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1、-可編輯修改-可編輯修改-可編輯修改-謝孟媛英文初級(jí)文法第 1 集 筆記Unit1 名詞名詞的功用:當(dāng)主語,補(bǔ)語,賓語名詞的種類( 單數(shù) / 復(fù)數(shù) )例: I like dogs. 我喜歡狗。普通名詞 : book / pencil/ dog/ spaceship 宇宙飛船集合名詞: class / family/ audience 聽眾例 1. My family is large. 我家是一個(gè)大家庭。My family are all early risers. 我家人都起的很早.專用名詞: Bob/ Smith/ April/ London. 專用名詞前不能加冠詞,不加s下面的專用名詞需
2、要加上定冠詞例 : The United States 美國 The United Nations . 聯(lián)合國物質(zhì)名詞 : glass/ wood/ paper/ butter/ fruit數(shù)字 容器(度量衡) of 物質(zhì)名詞例 : a loaf of bread 一片面包 loaves of bread 很多面包a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡a sheet of paper. 一張紙 two sheets of paper 兩張紙 a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖抽象名詞: beauty 美麗 / honesty 誠實(shí) / love 愛/ patience耐心 / h
3、appiness 幸福 / music 音樂名詞的數(shù) 單數(shù):個(gè)數(shù)為 1 復(fù)數(shù):個(gè)數(shù)為 2 及以上規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞名詞字尾 +s , 大部分名詞例:dog-dogsbook -booksgirl girls名詞字尾為s/sh/ch/x/o 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 es 如 : classes, buses, dishes, benches, boxes, dishes注意名詞字尾為子音 o , 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 es 如 tomatoes但是也有例外的 如 photophotosPianopianos名詞字尾為子音 y, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞要去y ies如 baby-babiesstory-storiescity-citie
4、slady ladies名詞字尾為f 或 fe 去 f/fe ves如: leaf 葉 leaves knife knives wife wives也有例外 : handkerchiefs 手帕 chiefs 首領(lǐng),領(lǐng)袖 roofs 屋頂不規(guī)則變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞名詞字尾 加 en / ren 如 Ox -oxen , childchildren改變母音, 如:man-men / woman - women / goose geese鵝 / tooth-teeth / mouse-mice單復(fù)數(shù)同形, 如: fish , deer, sheep chineses japaneseone fish /
5、 two fisha kind of fish 一種魚two kinds of fishes 兩種魚名詞的所有格形成 :?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞名詞 s例 : the boy s schoolbag / Joans dress復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = 名詞 s 例: a girls school /these students teacher字尾非s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞=名詞s例如children s playground 操場(chǎng)特別注意的所有格用法:共同所有格及個(gè)別所有格共同所有格-名詞+ 名詞+名詞s個(gè)別所有格- 名詞s +名詞s +名詞s例 1. Harry and Bills father is a scientist. H
6、arry 和 Bill 的爸爸是個(gè)科學(xué)家。例 2. Harry s and Bill s fathers are scientist s. Harry 的爸爸和 Bill 的爸爸是科學(xué)家.(無)生物所有格:A的B = B of A如:桌子的腳the legs of the table車門 the door of the car女孩子的名字 the girl s name = the name of the girl所有格之后的名詞如在句中非常容易理解時(shí)可以省略。例 1. She s going to the dentists (office).她要去看牙醫(yī)。(office 可以省略,denti
7、st s office 牙醫(yī)診所)例2. I met him at the barbers (shop )我在理發(fā)店遇見他。(shop 可以省略,barber s shop 理發(fā)店)例 3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds r restaurant ) 我們?cè)邴湲?dāng)勞吃午餐。冠詞不定冠詞(沒有限定,表數(shù)量為一):a / an定冠the,它通常放在名詞前/形容詞+名詞前用來修飾名詞。a/ an 的用法子音開頭的單數(shù)用 a母音開頭的單數(shù)用 an (元音有5個(gè),分別是a e i o u)如 a book a girl a young a manan apple/ a
8、n umbrella/ an old womana/ an 的發(fā)音I read a novel,我讀一本小說I read a novel, not two.(這里 a 發(fā)音 , 表示強(qiáng)調(diào))the的用法-子音前的讀e?,母音前讀ei例:Please shut the door.請(qǐng)把那扇門關(guān)上(特指一定要加 the )The+形容詞,常表示一群人The rich aren t always happy.富人并不總是快樂的。The rich 有錢人 the old 老人 the young 年輕人Until 2 be動(dòng)詞一般動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)be 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí) am are is / 表狀態(tài),存在例:1.
