 都是非常重要的interest to many people 備選：Be of great concern for many parentsBe of great importance to many scient

42、istsBe of great significance to both A and B題目 2. ：人類如何定義和追求幸福，這樣的問題引起公眾廣泛的爭議。 范文：The question of how human beings can define and pursue happiness is a matter of much contention among the general public . 備選：The question of has been widely debate in the world ofpolitics.15（二）、力排眾議思路： 先駁斥大眾的某個普遍但卻錯誤的

43、觀念，指出其與現(xiàn)實不符，然后提出自己 正確想法，并在主體段列舉各種理由、證據(jù)以及活生生和例子來論證。套路：Although it is +副詞 + 過去分詞 + that，.this is 題目 1 ：The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behavior . However , some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generations to pre

44、pare for modern life.范文 1 ：Although it is commonly believed thatconventional views about ahealthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer to young people s needs today, this is actually not the case.題目 2 ：越來越少人照看年老的親屬，而是把他們送到專業(yè)人士那邊去。范文 2 ： Although many people subscribe to the belief that their o

45、ld relatives can be taken better care of in a nursing home,this is in fact acommon misconception that we need to clear up. From my point of view,it is the younger family members who should really be responsible for looking after these old people during the rest of their lives.釋義：普遍認為 ，但事實并非如下。Althou

46、gh it is commonly believed that, this is actually not the case.許多人認同這樣的觀點 ，但事實上這卻是一種我們需要去澄清的普遍錯誤觀念。 Although many peoplesubscribe to the belief that ., this is in fact acommon misconception that we need to clear up.大眾觀念認為 .，但是現(xiàn)實狀況卻遠比這種觀念復雜得多。Although conventional wisdom has it that., the reality of

47、the situation isoften far more complicated than that.釋義：subscribe to訂閱、 同意、預訂conventional wisdom大眾觀念16（ 三 ） 、放眼世界 思路：從“時間”或“地點”的跨度著手，比如：過去怎么樣？ 題目 1 ：Some people support the development in agriculture, such as farming industry and the scientific creation of new types of fruit and vegetables. Others o

48、ppose this development.Discuss both views and state your opinion.范文： Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development, where industrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of crops are being created.Yet , opponent sof this developmenthave raised a number

49、 of difficult questions. From myopinion of views, this is a really complicated matter, and we need further investigations tounderstand the bigger picture.備選：Recent decades havewitnessed an increase awareness of釋義：understand the bigger picture 了解事物的全貌題目 2 ：With divorce rates and family breakdowns inc

50、reasing globally, it is generally accepted that families today are not as close they used to be.范文 2 ：Divorce and family breakdown were virtually unheard of just 100 years ago . Now , however , almost half of all marriages fail. This phenomenon is symptomatic of the growing distance between family m

51、embers in modern society.（ 四 ） 、兼收并蓄題目 1 ：誰該為修路付費，個人還是政府？范文：Some people hold the opinion thatthe government should makemore investments is expanding and improving road systems, whereas others who are not so convincedpresent the counterargument that it isthe responsibility of the growing number of pr

52、ivate car users to deal with the huge costs. In my opinion, both sides of the argument have their own reasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy.17（五） 、 異軍突起題目 1 ：談個人科技的發(fā)展與貧富差異 范文 1 ：With the huge expansion of high technologies available to individuals, it is som

53、etimes argued that economic and cultural gaps between the rich and poor are being further widened.題目 2 ：淡大型超市和商場的急劇擴張 .范文 2 ：With the unprecedented explosion of large supermarkets and shopping malls, a lot of small local shops have quietly disappeared while the remaining ones are struggling for hope

54、less survival.釋義：unprecedented explosion前所未有的爆發(fā)范文 3 ： With the continuous and gradual evolution ofmass media, manyserious crimes are now described in greater detail on newspapers, television and the Internet, raising considerable public concern over personal safety and social stability.范文 4 ：With th

55、e mass extinction ofendangered and rare species, manycountries have taken harsh measures against illegal hunting, unregulated dumping of industrial waste and rampant destruction of their natural habitats by human developers.18II 、中心論點（ 一）單邊支持 / 反對類型提問： Do you agree or disagree with this statement? 范

56、文 1 ：（反對）In my opinion, these subject are not only useful but also fascinating,and it is simply too early for primary schoolchildren to study science and technology.（二）半支持半反對 型提問： To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 范文 2 ：From my point of view, （三）探討雙方 型 （ 可以參考前文“兼收并蓄”套路 ） 提

57、問： Discuss both sides and give your own opinion 范文 3 ：1.To my way of thinking, both sides of the argument have their ownreasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy. 雙方都有理，需要仔細分析才可了解爭議起因2.To my way of thinking, both these views can be justified to someextent . 一定程度

58、上都有道理3.To my way of thinking, both these views contain some elements ofthe truth, which will be discussed in detail in the following essay. 注： Which 引導定語從句很自然過渡到主體段（四）分析解決 型提問： In what ways could mobile phones and Internet be useful to older people? How can old people be encouraged to use this high

59、technology? To my mind , （五）陳述利弊 型提問： Does the usefulness of this method of learning outweigh its limitations? （advantage = usefulnes，s disadvantage = limitations） To the best of my knowledge , （六）多重選擇型 （少見）提問： What others factors should be considered? Of these factors, do you think anyone is more i

60、mportant than others?As far as I am concerned, 19二、主體段拓展八法（一）、舉例論證 （ Exemplification）Sample 1 ：亞洲國家正以驚人的速度變得西方化 .以中國為例 ,當青少年去看電影 的時候,他們一般都選擇好萊塢大片而不選擇國產(chǎn)電影 .范文 1：The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate.Take China for example , when youngsters go to the movies, it is common for