生理學(xué)基本概念雙語(yǔ)解釋

1、以通道為中介的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)facilitated diffusion via ion channel生理學(xué)根本概念的中英文名詞解釋蘇州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部生理學(xué)系學(xué)生版Basic Concepts of Physiology in English and Chinesefor the Students Use絕對(duì)不應(yīng)期 absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.動(dòng)作電位 action potentialAn action

2、potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

3、 active transportThe movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy后負(fù)荷 afterloadAfterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.自身調(diào)節(jié) autoregulationIn certain cases,

4、a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.完全強(qiáng)直收縮 complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that

5、 they literally fused together, and the contraction appearsto be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去極化 depolarizationThe change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞 endocytosisVery large particles enter the cell

6、by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡電位 equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemica

7、l potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.興奮性 excitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.興奮

8、 excitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞 exocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化擴(kuò)散 facilitated

9、diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion,

10、eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.反應(yīng) feedbackFeedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to

11、 modify the nature of control.穩(wěn)態(tài) HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.體內(nèi) in vivoExperiments performed on the whole body.內(nèi)環(huán)境internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called t

12、he internal environment of the body.等長(zhǎng)收縮isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.等張收縮 isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.負(fù)反應(yīng) negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed, i

13、nformation is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神經(jīng)肌肉接頭 neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.正反應(yīng) positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to

14、 reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前負(fù)荷 preloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.相對(duì)不應(yīng)期 relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second a

15、ction potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.復(fù)極化 repolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal

16、resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.靜息電位 resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳躍傳導(dǎo) salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve

17、impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.單純擴(kuò)散 simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances,moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.鈉-鉀泵sodium-po

18、tassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na 乜 out of cells and K乜 into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosinetriphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集 agglutinationDuring blood transfusi

19、on, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.血液凝固 blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to fo

20、rmation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型 blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substanceson the membrane of red blood cells.血壓 blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.穿插配血cross-match testSeru

21、m from recipient is tested against the donors cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipients cells, this test is called cross-matching test.紅細(xì)胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment,

22、 leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.紅細(xì)胞生成素 erythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.纖維蛋白溶解 fibrinolysisIn many ca

23、ses fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血紅蛋白 hemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromopr

24、otein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自動(dòng)節(jié)律性 autorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the

25、cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管 capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.心動(dòng)周期 cardiac cycl

26、eThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指數(shù) cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心輸出量 cardiac outputT

27、he product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.心力儲(chǔ)藏cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.心血管中樞 cardiovascular centerThe cardiov

28、ascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequentmodification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心靜脈壓 central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代償間歇 compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra be

29、at and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒張壓 diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不應(yīng)期 effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phas

30、e 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分?jǐn)?shù)ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).心

31、電圖 electrocardiogramThe synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.交換血管exchange vesselThe capillaries

32、 are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between bloodand the tissue cells take place.心音heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure

33、 differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.異常自身調(diào)節(jié) heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.平均動(dòng)脈壓 mean arter

34、ial pressureThe mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time. 微循環(huán) microcirculationMicrocirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tiss

35、ues and removal of cellular excreta.起搏點(diǎn) pacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.期前收縮 premature systoleWhen a second action potential is triggered at the ve

36、ry start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.脈壓 pulse pressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.每搏輸出量 stroke vo

37、lumeStroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.每搏功 stroke workThe stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收縮壓 systolic pressureThe pressure rises during

38、 cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100120mmHg.肺泡通氣量 alveolar ventilationThe amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amo

39、unts to 4.2L/min.解剖無(wú)效腔 anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory

40、passages.波爾效應(yīng) Bohr effectThe increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease

41、 in O2affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.順應(yīng)性 complianceDistensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects t

42、he presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure ( V/ P), the reciprocal of the compliance.彈性阻力 elastic resistanceA term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resista nee or elasta nceV/ P),the reciprocal of the compli

43、a nee.機(jī)能余氣量 functional residual capacityIt equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).何爾登效應(yīng) Haldane effectThe increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in responseto t

44、he combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.補(bǔ)吸氣量inspiratoy reserve volumeThe air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal

45、 volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸內(nèi)壓intrapleural pressureThe pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.肺內(nèi)壓intrapulmonary pressureThe pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.氧含量oxygen contentThe oxygen content is used to indic

46、ate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.氧離曲線oxygen dissociation curveThe graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic

47、sigmoid shape外表活性物質(zhì) pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.肺通氣 pulmonary ventilat

48、ionThe total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passageseach minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.余氣量residual volumeThe air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 120

49、0 milliliters.潮氣量 tidal volumeThe amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.肺總?cè)萘?total lung capacityThe maximum volume to which the l

50、ungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.通氣 -血流比 ventilation /perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5

51、 L/min blood flow).吸收 absorptionAbsorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.根底代謝率 basal metabolic rateThe basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a

52、 room or a comfortable temperature and 1214 hours after the last meal.體溫 body temperatureThe body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.消化 digestionDigestion

53、is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.能量代謝 energy metabolismThe energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.胃排空gastric emptyingGastric emptying is promoted by the intense per

54、istaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.胃泌素 gastrinGastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in t

55、wo forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.調(diào)定點(diǎn) set pointAt a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-p

56、oint level.慢波 slow waveIf an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.出汗 sweatingSweating is an ac

57、tive secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of body.醛固酮 aldosteroneAldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and dec

58、reasing potassium in the body.抗利尿激素 antidiuretic hormoneA product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.皮質(zhì)腎單位 cortical nephronThe nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical

59、 nephrons.腎小球有效濾過(guò)壓 glomerular effective filtration pressureThe effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)分?jǐn)?shù) glomerular filtration fractionThe glomerular fi

60、ltration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.球管平衡 glomerulotubular balanceOne of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in res