9、 We are happy.She is in America.主語+ be動(dòng)詞第一人稱I+am第二人稱you they復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ are第三人稱的單數(shù)+ is例: I am a boy.例:You are my son.你們是我的兒子。例: He is my student.Be 動(dòng)詞的否定句 am/ are / is+ nott a good baseball player.He is not a good baseball player. = He isnBe動(dòng)詞的疑問句肯定句: 主語 + am/ are /is .疑問句:am / are / is + 主語例: That is his
10、 camera.肯定句Is that his camera?疑問句高中生(肯定句)The girl is a junior high school student.這個(gè)女孩是中學(xué)生。Senior high school.Is the girl a junior high school student?疑問句Be動(dòng)詞開頭的疑問句可用yes或no回答t.Is that man your math teacher ? 那個(gè)男人是你的說學(xué)老師嗎?Yes, he is. / No, he isnAre you eating your lunch? 你吃中午飯了嗎? Yes, I am. / No, I
11、m not.主語+ 一般動(dòng)詞-現(xiàn)在時(shí)中主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí):一般動(dòng)詞+s或es例:I like dogs. / We like dogs.You like dogs. / You like dogs.He likes dogs. 第三人稱單數(shù)十 s一般動(dòng)詞加s或es的方法1.大部分動(dòng)詞加 s 如:works, plays般動(dòng)詞字尾為 o .s .sh. ch. 時(shí),+ es 如:goes/ washes/ watches一般動(dòng)詞字尾音為y 時(shí),去 y+ ies 女口: cry-cries/ study-studieshave 和hashave(有/吃的意思)單數(shù)動(dòng)詞為has例 1. They
12、have a lot of money.他們有很多錢。例2. He has a lot of money. 他有很多錢.。第三人稱單數(shù)用has一般動(dòng)詞的否定句-不可在一般動(dòng)詞后加not必須用助動(dòng)詞 do / doesDo用于主語為I / you / 復(fù)數(shù)Does用于主語為第三人稱單數(shù)否定句主語+ do/ does + not + 原形動(dòng)詞例1. The twin brothers go to school by bus.這對(duì)雙胞胎是乘公交車上學(xué)的。后接動(dòng)詞原形)否定: The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. ( do not 可縮寫成 don
13、 t,2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant.Sam 在那家餐廳吃晚餐。否定: Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant.比較否定句be 動(dòng)詞, 肯定句: He is my boyfriend.否定句: He isnt my boyfriend.一般動(dòng)詞,肯定句: He likes dogs.否定句:He doesn t like dogs.一般動(dòng)詞的疑問句-不能將一般動(dòng)詞放在主語前,必須用助動(dòng)詞 do/ does疑問句: Do / Does +主語 +原形動(dòng)詞例 1. You visit your grandmother
14、 on Sunday.疑問句:Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday?你每逢星期天去看你的外婆嗎例 2. He comes from England.疑問句:Does he come from England?他是來自英國嗎?助動(dòng)詞do/ does開頭的疑問句回答用 yes/no之后用do/ does 回答例:Does the little boy go to school?這個(gè)小男孩已經(jīng)上學(xué)了嗎?Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.比較-疑問句be 動(dòng)詞,肯定句: She is beautiful.疑問句:Is she beau
15、tiful?一般動(dòng)詞,肯定句:She loves tennis.疑問句:Does she love tennis?Unilt 3 be動(dòng)詞/一般動(dòng)詞的過去式1. be 動(dòng)詞的過去式 was / weream/ is = was are=were過去式的be動(dòng)詞,表示過去時(shí)間中發(fā)生的狀態(tài)例 1.現(xiàn)在式 He is busy now.例2.過去式 He was busy then. 那時(shí)他很忙。時(shí)間副詞改變,動(dòng)詞也必須改變例1.現(xiàn)在式 My parents are at home now.我的父母現(xiàn)在在家。例2.過去式 My parents were at home yesterday.我的父母昨
16、天在家Be動(dòng)詞(過去式)的否定句 - 主語+ was / were + not例 1.肯定句: Mr. Brown was a vet.否定句: Mr. Brown wasn t a vet.vet 獸醫(yī)例 2. 肯定句: Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time.否定句: Joe and Brian werent in the living room at that time.Be動(dòng)詞(過去式)的疑問句 Was / Were +主語?例 1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year.Wend
