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1、 2011年閱讀真題講解Passage One生詞釋義1. Goldman Sachs board: 高盛公司的董事會(huì)2. outside director: 外部董事3. to manage: (成功地)設(shè)法做到 與fail to do 正好相反 # manage to do sth: 設(shè)法做到sth # manage sth: 設(shè)法(做到) sth * How do you manage to stay so slim? 你是如何做到保持這么苗條的?* We somehow managed to persuade him。 我們?cè)O(shè)法說(shuō)動(dòng)了他。* Tom managed two goals
2、in the last ten minutes. Tom在最后十分鐘之內(nèi)設(shè)法進(jìn)了兩個(gè)球。* I dont know how Ill manage it, but Ill be there. 我不知道如何應(yīng)對(duì), 但是我會(huì)到達(dá)那里的。 * to manage two roles: 設(shè)法應(yīng)對(duì)好兩個(gè)角色criticism: (名詞)批評(píng) to criticize: (動(dòng)詞)be under fire for sth : 因?yàn)閟th受到譴責(zé)= be criticized for to sit on/in: 在( 機(jī)構(gòu)中) 擔(dān)任成員* He was the first journalist to sit
3、in parliament. 他是第一個(gè)在國(guó)會(huì)中任職的記者。 * to sit on the committee: 在委員會(huì)中任職compensation: (名詞) 1) 補(bǔ)償 2)(文中含義) 薪酬committee: 委員會(huì)bonus: 獎(jiǎng)金payout: 付出的巨款to remark: 說(shuō), 評(píng)論 *This house must be very old, he remarked.# remark that *Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.安德森離開(kāi)桌子, 說(shuō)他有些事情要做。#remark
4、on/upon 評(píng)論*He remarked on the difference in security measures at the two airports.他對(duì)兩個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)的安檢措施的差異做了評(píng)論* let sth pass unremarked: (文中短語(yǔ)) 對(duì)sth不做評(píng)論, 就任它了事了Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest o
5、f the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left t
6、he board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. Ruth Simmons于2000年1月加入高盛公司董事會(huì), 成為一名外部董事。 一年后, 她成為布朗大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)。 此后近十年時(shí)間里, 她很明顯扮演著兩個(gè)角色, 但并未引起多少責(zé)難。 但是在2009年年底, Simmons 女士卻由于擔(dān)任高盛公司薪酬委員會(huì)委員, 而收到抨擊; 她怎可能讓巨額獎(jiǎng)金得以發(fā)放而不加以評(píng)論呢? 到第二年的2月份, Simmons便離開(kāi)了高盛公司董事會(huì)。 她說(shuō), 該職位占用了她太多的時(shí)間。 be supposed to do sth: 應(yīng)
7、該做sth= be meant to do * Were supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 oclock. 我們應(yīng)該在11點(diǎn)之前結(jié)賬離開(kāi)酒店。 * Im not supposed to tell anyone. 我不應(yīng)該告訴任何人。 * What time are you supposed to be there? 你應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候到達(dá)那里? to serve as (a position): 擔(dān)任(某個(gè)職位) * to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers 擔(dān)任有益的、又相對(duì)公正的顧問(wèn)to mak
8、e ones wealth and reputation: 創(chuàng)造財(cái)富和樹(shù)立名聲presumably: 很可能, 大概 to presume: 假定proposal: ( 動(dòng)詞) 提議to weather: (動(dòng)詞) 1). (安全地)度過(guò)困境* The company weathered the storm of objections to the scheme. 公司安全度過(guò)了反對(duì)該計(jì)劃的風(fēng)波。* Northern Ireland weathered the recession better than any other region in the UK. 和英國(guó)其他地區(qū)相比, 北愛(ài)爾蘭更好
9、地度過(guò)了經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。 2) (由于風(fēng)吹日曬)變了顏色* Her face was weathered by the sun. 她的臉由于日曬而變了顏色。Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief exe
