《材料科學(xué)與工程基礎(chǔ)》英文影印版習(xí)題及思考題及答案講解學(xué)習(xí)

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。材料科學(xué)與工程基礎(chǔ)英文影印版習(xí)題及思考題及答案往鏈點(diǎn)點(diǎn)通共享資源，了解更多請(qǐng)登錄HYPERLINKwww.WLwww.WL材料科學(xué)與工程基礎(chǔ)英文習(xí)題及思考題及答案第二章習(xí)題和思考題QuestionsandProblems2.6Allowedvaluesforthequantumnumbersofelectronsareasfollows:TherelationshipsbetweennandtheshelldesignationsarenotedinTable2.1.Relativetothesubsh

2、ells,l0correspondstoanssubshelll1correspondstoapsubshelll2correspondstoadsubshelll3correspondstoanfsubshellFortheKshell,thefourquantumnumbersforeachofthetwoelectronsinthe1sstate,intheorderofnlmlms,are100(1/2)and100(-1/2).WritethefourquantumnumbersforalloftheelectronsintheLandMshells,andnotewhichcorr

3、espondtothes,p,anddsubshells.2.7Givetheelectronconfigurationsforthefollowingions:Fe2+,Fe3+,Cu+,Ba2+,Br-,andS2-.2.17(a)Brieflycitethemaindifferencesbetweenionic,covalent,andmetallicbonding.(b)StatethePauliexclusionprinciple.2.18Offeranexplanationastowhycovalentlybondedmaterialsaregenerallylessdenseth

4、anionicallyormetallicallybondedones.2.19Computethepercentsioniccharacteroftheinteratomicbondsforthefollowingcompounds:TiO2,ZnTe,CsCl,InSb,andMgCl2.2.21UsingTable2.2,determinethenumberofcovalentbondsthatarepossibleforatomsofthefollowingelements:germanium,phosphorus,selenium,andchlorine.2.24Onthebasis

5、ofthehydrogenbond,explaintheanomalousbehaviorofwaterwhenitfreezes.Thatis,whyistherevolumeexpansionuponsolidification?3.1Whatisthedifferencebetweenatomicstructureandcrystalstructure?3.2Whatisthedifferencebetweenacrystalstructureandacrystalsystem?3.4Showforthebody-centeredcubiccrystalstructurethattheu

6、nitcelledgelengthaandtheatomicradiusRarerelatedthrougha=4R/3.3.6ShowthattheatomicpackingfactorforBCCis7*Showthattheminimumcation-to-anionradiusratioforacoordinationnumberof6is0.414.Hint:UsetheNaClcrystalstructure(Figure3.5),andassumethatanionsandcationsarejusttouchingalongcubeedgesandacrossf

7、acediagonals.3.48Drawanorthorhombicunitcell,andwithinthatcella121directionanda(210)plane.3.50Hereareunitcellsfortwohypotheticalmetals:Whataretheindicesforthedirectionsindicatedbythetwovectorsinsketch(a)?(b)Whataretheindicesforthetwoplanesdrawninsketch(b)?3.51*Withinacubicunitcell,sketchthefollowingd

8、irections:.3.53Determinetheindicesforthedirectionsshowninthefollowingcubicunitcell:3.57DeterminetheMillerindicesfortheplanesshowninthefollowingunitcell:3.58DeterminetheMillerindicesfortheplanesshowninthefollowingunitcell:3.61*Sketchwithinacubicunitcellthefollowingplanes:3.62Sketchtheatomicpackingof(

9、a)the(100)planefortheFCCcrystalstructure,and(b)the(111)planefortheBCCcrystalstructure(similartoFigures3.24band3.25b).3.77Explainwhythepropertiesofpolycrystallinematerialsaremostoftenisotropic.5.1Calculatethefractionofatomsitesthatarevacantforleadatitsmeltingtemperatureof327_C.Assumeanenergyforvacanc