17、y 去年就讀 7 年級(jí)。疑問句: Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year?答句:Yes, 主語 +was/wereNo,主語 +was/were not例 2. Were you a pianist?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式am/are/is+ Ving過去進(jìn)行式 was/were+ Ving piano 車忖琴 pianist車W琴家Yes, I was. / No. I wasnt2. 一般動(dòng)詞的過去式規(guī)則變化/不規(guī)則變化規(guī)則變化- ed d ied原形動(dòng)詞字尾+ ed 如:helped spelledwanted needed worked ed 的發(fā)音t/d
18、,字尾是t+ed念ed原形動(dòng)詞字尾有 e + d如:love-loveddancedanced字尾是d+ed念ed原形動(dòng)詞為子音+短母音+子音,重復(fù)字尾+ed 如 stopped planned ( 計(jì)戈U)原形動(dòng)詞為子音有 y,去y +ied 如:study studiedcry cried現(xiàn)在式:原形動(dòng)詞為子音有y去y加ies形容詞比較級(jí):原形動(dòng)詞為子音有y去y加ier形成比較級(jí)不規(guī)則變化如: eat - ate / read - read寫法一樣happy- happier讀音不同 / write - wrote /ride rodecome came / have had/ see s
19、awseesawgive - gave / take - took蹺蹺板 / go went / teach - taughtgh 一起在詞中間,不發(fā)音現(xiàn)在式:過去式:媽媽每天早上去超市。I walk to school every day.I walked to school yesterday.動(dòng)詞隨著時(shí)間改變形態(tài)(時(shí)態(tài))Mother goes to a supermarket every morning .過去式: Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning .媽媽昨天早上去超市了。主語為第三人稱單數(shù)過去式動(dòng)詞不需加s.過去式是不分人稱的
20、一般動(dòng)詞(過去式)的否定句-需用助動(dòng)詞 Did不分人稱與單復(fù)數(shù),都是did(現(xiàn)在式Do/Does )肯定句:主語+ 一般動(dòng)詞過去式否定句: 主語+ did not +動(dòng)詞原形例1. He called you last night他昨天打給你電話了否定: He didin t call you last night.他昨天沒有給你打電話。例2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday .我的姐姐和我昨天一整天都在看電視。否定: My sister and I didn t watch TV all day yesterday我和我的姐姐昨天并非
21、一整天都在看電視。not all 并非全部比較:否定句(過去式)Be 動(dòng)詞 She was at home.She wasn t at home.一般動(dòng)詞 - She studied English.She didn t study English.一般動(dòng)詞的疑問句(過去式)肯定句:主語+一般動(dòng)詞過去式疑問句:Did +主語 + 一般動(dòng)詞原形?例如1. His friends went to that movie last week.他的朋友們上周去看電影了。疑問句: Did his friends go to that movie last week?例如 2. Grace wrote a
22、letter to David.Grace 給 David 寫了一封信。疑問句:Did Grace write a letter to David ?Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.疑問句比較(過去式)- Be 動(dòng)詞VS 一般動(dòng)詞Be動(dòng)詞- He was sick.sick是形容詞,表狀態(tài),原形與過去式一樣疑問句: Was he sick? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn t.一般動(dòng)詞 -He did his homework.did 是一般動(dòng)詞 do 的過去式, do homework 寫作業(yè)疑問句: Did he do his homewo
23、rk?Yes, he did. / No, he didn t.注意:do/does 現(xiàn)在式 did 過去式這三個(gè)字母都有倆種身份:.它可以當(dāng)一般動(dòng)詞:做”的意思.它也是助動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞區(qū)分辦法:用作助動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面一定會(huì)有一個(gè)原形動(dòng)詞 代名詞1.人稱代名詞人稱/格主格所有格受格主格所有格受格A人稱Imymeweourus第二人稱youyouryouyouyouryouheHisHim第三人稱sheHerHertheytheirthemititsit主格,所有格,受格(賓語)的用法主格十動(dòng)詞 如: He likes sports.所有格+名詞如:His friends are over ther