10、cutives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. 外部董事在企業(yè)董事會(huì)中應(yīng)扮演有益而又相對(duì)公正的顧問(wèn)角色。由于他們?cè)趧e處已創(chuàng)造了自己的財(cái)富和聲譽(yù), 所以他們很可能有足夠的獨(dú)立性否定總裁的建議。 如果公司經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況不佳, 股價(jià)下跌, 外部董事應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己以往應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出建議。 a database: 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)to cover: 1) (文
11、中含義)包含, 囊括重點(diǎn)詞匯 * a course covering business law一門(mén)包含商業(yè)法律的課程 * Exercise is a word which covers a vast range of activities. 練習(xí)是一個(gè)包括很大范圍活動(dòng)的一個(gè)詞。 e 2) 跑過(guò)(的距離)/ (具體數(shù)量) * They were hoping to cover 40 miles yesterday. 昨天他們希望跑40英里。 * A leopard can cover a lot of ground very quickly。 獵豹能快速跑很多路。 probability:= l
12、ikelihood: 可能性subsequent: (形容詞) 隨后的*subsequent pages of the book這本書(shū)隨后的頁(yè)碼# subsequent to something 緊接著sth; sth 之后= immediately after * Events happened subsequent to the accident. 事故之后的發(fā)生的事件 to restate: 重申lawsuit: 訴訟案* His lawyer filed a lawsuit against the city. 他的律師起訴這個(gè)城市。to suggest: 暗示suggestive: 暗
13、示性的, 讓人揣測(cè)的* Are you suggesting my husbands been drinking? 你在暗示我老公一直在喝酒?* A correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive. 外部董事的離職與隨后企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)下滑之間的相互關(guān)系讓人難免揣測(cè)。 to jump off a sinking ship: 本義是“從一艘慢慢沉下去的船上跳離” 比喻為“ 離開(kāi)充滿是非的公司”to trade up: (交易中)得到更好的東西*It also encoura
14、ges existing home owners to trade up to larger accommodation。 它鼓勵(lì)了現(xiàn)在的房子擁有者置換更大的居所。 The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy s
15、tatement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings inc
16、reased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it do
17、es not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up,” leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms. 俄亥俄大學(xué)的研究者們建立了一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù), 該數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)囊括了1989年至2004年的10,000多家公司和64,000多位不同的董事。 后來(lái), 他們又專門(mén)核查了哪些外部董事連任了兩屆。 離開(kāi)董事會(huì)最可能的原因是年齡, 所以研究者們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)是那些不到70歲卻和“離奇”消失的外部董事們。
18、他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在外部董事意外離開(kāi)后, 公司不得不立即重申盈利狀況的可能性上升了近20%。 在聯(lián)邦法院所受理的集體起訴案件中被涉及的可能性也會(huì)增加, 并且公司在股市的表現(xiàn)也可能會(huì)更糟。 盡管外部董事的離職與隨后企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)下滑之間的相互關(guān)系讓人難免揣測(cè), 但這并不意味著外部董事們總是在公司危難之時(shí)離開(kāi)。 他們常常“人往高處走”,離開(kāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的小公司, 轉(zhuǎn)而投身到規(guī)模更大更為穩(wěn)定的大企業(yè)。 a blot to sth: 對(duì)sth的一個(gè)打擊a review of history: 歷史的回顧wrongdoing: (n) 不軌之事to occur: 發(fā)生 ( occurred, occurred) occur