10、yformationof0.55eV/atom.5.7Ifcupricoxide(CuO)isexposedtoreducingatmospheresatelevatedtemperatures,someoftheCu2_ionswillbecomeCu_.(a)Undertheseconditions,nameonecrystallinedefectthatyouwouldexpecttoforminordertomaintainchargeneutrality.(b)HowmanyCu_ionsarerequiredforthecreationofeachdefect?5.8Below,a

11、tomicradius,crystalstructure,electronegativity,andthemostcommonvalencearetabulated,forseveralelements;forthosethatarenonmetals,onlyatomicradiiareindicated.Whichoftheseelementswouldyouexpecttoformthefollowingwithcopper:(a)Asubstitutionalsolidsolutionhavingcompletesolubility?(b)Asubstitutionalsolidsol

12、utionofincompletesolubility?(c)Aninterstitialsolidsolution?5.9ForbothFCCandBCCcrystalstructures,therearetwodifferenttypesofinterstitialsites.Ineachcase,onesiteislargerthantheother,whichsiteisnormallyoccupiedbyimpurityatoms.ForFCC,thislargeroneislocatedatthecenterofeachedgeoftheunitcell;itistermedano

13、ctahedralinterstitialsite.Ontheotherhand,withBCCthelargersitetypeisfoundat0,_,_positionsthatis,lyingon_100_faces,andsituatedmidwaybetweentwounitcelledgesonthisfaceandone-quarterofthedistancebetweentheothertwounitcelledges;itistermedatetrahedralinterstitialsite.ForbothFCCandBCCcrystalstructures,compu

14、tetheradiusrofanimpurityatomthatwilljustfitintooneofthesesitesintermsoftheatomicradiusRofthehostatom.5.10(a)SupposethatLi2OisaddedasanimpuritytoCaO.IftheLi_substitutesforCa2_,whatkindofvacancieswouldyouexpecttoform?HowmanyofthesevacanciesarecreatedforeveryLi_added?(b)SupposethatCaCl2isaddedasanimpur

15、itytoCaO.IftheCl_substitutesforO2_,whatkindofvacancieswouldyouexpecttoform?HowmanyofthevacanciesarecreatedforeveryCl_added?5.28CopperandplatinumbothhavetheFCCcrystalstructureandCuformsasubstitutionalsolidsolutionforconcentrationsuptoapproximately6wt%Cuatroomtemperature.Computetheunitcelledgelengthfo

16、ra95wt%Pt-5wt%Cualloy.5.29CitetherelativeBurgersvectordislocationlineorientationsforedge,screw,andmixeddislocations.6.1Brieflyexplainthedifferencebetweenselfdiffusionandinterdiffusion.6.3(a)Compareinterstitialandvacancyatomicmechanismsfordiffusion.(b)Citetworeasonswhyinterstitialdiffusionisnormallym

17、orerapidthanvacancydiffusion.6.4Brieflyexplaintheconceptofsteadystateasitappliestodiffusion.6.5(a)Brieflyexplaintheconceptofadrivingforce.(b)Whatisthedrivingforceforsteadystatediffusion?6.6Computethenumberofkilogramsofhydrogenthatpassperhourthrougha5-mmthicksheetofpalladiumhavinganareaof0.20m2at500.

18、Assumeadiffusioncoefficientof1.010-8m2/s,thattheconcentrationsatthehigh-andlow-pressuresidesoftheplateare2.4and0.6kgofhydrogenpercubicmeterofpalladium,andthatsteady-stateconditionshavebeenattained.6.7Asheetofsteel1.5mmthickhasnitrogenatmospheresonbothsidesat1200andispermittedtoachieveasteady-statedi

19、ffusioncondition.Thediffusioncoefficientfornitrogeninsteelatthistemperatureis610-11m2/s,andthediffusionfluxisfoundtobe1.210-7kg/m2-s.Also,itisknownthattheconcentrationofnitrogeninthesteelatthehigh-pressuresurfaceis4kg/m3.Howfarintothesheetfromthishigh-pressuresidewilltheconcentrationbe2.0kg/m3?Assum