24、e.他的朋友們都在那里。一般動(dòng)詞+賓語/介系詞 如:The girl loves him very much.這個(gè)女孩非常愛他。例1. Who is it?你是誰啊?(沒有看見的時(shí)候問的,有人敲門的時(shí)候可以這么問)Its I.Its me這個(gè)用的人多。Who is this?打電話的時(shí)候可以這么問,你是誰???It的用法It可表示天候時(shí)間距離例 1. It rains a lot of in taipiei in spring.在春天的臺(tái)北下很多雨。例 2. It was two oclock when he came back. 當(dāng)他回到家時(shí)是 2 點(diǎn)鐘了。例 3. Its five kilo
25、meters from here to the airport.從這里到機(jī)場(chǎng)有 5 公里。It可表示某一狀況-多半是說話人及聽的人都能了解的特定狀況。例 1. Who knocked at the door? 誰在敲門?回答:I thought it was Jack .我認(rèn)為是 Jack.例 2. Its all up to you. 一切由你決定.例3. I like it here.我喜歡這里,例 4. I don t feel like it.我不想。It可當(dāng)假主語-代替一事件例 1. It ,s difficult to learn spanish.學(xué)習(xí)西班牙文很難。例 2. Its
26、 important that you should tell the truth.你說實(shí)話是很重要的。例3. Its no use telling him about it .告訴他這個(gè)也是沒有用的。Its no use 是沒有用的We / You / They 的特別的用法例1. We had a heavy rain yesderday. 昨天下了一場(chǎng)大雨。 We 是所在的地點(diǎn)。例2. You don t see many Chinese there.在那里看不到很多中國人。例 3. They speak English in Canada.加拿大人說英文。所有代名詞所有代名詞的形式人稱
27、/格所有格所有代名詞所有格所有代名詞A人稱mymine 我的ourours第二人稱youryoursyouryourshishis第三人稱herherstheirTheirsitsits所有代名詞的用法所有格+名詞例 1. Your house is bigger than (my house).把 my house 省略用 mine 代替mine 是所有代名詞省略)are there.我的自行車在這里,他的自行車在那里。回家的路上遇見了我的老朋友。(my friends 省略用 mine 代替).Your house is bigger than mine.例 2. My bicycles
28、are here and his. (his bicycles例 3. I met one of my old friends on the way home . =I met an old friend of my friends on the way home. =I met an old friend of mine on the way home.名詞的所有代名詞-所有格例:My dog is black and Jasans is white.我的狗是黑色的,Jasans 是白的。反身代名詞-反身代名詞的形式的自己就是反身代名詞第三人稱的受格+ Self selfish自私的第一人稱
29、/第二人稱的所有格+ SelfSelvesSelves人稱單數(shù)用self復(fù)數(shù)的用selves第一人稱用所有格myself (我自己)ourselves第二人稱用所有格yourself (你自己)yourselves第三人稱用受格himself herself itself (他自己)theirselves反身代名詞的用法:主語賓語對(duì)象相同的時(shí)候。例 1. You always talk to yourself.你總是自言自語。例2. The little girl hurt(過去式)herself.這個(gè)小女孩受傷了。例3. He can do it by himself他自己可以做這個(gè)事。=H
30、e himself can do it. (表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的)例4. I saw the singer himself.我看到了這個(gè)歌手本人了。指示代名詞 - 表示人或事物的代名詞(this these / that those)一般用法-用于人或事物,離說話者距離近用this these距離遠(yuǎn)的用that / those例1. This is my mask and that is Marys.這是我的口罩而那是瑪麗的。例2. Who is this?(電話用語)誰啊?Who was that (距離遠(yuǎn))on the telephone?剛才打電話的是誰啊?例 3. Things are easi
31、er these days.這些天事情順利多了。these day 這些天代替用法-代替已經(jīng)敘述過的字。代替單數(shù)名詞用that,代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞用those.臺(tái)北的天氣比高雄涼爽。例 1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung.the weather 省略了用that代替她的興趣和她的童年的興趣不一樣。例 2. Her interests are different from those of her childhood.the interests 省略了用 those 代替-可編輯修改-可編輯修改-So 作為動(dòng)詞的賓語或補(bǔ)語