19、rence: (名詞)發(fā)生的事incentive: (名詞) 激勵(lì) # create/provide/give somebody an incentive 給sb 提供獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)*Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.獎(jiǎng)品激勵(lì)年輕人提高他們的技藝。to follow the example of sb: 以sb為模范; 步sb 的后塵But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a
20、blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will foll
21、ow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 但是研究人員相信,假如回顧歷史, 當(dāng)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)公司發(fā)生不軌行為時(shí), 外部董事并未溜之大吉。 如果在壞消息傳出前就離開(kāi)公司, 他們會(huì)更輕易地避免聲譽(yù)受損。 那些想在艱難時(shí)期挽留住外部董事的公司一定要采取激勵(lì)措施。 否則外部董事們就會(huì)步Simmons女士的后塵(離職去大學(xué)), 再一次在校園受到歡迎。 文章結(jié)構(gòu): 本文主要講述的是外部董事的職責(zé)及作者對(duì)其的評(píng)價(jià)。 第一段: 通過(guò)Ruth Simmons 離職這一例子導(dǎo)出話題。第二段: 外部董事在公司應(yīng)扮演的角色和起到的作用
22、。第三段: 通過(guò)講述研究人員們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn), 著重分析了外部董事離職的原因和帶來(lái)的影響。第四段: 對(duì)獨(dú)立董事的離職做出自己的評(píng)價(jià), 并就如何挽留他們提出了自己的建議。 試題分析第一步做什么? 瀏覽眾題目, 了解文意, (尤關(guān)注主旨題) (21題) According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for _.我們抓住的實(shí)體信息是什么? 誰(shuí)?Ms. Simmons受到批評(píng),你看到專有名詞,第一題就出現(xiàn)專有名詞, 就出現(xiàn)人的名字, 那我們就應(yīng)該想到文章對(duì)應(yīng)的第一段顯然是通過(guò)這個(gè)例子, 導(dǎo)出一個(gè)話題這是文章的微觀信息, 而非文章的宏觀信息, 整篇
23、文章的宏觀信息尚未出現(xiàn)。 (22題). We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .這道題有沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)實(shí)體信息?不僅告訴你了獨(dú)立董事,還告訴你獨(dú)立董事所肩負(fù)的職責(zé),對(duì)吧?那好,我們就想到剛才做第一道題所做的鋪墊,如果出現(xiàn)類似的模式。第一段舉一個(gè)具體人的例子,Ms. Simmons為例子,因此這篇文章很可能講解的主題就是“獨(dú)立董事的職責(zé)是什么?”,Ms. Simmons有可能就是獨(dú)立董事(23). According to the researchers from Ohio University afte
24、r an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to _.拿出筆,括到“逗號(hào)”處,是不是又出現(xiàn)了和第二道題相通的地方,“獨(dú)立董事”。第二部分講的是獨(dú)立董事的職責(zé),第三部分又講到了“獨(dú)立董事意外離開(kāi)之后,公司會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么樣的狀態(tài)?!保?4). It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _.又再次出現(xiàn)了獨(dú)立董事。(25) The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors
25、is _從這五道題來(lái)看,千絲萬(wàn)縷都是和外部董事有關(guān)系。不是科普類,顯然是一篇經(jīng)濟(jì)類,有關(guān)外部董事的文章。細(xì)讀首題,做件事:鎖定題型。 ( 題目類型, 也就是想到對(duì)應(yīng)的思路)鎖定信號(hào)詞( 有什么樣的措辭可以幫你回文的時(shí)候鎖定關(guān)鍵詞)分析選項(xiàng)前面兩項(xiàng)針對(duì)的是什么? 題干。最后一項(xiàng)針對(duì)的是什么?選項(xiàng)第一件事: 鎖定題型:(21)題, 用彩筆, 關(guān)鍵詞“for” , 表示什么邏輯關(guān)系? 因果關(guān)系。 前果后因原因分析題, 什么題?用筆標(biāo)注, ”細(xì)節(jié)題之原因分析”, 第一件事情做完了。 第二件事: “鎖定信號(hào)詞”, 拿出筆, 用彩筆在Ms. Simmon下面打個(gè)三角。 人的名字, 地理名稱, 機(jī)構(gòu)名稱都是
26、專有名詞, 都是第一個(gè)字母大寫(xiě)的名詞。 用彩筆在criticized 下面打個(gè)三角, 顯然, 這是第二個(gè)信號(hào)詞, 第三件事: 分析選項(xiàng), 應(yīng)該在回文定位之前分析選項(xiàng), 這個(gè)程序一定不要錯(cuò)。 Againing excessive profits。 gaining賺取、獲得, excessive過(guò)度的, 過(guò)多的; profits表示利潤(rùn)。 攫取的過(guò)度的利益。 Bfailing to fulfill her duty沒(méi)能旅行自己的職責(zé)Crefusing to make compromises。 拒絕做出妥協(xié)Dleaving the board in tough times 在艱難時(shí)期離開(kāi)董事會(huì)3.