20、ealinearconcentrationprofile.6.24.Carbonisallowedtodiffusethroughasteelplate15mmthick.Theconcentrationsofcarbonatthetwofacesare0.65and0.30kgC/m3Fe,whicharemaintainedconstant.Ifthepreexponentialandactivationenergyare6.2_10_7m2/sand80,000J/mol,respectively,computethetemperatureatwhichthediffusionfluxi

21、s1.43_10_9kg/m2-s.6.25Thesteady-statediffusionfluxthroughametalplateis5.4_10_10kg/m2-satatemperatureof727_C(1000K)andwhentheconcentrationgradientis_350kg/m4.Calculatethediffusionfluxat1027_C(1300K)forthesameconcentrationgradientandassuminganactivationenergyfordiffusionof125,000J/mol.10.2Whatthermody

22、namicconditionmustbemetforastateofequilibriumtoexist?10.4Whatisthedifferencebetweenthestatesofphaseequilibriumandmetastability?10.5Citethephasesthatarepresentandthephasecompositionsforthefollowingalloys:(a)90wt%Zn10wt%Cuat400(b)75wt%Sn25wt%Pbat175(c)55wt%Ag45wt%Cuat900(d)30wt%Pb70wt%Mgat425(e)2.12kg

23、Znand1.88kgCuat500(f)37lbmPband6.5lbmMgat400(g)8.2molNiand4.3molCuat1250.(h)4.5molSnand0.45molPbat20010.6Foranalloyofcomposition74wt%Zn26wt%Cu,citethephasespresentandtheircompositionsatthefollowingtemperatures:850,750,680,600,and500.10.7Determinetherelativeamounts(intermsofmassfractions)ofthephasesf

24、orthealloysandtemperaturesgiveninProblemDeterminetherelativeamounts(intermsofvolumefractions)ofthephasesforthealloysandtemperaturesgiveninProblem10.5a,b,andc.Belowaregiventheapproximatedensitiesofthevariousmetalsatthealloytemperatures:10.18Isitpossibletohaveacoppersilveralloythat,atequilibr

25、ium,consistsofa_phaseofcomposition92wt%Ag8wt%Cu,andalsoaliquidphaseofcomposition76wt%Ag24wt%Cu?Ifso,whatwillbetheapproximatetemperatureofthealloy?Ifthisisnotpossible,explainwhy.10.20Acoppernickelalloyofcomposition70wt%Ni30wt%Cuisslowlyheatedfromatemperatureof1300_C.(a)Atwhattemperaturedoesthefirstli

26、quidphaseform?(b)Whatisthecompositionofthisliquidphase?(c)Atwhattemperaturedoescompletemeltingofthealloyoccur?(d)Whatisthecompositionofthelastsolidremainingpriortocompletemelting?10.28.Isitpossibletohaveacoppersilveralloyofcomposition50wt%Ag50wt%Cu,which,atequilibrium,consistsof_and_phaseshavingmass

27、fractionsW_0.60andW_0.40?Ifso,whatwillbetheapproximatetemperatureofthealloy?Ifsuchanalloyisnotpossible,explainwhy.10.30At700_C,whatisthemaximumsolubility(a)ofCuinAg?(b)OfAginCu?第三章習(xí)題和思考題3.3Iftheatomicradiusofaluminumis0.143nm,calculatethevolumeofitsunitcellincubicmeters.3.8IronhasaBCCcrystalstructur

28、e,anatomicradiusof0.124nm,andanatomicweightof55.85g/mol.Computeandcompareitsdensitywiththeexperimentalvaluefoundinsidethefrontcover.3.9CalculatetheradiusofaniridiumatomgiventhatIrhasanFCCcrystalstructure,adensityof22.4g/cm3,andanatomicweightof192.2g/mol.3.13Usingatomicweight,crystalstructure,andatom

29、icradiusdatatabulatedinsidethefrontcover,computethetheoreticaldensitiesoflead,chromium,copper,andcobalt,andthencomparethesevalueswiththemeasureddensitieslistedinthissametable.Thec/aratioforcobaltis1.623.3.15Belowarelistedtheatomicweight,density,andatomicradiusforthreehypotheticalalloys.Foreachdeterm