32、 , 指前面出現(xiàn)的字或句子。例 1. Will it be fine tomorrow? 明天的天氣好嗎?回答: I hope so. 我希望會(huì)好。 或 I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.例 2. Do you still sick? If so, you must see the doctor.如果你還是覺得不好的話,你一定要去看醫(yī)生。例 3. Nancy can play the violin and so can I納西會(huì)拉小提琴。 我也會(huì)。So can I. 我也會(huì) 也可以用 I can too.例 4. She is smart so she
33、is. 她很聰明,她的確如此. (so she is 她的確如此)She is smart, so is he. 她很聰明,他也是. (so is he 他也是 )Such 有“那樣的事物 / 人”之意。 可當(dāng)代名詞/形容詞,也可用于單復(fù)數(shù)。例 1. They will plant flowers such as ross ,sunflowers.plant flowers 種花 plant 花草,不能吃的他們要種一些像玫瑰和向日葵那樣的花grow rice 種水稻 grow 種可以吃的東西例 2. I don t know such a man. 我不認(rèn)識(shí)那樣的人。 such a / an
34、形容詞名詞例 3. Have you tasted any such food before?你以前嘗過像那樣的食物嗎?have tasted 過去分詞是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)such 前可以接 all / other / another / any / few / every / no等Same 一般前都加the 表示相同的物或事例 1. Can I have a cup of coffee please? 請(qǐng)給我來一杯咖啡。 Server 服務(wù)員Give me the same please. 我也要一杯咖啡the same 必須要 the 有限定的和前面的人要的一樣咖啡。例 2. He
35、uses the same typewriter as I do. 他使用和我相同的打字機(jī)do 是使用的意思the same as 與相同的不定代名詞 不特定的人或物或者非一定數(shù)量的代名詞例 1. Some of the boys like English. 那些男孩中有些喜歡英文。of 相當(dāng)于中文“的” some 是代名詞作主語例 2. Some boys like English. 有些男孩喜歡英文。 some 是形同詞one / onesone = a/ an ones = 指不特定的人或物復(fù)數(shù)例 1. I have a lost my watch and I have to by on
36、e.one 指前面的物 a watch我丟了我的手表我要買一塊。例 2. I like small cars better than large ones.我喜歡小車勝過大車。ones 指前面的物 cars better than 是勝過的意思o(jì)ne = a/an +單數(shù)名詞It = the +單數(shù)名詞例 1. Here are some apples, take one. 這里有一些蘋果拿一個(gè)。(蘋果有許多個(gè),你隨便拿一個(gè),沒有指定)例 2. I bought a good camera, Ill lend it to you.我買了一個(gè)好相機(jī),我會(huì)把它借給你。It 是指新的相機(jī), the
37、camera.Both/ allBoth 兩者都用于兩個(gè)人或兩個(gè)事物All 全部,所有的 指數(shù)量為 3 或 3 以上的人或事物,也可代表不可數(shù)名詞。位置: be 動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞之后/ 一般動(dòng)詞之前, 定冠詞 the / 所有格 / 數(shù)詞 / 形容詞之前。例 1. Both of her children went to New York.她的兩個(gè)孩子都去過紐約。如果把 both 改成 two 的話 也就是她的孩子當(dāng)中的兩個(gè)孩子的意思。(不止兩個(gè)孩子)Two of her children went to New York.她的兩個(gè)孩子去了紐約。例 2. I ve read both these
38、papers.例 3. All of my money was stolen.我讀了這兩份報(bào)紙了。我所有的錢被偷了。例 4. You may take all these toys.你把這些玩具全拿走。 all these toys = them allYou may take them all.你把它們?nèi)米摺W⒁?: both /all 出現(xiàn)否定句時(shí)表示部分否定。例 1. I don t know both of her parents. 她的父母我并非都認(rèn)識(shí)。= I know just one of her parents. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她的父母中其中的一個(gè)。not all 并非Not all
39、 of them come from England.她們當(dāng)中并非都來自英國。Either/ NeitherEither 指兩者之中不論那一個(gè)都可以,但是只選其中一。Neither 為 both 的否定 , 表示兩者都不, 本身為否定字, 不可和 not 同時(shí)出現(xiàn)。Neither not either例 1. Do you know either of the visitors?你認(rèn)識(shí)這兩個(gè)觀光客的一個(gè)嗎?例 2. I don t like both hats. 這兩頂帽子我并非都喜歡。I like neither of the hats. 這兩頂帽子我都不喜歡。Either / Neithe