27、回文定位, 比對(duì)出處, 鎖定題眼剛才鎖定幾個(gè)信號(hào)詞? 2個(gè)。 把第一個(gè)、第二地方比對(duì)出處, 鎖定題眼。 第一個(gè)信號(hào)詞Ms Simons, 我們到了第一行, 還要結(jié)合第二個(gè)詞criticize, 鎖定詞, 第三行“ but” 是個(gè)強(qiáng)邏詞,But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February
28、the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. 在under fire下面打個(gè)信號(hào)詞, 處于開(kāi)火的狀態(tài), 就是處于被攻擊的狀態(tài), 處于被批評(píng)的狀態(tài), 我們的命題老師為了增加題目的難度值,往往會(huì)進(jìn)行一些近義詞的改寫(xiě)工作。under fire=criticized. 找到了對(duì)應(yīng)詞,接下來(lái)的for, 讓人激動(dòng)不已, 21題目是細(xì)節(jié)題中的原因分析題, 對(duì)應(yīng)的思路是什么?回文定位的下上文( 如果上文沒(méi)有, 就采用下文)for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; sit on“在.的單位, 擔(dān)任的角色”G
29、oodman: 高盛, sat on 后面的核心詞, committee, compensation: (1) 補(bǔ)償金。 (2) 2000年MBA 考試中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的表示“薪酬”,“for”后面沒(méi)有找到原因, 只能繼續(xù)往下找, 看到分號(hào), 有可能就是真正的原因, 拿出彩筆, 在分號(hào)這里畫(huà)一條豎線,豎線之后,how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? 這個(gè)句子, 抓大放下, 你完全可以不懂意思。 誰(shuí)是大? How could she? “ 她怎能夠?” 是一種批判, 擔(dān)任這個(gè)職位做了不該做的事情。 選2B,
30、 用彩筆指向sat on how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? Payout: 支付的款項(xiàng)。 “她怎么能夠讓那些巨額的獎(jiǎng)金發(fā)出去, 而不加以評(píng)論呢?”第二題目, 是什么題目? be 告訴我們空格處填一個(gè)名詞。 信號(hào)詞? 看第二段, be supposed to be? Agenerous investors Bunbiased executives 公正的管理者Cshare price forecasters股票價(jià)格預(yù)測(cè)者Dindependent advisers 獨(dú)立顧問(wèn)這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)要擒賊先擒王
31、, 把四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)出來(lái), “外部董事“屬不屬于公司管理者? 顯然不屬于。美國(guó)是幾權(quán)分立? 三權(quán)分立:行政, 立法, 司法。我們家考的都是工商管理碩士之類的,對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)都是比較熟悉的。 2B是干擾項(xiàng), 通過(guò)這個(gè)選項(xiàng), 你可以深切地體會(huì)出來(lái), 我們的命題者, 他不是管理者, 是英語(yǔ)老師, 所以他不會(huì)想到這樣的設(shè)置對(duì)我們沒(méi)有任何干擾度而言, 拿出筆, 題干當(dāng)中的executives, 它們顯然是矛盾的3C share price forecasters“股票價(jià)格預(yù)測(cè)者”顯然是不符合的, 現(xiàn)在剩下A, D, 二選一, 回到文章進(jìn)行精確定位。 帶著信號(hào)詞, “para 2” 和 “supposed t
32、o be” 看第二段第一句:Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. 用彩筆在outside directors, 和 supposed to 打記號(hào)。 什么單詞出現(xiàn)了變化呢? 當(dāng)你看到一個(gè)詞組中看到一個(gè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞組是很正常的, 但是詞組是由小詞構(gòu)成, serve as, 抓最后一個(gè)小詞, as 最常見(jiàn)的意思是“作為”, serve as 作為,Outside directors are supposed to serve as 外部董事應(yīng)該作為
33、、 擔(dān)任, as 后面的核心詞是?adviser。 考試時(shí)不認(rèn)識(shí)的時(shí)候也不要緊。 helpful“ 有益的,”22題目是“細(xì)節(jié)題”難度小了。 這樣的題目的難度是一級(jí), 是送分的。 你只要精確定位。 2分就是送給你的。 21題閱讀范圍更大一些。23 題 According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to空格處, 出現(xiàn)了 . 肯定是細(xì)節(jié)題。 這個(gè)難度肯定會(huì)大。 這種一級(jí)難度題在一套題目中只有一個(gè)。 23 題肯定和2