30、inewhetheritscrystalstructureisFCC,BCC,orsimplecubicandthenjustifyyourdetermination.AsimplecubicunitcellisshowninFigure1Thisisaunitcellforahypotheticalmetal:(a)Towhichcrystalsystemdoesthisunitcellbelong?(b)Whatwouldthiscrystalstructurebecalled?(c)Calculatethedensityofthematerial,giventhatits

31、atomicweightis141g/mol.3.25Foraceramiccompound,whatarethetwocharacteristicsofthecomponentionsthatdeterminethecrystalstructure?3.29Onthebasisofionicchargeandionicradii,predictthecrystalstructuresforthefollowingmaterials:(a)CsI,(b)NiO,(c)KI,and(d)NiS.Justifyyourselections.3.35Magnesiumoxidehastherocks

32、altcrystalstructureandadensityof3.58g/cm3.(a)Determinetheunitcelledgelength.(b)HowdoesthisresultcomparewiththeedgelengthasdeterminedfromtheradiiinTable3.4,assumingthattheMg2_andO2_ionsjusttoucheachotheralongtheedges?3.36ComputethetheoreticaldensityofdiamondgiventhattheCUCdistanceandbondangleare0.154

33、nmand109.5,respectively.Howdoesthisvaluecomparewiththemeasureddensity?3.38Cadmiumsulfide(CdS)hasacubicunitcell,andfromx-raydiffractiondataitisknownthatthecelledgelengthis0.582nm.Ifthemeasureddensityis4.82g/cm3,howmanyCd2+andS2ionsarethereperunitcell?3.41AhypotheticalAXtypeofceramicmaterialisknowntoh

34、aveadensityof2.65g/cm3andaunitcellofcubicsymmetrywithacelledgelengthof0.43nm.TheatomicweightsoftheAandXelementsare86.6and40.3g/mol,respectively.Onthebasisofthisinformation,whichofthefollowingcrystalstructuresis(are)possibleforthismaterial:rocksalt,cesiumchloride,orzincblende?Justifyyourchoice(s).3.4

35、2TheunitcellforMgFe2O3(MgO-Fe2O3)hascubicsymmetrywithaunitcelledgelengthof0.836nm.Ifthedensityofthismaterialis4.52g/cm3,computeitsatomicpackingfactor.Forthiscomputation,youwillneedtouseionicradiilistedinTable4Computetheatomicpackingfactorforthediamondcubiccrystalstructure(Figure3.16).Assumeth

36、atbondingatomstouchoneanother,thattheanglebetweenadjacentbondsis109.5,andthateachatominternaltotheunitcellispositioneda/4ofthedistanceawayfromthetwonearestcellfaces(aistheunitcelledgelength).3.45ComputetheatomicpackingfactorforcesiumchlorideusingtheionicradiiinTable3.4andassumingthattheionstouchalon

37、gthecubediagonals.3.46Intermsofbonding,explainwhysilicatematerialshaverelativelylowdensities.3.47DeterminetheanglebetweencovalentbondsinanSiO44tetrahedron.3.63Foreachofthefollowingcrystalstructures,representtheindicatedplaneinthemannerofFigures3.24and3.25,showingbothanionsandcations:(a)(100)planefor

38、therocksaltcrystalstructure,(b)(110)planeforthecesiumchloridecrystalstructure,(c)(111)planeforthezincblendecrystalstructure,and(d)(110)planefortheperovskitecrystalstructure.3.66Thezincblendecrystalstructureisonethatmaybegeneratedfromclose-packedplanesofanions.(a)Willthestackingsequenceforthisstructu

39、rebeFCCorHCP?Why?(b)Willcationsfilltetrahedraloroctahedralpositions?Why?(c)Whatfractionofthepositionswillbeoccupied?3.81*ThemetaliridiumhasanFCCcrystalstructure.Iftheangleofdiffractionforthe(220)setofplanesoccursat69.22(first-orderreflection)whenmonochromaticx-radiationhavingawavelengthof0.1542nmisu