40、r 也有副詞的用法,也不例 1. Bill didn t come to my party and Ken didnt either / neither / neither did Ken.Bill 沒有參加我的 party , Ken 也沒有來。Some / any 一般而言。Some 用于肯定Any 用于否定句 / 疑問句 / 條件句可代替可數(shù)或不可數(shù)。例 1. Some of the boys were late. 這些男孩中 一些人遲到了。例 2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse.例 3. Please lend me some mo
41、ney if you have any.如果你有錢的話,請(qǐng)借我一些。例 4. Do you have any magazines to read?你有任何雜志可以讀嗎?Some 可用于表示請(qǐng)求/ 邀請(qǐng)例1. Will you give me some help?請(qǐng)給我一些幫助好嗎?will you請(qǐng)你好嗎”的意思例 2. How about some tea? 喝些茶怎么樣?other / anotherother 表示他人或事物 復(fù)數(shù) others( 指形容詞 )another表示不特定的另外一個(gè),另一沒有復(fù)數(shù) an + other = another例 1. I have two stud
42、ents.One is short, the other is tall.我有兩個(gè)學(xué)生,一個(gè)是矮個(gè)兒,一個(gè)是高個(gè)兒。例 2. I have three flowers 我有 3 朵花。One is red, another is yellow, the other is pink.一個(gè)是紅色的,一個(gè)是黃色的,另一個(gè)是粉色的。例 3. I don t like this one, show me another. ( 總數(shù)為 3 或 3 以上的 )show me the other. (總數(shù)為 2 個(gè))例 4. Some of the boys are here but where are th
43、e others.一些男孩在這里但是其他的人都去哪里呢例 5. Some people said yes, and others said no .一些人說是,一些人說不是。 other 沒有限定所以不加the比較 :one the otherone the othersone anotherone another the othersome of( 這些中 )the others (復(fù)數(shù))some剩的一些部分沒有提到的 未叫例舉others / some其他 :none 無 several 數(shù)個(gè) most 大部分例 1. None of the telephones is/are worki
44、ng .這些電話沒有一個(gè)通的。例 2. Several of my friends attended the meeting . 我的幾個(gè)朋友參加了會(huì)議。例 3. Most of it is true. 這個(gè)事情大部分都是真的。大多數(shù)人不知道的。的最高級(jí) , the most s cards? 誰的賀年卡最多?ve ever seen.例 4. Most of the people know it,Most 可當(dāng)形容詞為 Many, Much例 1. Who got the most New Year例 2. She is the most beautiful girl that IUnit
45、5 時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞隨著時(shí)間來變化時(shí)態(tài)1.現(xiàn)在 (簡(jiǎn)單 )式動(dòng)詞形式 : Be 動(dòng)詞 am / is / are; 一般動(dòng)詞主語為第三人稱的單數(shù)加s/es時(shí)間副詞 : how, every使用時(shí)機(jī):表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作例 1. There are many visitors in the Zoo.在動(dòng)物園里有很多觀光客。例 2. Here comes the bus.公車來了。表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作例 1. David often sleeps during class.David 總是在上課時(shí)睡覺。例 2. My parents take exercise in the park every morn
46、ing .我的父母每天早上在公園里鍛煉。take exercise play sportsmath exercises ( 意為 “習(xí)題 ”的時(shí)候,有單復(fù)數(shù)之分)表示不變的事實(shí) .真理例 1. The earth moves around the sun. 地球圍著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。2 過去簡(jiǎn)單式動(dòng)詞形式 : Be 動(dòng)詞 was / were ;一般動(dòng)詞過去式,動(dòng)詞加ed (不分人稱)時(shí)間副詞 yesterday morning /afternoon /evening / the day before yeasterday.last 時(shí)間 last week / last night / last ye
47、ar時(shí)間 ago two hours ago/ five days ago /兩小時(shí)前5 天前before 以前then(= at that time) 那時(shí)使用時(shí)機(jī) :表示過去的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作例 1. I bought this yesterday. 我昨天買了這個(gè)。 buy 的過去式 bought例 2. There was an old temple over there. 那里以前有個(gè)古老的寺廟。表示過去習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作used tot). 我的爸爸以前抽煙。(現(xiàn)在不抽了??梢允÷裕├?1. My father used to smoke. (but now he doesnused to 過去