34、1題持平。 用彩筆標(biāo)注researcher, Ohio University, departure( 離職, 三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。Abecome more stable 積極信息, 任何一個(gè)人的意外離職, 肯定是消極的, 你得學(xué)會(huì)利用信息。 Breport increased earnings 報(bào)告/公布收入的增加 Cdo less well in the stock market 在股市更糟Dperform worse in lawsuits 在法律訴訟中更糟帶著四個(gè)信號(hào)詞, 回文定位第三段第五行“They found that after a surprise departure, the pro
35、bability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.你看到哪個(gè)詞異常激動(dòng)? 我強(qiáng)調(diào): 在強(qiáng)邏詞出現(xiàn)的地方是題眼, 或者在代詞出現(xiàn)的地方也是題眼題眼的標(biāo)志詞。 一旦碰到代詞, 很有可能是題眼題干中according to 相
36、當(dāng)于found, probability 打個(gè)三角符號(hào), 現(xiàn)在三個(gè)信號(hào)詞全找到了, 如果這些招術(shù)和內(nèi)力都搞懂了, probability 后面引導(dǎo)的that就是個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句, the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. 增加了20%, the company 是第三個(gè)信號(hào)詞, to restate=重申, 是收入增加了20%, 還是probability 增加了20%? 是可能性增加了2B選項(xiàng)是不對(duì)的, 偷換了概念report increased earnings, 剛才是木,
37、現(xiàn)在是林, 23 我們回文定位到了, 但是是錯(cuò)的, 我們繼續(xù)讀下文,The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.彩筆標(biāo)出likelihood, 后面的of 可能對(duì)應(yīng)that 后面的內(nèi)容, 用括號(hào)把increased 前面的內(nèi)容括起來(lái), of 后面的being named in federal class-action lawsuit, 核心詞是lawsuit, 被點(diǎn)名。 4D 用了be likely
38、 . worse=less well. 這個(gè)回文定位用了兩個(gè)句子,24題:It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors _.這是個(gè)什么題?推斷題。是段落推斷題, 還是全篇推斷題?段落推斷題是英語(yǔ)(二)??嫉念}, 題型與前面三種題不一樣。 段落推斷題要關(guān)注以下幾點(diǎn):1. 選項(xiàng)正確項(xiàng)一定是原文信息的對(duì)應(yīng)還是原文信息推理出來(lái)的深刻信息???所以正確項(xiàng)必須具有深刻度, 是原文信息推出來(lái)的, 而不是原文信息字面所具備的2. 一定要借鑒段落判斷題的思路。 判斷題的思路是什么呢? 把四個(gè)項(xiàng)一一回文定位, 做比對(duì)Amay st
39、ay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firmA 看上去庸俗( 可選可不選)A與D在邏輯上對(duì)立, 可能在AD中選擇, AD在同一個(gè)地方回文定位。 倒數(shù)第二句, 用筆把who 到have to 之前括起來(lái),F(xiàn)irms who want to keep their outside directo
40、rs through tough times may have to create incentives.Want topurposeHave towayIncentiveA 中有個(gè)may, 語(yǔ)氣很委婉, 段落推斷題, 一般題干中有may, 作者態(tài)度就是表示推測(cè)出來(lái)的結(jié)果。25. 最后一題要格外關(guān)注, 一般來(lái)說(shuō)是態(tài)度, 或是概括題。 信號(hào)詞: attitude; role 理一下作者思路題:根本性思路, 在文章中找形容詞, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 其他e.g. 你真棒!e.g. 考試只有幾個(gè)月了, 你必須把2011年的真題看一遍。 (必須體現(xiàn)出了我說(shuō)話時(shí)候的強(qiáng)烈情感。e.g. nonsense: ( 剛才
41、有位同學(xué)對(duì)老師的話進(jìn)行反駁)2. 當(dāng)前的政治目標(biāo)就是什么: 維穩(wěn)。所以出題老師選題的主題, 作者態(tài)度應(yīng)該是積極健康還是消極不健康? 作者的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是陽(yáng)光的, 積極的, 向上的, 客觀的, 辯證的ApermissiveBpositiveCscornful Dcritical想到2點(diǎn): B與D是對(duì)立的; A與C都是不健康的信息。 到哪里回文定位? 帶著誰(shuí)? “role” . 24題目已經(jīng)回文到了最后一題, 所以25題目可能在第二段的開(kāi)頭, supposed to serve as= role 態(tài)度題的解題正道是: 是積極的, 肯定的。 我們還應(yīng)該關(guān)注到22題, 25題中的role 指向22題中的s