40、sed,compute(a)theinterplanarspacingforthissetofplanes,and(b)theatomicradiusforaniridiumatom.4.10Whatisthedifferencebetweenconfigurationandconformationinrelationtopolymerchains?vinylchloride).4.22(a)Determinetheratioofbutadienetostyrenemersinacopolymerhavingaweight-averagemolecularweightof350,000g/mo

41、landweight-averagedegreeofpolymerizationof4425.(b)Whichtype(s)ofcopolymer(s)willthiscopolymerbe,consideringthefollowingpossibilities:random,alternating,graft,andblock?Why?4.23Crosslinkedcopolymersconsistingof60wt%ethyleneand40wt%propylenemayhaveelasticpropertiessimilartothosefornaturalrubber.Foracop

42、olymerofthiscomposition,determinethefractionofbothmertypes.4.25(a)Comparethecrystallinestateinmetalsandpolymers.(b)Comparethenoncrystallinestateasitappliestopolymersandceramicglasses.4.26Explainbrieflywhythetendencyofapolymertocrystallizedecreaseswithincreasingmolecularweight.4.27*Foreachofthefollow

43、ingpairsofpolymers,dothefollowing:(1)statewhetherornotitispossibletodetermineifonepolymerismorelikelytocrystallizethantheother;(2)ifitispossible,notewhichisthemorelikelyandthencitereason(s)foryourchoice;and(3)ifitisnotpossibletodecide,thenstatewhy.(a)Linearandsyndiotacticpolyvinylchloride;linearandi

44、sotacticpolystyrene.(b)Networkphenol-formaldehyde;linearandheavilycrosslinkedcis-isoprene.(c)Linearpolyethylene;lightlybranchedisotacticpolypropylene.(d)Alternatingpoly(styrene-ethylene)copolymer;randompoly(vinylchloride-tetrafluoroethylene)copolymer.4.28Computethedensityoftotallycrystallinepolyethy

45、lene.TheorthorhombicunitcellforpolyethyleneisshowninFigure4.10;also,theequivalentoftwoethylenemerunitsiscontainedwithineachunitcell.5.11WhatpointdefectsarepossibleforMgOasanimpurityinAl2O3?HowmanyMg2+ionsmustbeaddedtoformeachofthesedefects?5.13Whatisthecomposition,inweightpercent,ofanalloythatconsis

46、tsof6at%Pband94at%Sn?5.14Calculatethecomposition,inweightper-cent,ofanalloythatcontains218.0kgtitanium,14.6kgofaluminum,and9.7kgofvanadium.5.23Goldformsasubstitutionalsolidsolutionwithsilver.Computethenumberofgoldatomspercubiccentimeterforasilver-goldalloythatcontains10wt%Auand90wt%Ag.Thedensitiesof

47、puregoldandsilverare19.32and10.49g/cm3,respectively.8.53Intermsofmolecularstructure,explainwhyphenol-formaldehyde(Bakelite)willnotbeanelastomer.10.50Computethemassfractionsofferriteandcementiteinpearlite.assumingthatpressureisheldconstant.10.52(a)Whatisthedistinctionbetweenhypoeutectoidandhypereutec

48、toidsteels?(b)Inahypoeutectoidsteel,botheutectoidandproeutectoidferriteexist.Explainthedifferencebetweenthem.Whatwillbethecarbonconcentrationineach?10.56Consider1.0kgofaustenitecontaining1.15wt%C,cooledtobelow727_C(a)Whatistheproeutectoidphase?(b)Howmanykilogramseachoftotalferriteandcementiteform?(c

49、)Howmanykilogramseachofpearliteandtheproeutectoidphaseform?(d)Schematicallysketchandlabeltheresultingmicrostructure.10.60Themassfractionsoftotalferriteandtotalcementiteinanironcarbonalloyare0.88and0.12,respectively.Isthisahypoeutectoidorhypereutectoidalloy?Why?10.64Isitpossibletohaveanironcarbonallo

50、yforwhichthemassfractionsoftotalferriteandproeutectoidcementiteare0.846and0.049,respectively?Whyorwhynot?第四章習(xí)題和思考題7.3Aspecimenofaluminumhavingarectangularcrosssection10mm_12.7mmispulledintensionwith35,500Nforce,producingonlyelasticdeformation.7.5Asteelbar100mmlongandhavingasquarecrosssection20mmonan