48、發(fā)生的,不持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式 動(dòng)詞形式 : Be 動(dòng)詞 am /are /is Ving現(xiàn)在分詞( ving )的形成 :原形動(dòng)詞 ing 大部分動(dòng)詞speak - speakingcome - coming例: talk - talking say - saying原形動(dòng)詞為字尾e 去 e ing例: have - having write - writing原形動(dòng)詞為子音短母音子音 要重復(fù)字尾 ing(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))brunch 早午餐例: put - putting cut - cutting swim - swimming 例 1. We are eating breakfast n
49、ow. 我們正在吃早餐。比較 :We ate breakfast before going to school.上學(xué)前我們吃過了早餐。 (過去式 )We eat breakfast every morning. 我們每天吃早餐。 (現(xiàn)在式)使用時(shí)機(jī):表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作John 正在收看電視轉(zhuǎn)播的棒球比賽。例 :1. John is watching the baseball game on TV now.表示重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 常隨著 always ( 總是一直 ), all the time , again and again (反復(fù)的)等例 1. He is always compla
50、ining. 他總是抱怨。抱怨人 /事 = complaining about + 受詞(抱怨的對(duì)象)She is always complaining about me. 她總是抱怨我。例 2. The cars breaking down all the time.這些車總是壞。 cheer up 振作起來表示最近的未來即將發(fā)生動(dòng)作某些動(dòng)詞如 : come,go,start,leave,arrive (來去動(dòng)詞, 可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式表示即將發(fā)生的未來)例 1. I m leaving for Kenting tomorrow.我即將前往Kenting 。leave+ 地點(diǎn): 離開某地leave
51、 for + 地點(diǎn):前往某地My boyfrined is coming to see me this afternoon.我的男朋友下午要來看我。注意 : 某些動(dòng)詞不可能用于進(jìn)行式中 (現(xiàn)在做,下一秒可以不做的動(dòng)作,可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式)如表示感官的動(dòng)詞: see, hear, smell 等例 1. I m seeing the bird in the tree.(這句話是不對(duì)的)例 2. I m looking at the bird in the tree. 我正在看這樹上的那個(gè)鳥。(正確的)look at 眼睛盯著看hear 則要用 listeing to( 專心的聽 )表示情感的動(dòng)詞:
52、 love, like, hate 等其他動(dòng)詞 : have , know 等-可編輯修改-可編輯修改-.過去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞形式:Be動(dòng)詞 was /were + Ving(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式是:Be動(dòng)詞am/are/is + Ving )Ving現(xiàn)在分詞,不代表現(xiàn)在式,它表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行/主動(dòng)例1. He was playing frisbee in the park then.那個(gè)時(shí)侯他正在公園里玩飛盤。使用時(shí)機(jī)表示過去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作(過去時(shí)間定點(diǎn)里面發(fā)生的事)例1. We were palying chess at eight yesterday evening .昨天晚上8點(diǎn)我們正在下棋
53、。(過去進(jìn)行時(shí))比較: We played chess yesterday evening.( 過去式)例 2. Lily was taking a bath when the doorbell rang當(dāng)門鈴響時(shí) Lily 正在泡澡。take a shower 淋浴 take a bath 盆浴表示過去時(shí)間某一期限中反復(fù)性的動(dòng)作例1. Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV.我無論什么時(shí)候去看他,他都是在看電視例 2. In those days, we were getting up at six oclock.那些天里我們都是 6 點(diǎn)起床。.