42、upposed, 21-25題的正確答案依次為B, D,C,A, BPassage Two生詞釋義recession: (名詞) 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退to threaten to do: 有可能危害到 * The incident threatens to ruin his chances in the election. 這次事件有可能損害到他選舉中的機(jī)會(huì)。 to flee to: ( fled, fled) 逃跑到 to chronicle: (及物動(dòng)詞) 把載入編年史; 記錄; 記載= to record * His life is chronicled in a new biography pub
43、lished last week.他的生平記錄在去年出版的一本新傳記中。* The book chronicles the events leading up to the war.這本書(shū)記錄了導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的事件。doom: 1) (名詞) (文中含義)厄運(yùn); 劫數(shù), 毀滅 2) (動(dòng)詞)注定要(毀滅, 失?。?# be doomed to sth: 注定要(滅亡, 失敗等不好的命運(yùn)) + 名詞 * Many species are doomed to extinction. 許多物種注定要滅絕。 * The plan was doomed from the start. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃從一開(kāi)始就注定要
44、失敗的。 # be doomed to do something 注定要(滅亡, 失敗等) +動(dòng)詞* We are all doomed to die in the end。 我們注定最后是要死的。 to launch: (動(dòng)詞) 發(fā)起, 進(jìn)行* to launch a round of talk: 發(fā)起一輪討論* The organization has launched a campaign to raise $150,000. 這個(gè)組織舉行活動(dòng)籌備15萬(wàn)美元。 * The Canadian police plan to launch an investigation into the d
45、eal. 加拿大警察計(jì)劃進(jìn)行調(diào)查這個(gè)交易。charity: (名詞)慈善charitable: 慈善的charitable corporation: 慈善機(jī)構(gòu)to subsidize sb: 補(bǔ)貼sb * Farming is heavily subsidized by the government: 政府補(bǔ)貼農(nóng)業(yè)的幅度很大。 subsidy: (名詞) 補(bǔ)貼Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the adv
46、ertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidiz
47、e them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. 報(bào)業(yè)的衰亡究竟發(fā)生了什么? 一年前, 報(bào)業(yè)衰亡似乎就在眼前。 其衰退危及到相關(guān)廣告的生存, 并預(yù)示著將失去那些尚未將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的讀者們。 諸如舊金山記事這樣的報(bào)紙都在記錄著自己的厄運(yùn)。 美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)就如何挽救報(bào)紙進(jìn)行了一系列的討論。 他們應(yīng)該變成慈善機(jī)構(gòu)嗎? 國(guó)家是否應(yīng)該補(bǔ)貼這些報(bào)紙? 近期該委員會(huì)還將召開(kāi)一次會(huì)議。 但是現(xiàn)在這些討論似乎已經(jīng)不合時(shí)宜了。 to shrug: 聳肩 # to shrug off s
48、th: 不把sth當(dāng)一回事, 不為sth 擔(dān)憂 * to shrug off the recession: 從衰退的困境中擺脫出來(lái) to inhabit + 地方: 居住在, ( “地方”前面不加in這樣的介詞) These tigers inhabited the islands. 這些老虎居住在島嶼上。 margin: 1) 利潤(rùn)* Margins are low and many companies are struggling. 利潤(rùn)很低, 許多公司都在苦苦支撐。* Within 10 years they had a gross profit margin of 50%. 在十年時(shí)間
49、內(nèi), 他們已經(jīng)有了50%的毛利潤(rùn)。 (文中含義)空白處 *Someone had scribbled a note in the margin. 有人在空白處匆匆寫(xiě)了筆記。 3) (選舉或比賽中勝負(fù)之間的)差距# by a wide/narrow margin 以極大的/ 極小的差距* Theyre a world-class team and it was no surprise that they won by such a wide margin. 他們是世界級(jí)的球隊(duì), 以遙遙領(lǐng)先的分?jǐn)?shù)獲勝, 一點(diǎn)都不奇怪。 # by a margin of 10 points/100 votes et
50、c 以10分/ 100票之差* The bill was approved by a margin of 55 votes。 這個(gè)議案以55票的差距被通過(guò)了。 routine: (形容詞) 常規(guī)的* You mustnt worry. These are just routine inquiries. 你不必?fù)?dān)心。 這些只是常規(guī)的詢問(wèn)。* routine maintenance work: 常規(guī)的維護(hù)工作* a routine operation: 常規(guī)的操作與route “路線” 比較 * Whats the best route to Cambridge? 去劍橋的路線是什么?In muc