51、edgeispulledintensionwithaloadof89,000N,andexperiencesanelongationof0.10mm.Assumingthatthedeformationisentirelyelastic,calculatetheelasticmodulusofthesteel.7.7Forabronzealloy,thestressatwhichplasticdeformationbeginsis275MPa,andthemodulusofelasticityis115Gpa.(a)Whatisthemaximumloadthatmaybeappliedtoa

52、specimenwithacross-sectionalareaof325mm,withoutplasticdeformation?(b)Iftheoriginalspecimenlengthis115mm,whatisthemaximumlengthtowhichitmaybestretchedwithoutcausingplasticdeformation?7.8Acylindricalrodofcopper(E_110GPa,Stress(MPa)havingayieldstrengthof240Mpaistobesubjectedtoaloadof6660N.Ifthelengthof

53、therodis380mm,whatmustbethediametertoallowanelongationof0.50mm?7.9Consideracylindricalspecimenofasteelalloy(Figure7.33)10mmindiameterand75mmlongthatispulledintension.Determineitselongationwhenaloadof23,500Nisapplied.7.16Acylindricalspecimenofsomealloy8mmindiameterisstressedelasticallyintension.Aforc

54、eof15,700Nproducesareductioninspecimendiameterof5_10_3mm.ComputePoissonsratioforthismaterialifitsmodulusofelasticityis140GPa.7.17Acylindricalspecimenofahypotheticalmetalalloyisstressedincompression.Ifitsoriginalandfinaldiametersare20.000and20.025mm,respectively,anditsfinallengthis74.96mm,computeitso

55、riginallengthifthedeformationistotallyelastic.Theelasticandshearmoduliforthisalloyare105Gpaand39.7GPa,respectively.7.19Abrassalloyisknowntohaveayieldstrengthof275MPa,atensilestrengthof380MPa,andanelasticmodulusof103GPa.Acylindricalspecimenofthisalloy12.7mmindiameterand250mmlongisstressedintensionand

56、foundtoelongate7.6mm.Onthebasisoftheinformationgiven,isitpossibletocomputethemagnitudeoftheloadthatisnecessarytoproducethischangeinlength?Ifso,calculatetheload.Ifnot,explainwhy.7.20Acylindricalmetalspecimen15.0mmindiameterand150mmlongistobesubjectedtoatensilestressof50Mpa;atthisstressleveltheresulti

57、ngdeformationwillbetotallyelastic.Iftheelongationmustbelessthan0.072mm,whichofthemetalsinTabla7.1aresuitablecandidates?Why?If,inaddition,themaximumpermissiblediameterdecreaseis2.310-3mm,whichofthemetalsinTable7.1maybeused?Why?7.22Citetheprimarydifferencesbetweenelastic,anelastic,andplasticdeformatio

58、nbehaviors.7.23diameterof10.0mmistobedeformedusingatensileloadof27,500N.Itmustnotexperienceeitherplasticdeformationoradiameterreductionofmorethan7.510-3mm.Ofthematerialslistedasfollows,whicharepossiblecandidates?Justifyyourchoice(s).7.24Acylindricalrod380mmlong,havingadiameterof10.0mm,istobesubjecte

59、dtoatensileload.Iftherodistoexperienceneitherplasticdeformationnoranelongationofmorethan0.9mmwhentheappliedloadis24,500N,whichofthefourmetalsoralloyslistedbelowarepossiblecandidates?7.25Figure7.33showsthetensileengineeringstressstrainbehaviorforasteelalloy.(a)Whatisthemodulusofelasticity?(b)Whatisth

60、eproportionallimit?(c)Whatistheyieldstrengthatastrainoffsetof0.002?(d)Whatisthetensilestrength?7.27Aloadof44,500Nisappliedtoacylindricalspecimenofsteel(displayingthestressstrainbehaviorshowninFigure7.33)thathasacross-sectionaldiameterof10mm.(a)Willthespecimenexperienceelasticorplasticdeformation?Why