54、未來式用來表示發(fā)生于未來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Be going to +原形動(dòng)詞Be going to 的含義:表示用于實(shí)現(xiàn)性非常高的事或事先計(jì)劃好的未來。tomorrow (morning, afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow后天next+ 時(shí)間 下一 next week/next yearin +時(shí)間 (在當(dāng)中/在之后)In a faw days ( 幾天后)in a week (在一星期之后)例1. I m going to visit my uncle tomorrow .我明天打算去看望我的叔叔。例 2. I have to buy the
55、 ladder because I m going to paint the house.我必須要買一個(gè)梯子,因?yàn)槲掖蛩憬o房子刷油漆。刷成白色 paint the house white paint 畫畫,畫水彩畫 /油畫”例 3. I don t feel good .I m afraid I m going to be sick.我覺的不舒服,恐怕要感冒了。例 4. Are they going to have a party on Christmas Eve?他們要在圣誕夜舉辦宴會(huì)嗎?will(將要)-will+原形動(dòng)詞我們將要中學(xué)畢業(yè)了。我們要中學(xué)畢業(yè)了。( be going to 強(qiáng)
56、調(diào)計(jì)劃性) 我們要中學(xué)畢業(yè)了。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式,表未來要做的事 )我明天要15歲了。例 1. We will leave junior high school soon.We are going to junior high school soon.We are leaving junior high school soon. 例 2. I will be fifteen years old next year.will不能用am going to 代替)年齡不需事先計(jì)劃,所以不用be going tobe going to強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃性例3. I can t move this large box.
57、我搬不動(dòng)這個(gè)箱子。I】l do it for you .我會(huì)幫你做。(不能用I am going to do it for you)不是計(jì)劃好的例4. I will not change my mind.我不會(huì)改變主意。=I ll not / I wont change my mind.Will you ?表請(qǐng)求或邀約表 請(qǐng)求”Will you , ?請(qǐng)你好嗎?肯定回答用Sure / OK / All right.否定回答用No,I can t / I m sorry, I cant表 邀請(qǐng)Will you ?要不要?好不好?肯定回答用 Yes, please./ Yes, thank you
58、.否定回答用No, thank you例1. Will you look after the baby for me?請(qǐng)你幫我照顧一下我的寶寶好嗎?look after 照顧 take care of 照顧回答 Sure./I m sorry, ( but ) I can t例 2. Will you have another cup of coffee?再來一杯咖啡好嗎?回答 Yes, please. / Yes, thank you. / No, thank you.Unit 6 WH 問句,祈使句,感嘆句Yes/ No 問句:Be動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞放句首,回答以 yes / no 回答的1.W
59、h問句 疑問詞(Wh及How )為首的疑問句(不能回答yes/ no )疑問代名詞 what who which whose代名詞可做主詞,受詞,補(bǔ)語疑問副詞when where why how副詞表示:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、理由、目的、方法等疑問形容詞 what whose which( 十名詞)形容詞搭配名詞,補(bǔ)充說明名詞what time / whose book/ which one疑問代名詞的用法:疑問詞當(dāng)主語,句型:疑問詞 +動(dòng)詞?例 1. Who is cooking in the kitchen?Kete and Mary are.例2. What is (there) un
60、der your bed?你的床下有什么東西 ?There is a ball under your bed.-可編輯修改-可編輯修改-疑問詞當(dāng)主詞時(shí),視為單數(shù),其后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞(狀況不明,視為單數(shù))疑問詞當(dāng)補(bǔ)語,句型:疑問詞+ be動(dòng)詞+ 主語-?例 1. Whose are these toys? 這些玩具是誰的? 回答 These toys are mine.例 2. Who is that tall boy? 那個(gè)高個(gè)兒的男孩是誰?。恳蓡栐~當(dāng)受詞(賓語),句型:疑問詞+助動(dòng)詞+主語+V (原形動(dòng)詞)?例 1. Which do you want to take? 你想要拿哪一個(gè)?疑問副詞
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