51、h of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few
52、 years ago, but profit all the same. 在世界大多數(shù)地區(qū), 幾乎已經(jīng)沒(méi)有危機(jī)的跡象。 德國(guó)和巴西的報(bào)業(yè)已經(jīng)拜托了衰退。 甚至身處全球報(bào)業(yè)問(wèn)題最深淵的美國(guó), 也不僅生存了下來(lái), 而且還恢復(fù)了盈利。 盡管不是前些年慣例的20%收益, 但卻畢竟是盈利。 to stay afloat: 1) 漂在水上 2)(文中含義) 引申為“維持運(yùn)營(yíng)”overboard: (副詞)從船上落下 * One of the crew fell overboard and drowned. 一個(gè)船員落水淹死了。 * Man overboard! 有人落水啦! # to push sb ov
53、erboard: (引申義) 拋棄sb to reckon: 認(rèn)為16. slim: 1) 苗條的 2)微乎其微的(機(jī)會(huì)等)Theres only a slim chance that anyone survived the crash. 有人能在墜毀事件中幸存的機(jī)會(huì)很小。 3)(文中含義) 薄薄的 slimmer products 更薄的產(chǎn)品(指報(bào)紙)to have the nerve to do sth: 有勇氣做 (這里的nerve指“勇氣”)measure: 措施It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing
54、 journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly
55、for many journalists, they can be pushed further.事態(tài)一直以來(lái)并非很樂(lè)觀。 許多報(bào)紙通過(guò)裁員來(lái)維持運(yùn)營(yíng)。 美國(guó)新聞編輯協(xié)會(huì)估計(jì)自2007年以來(lái)有13,5000個(gè)編輯崗位被裁剪。 報(bào)紙內(nèi)容縮水, 但讀者卻要付費(fèi)更多。 一些報(bào)紙甚至斗膽拒絕向遠(yuǎn)郊用戶投遞。 然而事實(shí)證明這些孤注一擲的手段是正確的。 對(duì)于許多記者來(lái)說(shuō), 卻很悲慘, 他們可能會(huì)繼續(xù)被裁剪。 revenue: (特指從商品和服務(wù)中獲取的) 收入 注: 與 income 有差異, “income”一般指“個(gè)人的收入”, 而revenue 指商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的“收入”。reliance on: (名詞
56、性短語(yǔ)) 依賴proportion: 比例stable: 穩(wěn)定的 stability ( 名詞)not surprisingly: 難怪 (一般用于句首, 表示結(jié)果并不出人意外)Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenue
57、s came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable. 鑒于來(lái)自讀者和廣告商的收入比例日趨合理, 報(bào)紙正在成為更具平衡性的行業(yè)。 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)美國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)對(duì)廣告的過(guò)度依賴, 都是極不正常的。 根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和發(fā)展組織的數(shù)據(jù), 在2008年高達(dá)87%的收入來(lái)自于廣
58、告。 而在日本這個(gè)比例只有35%。 難怪, 日本的報(bào)業(yè)更具穩(wěn)定性。 whirlwind: 旋風(fēng)to sweep: ( swept, swept) 1) 掃 2) (文中含義)(比喻義)席卷, 迅速蔓延# sweep the country/nation/state etc 席卷整個(gè)國(guó)家* a wave of nationalism sweeping the country國(guó)家主義的浪潮席卷了整個(gè)國(guó)家# sweep across/through etc * the latest craze sweeping through the teenage population 最新的潮流在青少年中蔓延開(kāi)
59、來(lái)distinctive: 有特色的, 獨(dú)特的reviewer: 評(píng)論家, 審查者bureau: 1) (政府部門(mén))局、處、署;2) (文中含義) 機(jī)構(gòu)savagely: 野蠻地, 殘忍地to cut off: 中斷, 切斷virtue: 1) 美德 2)(文中含義) 優(yōu)點(diǎn), 長(zhǎng)處= advantage* Adam Smith believed in the virtues of free trade.亞當(dāng)斯密相信自由貿(mào)易的優(yōu)勢(shì)。* Wilkins is now praising the virtues of organic farming.威爾金現(xiàn)在高度贊揚(yáng)有機(jī)種植的好處.The whirl
60、wind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete
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