考博學(xué)習(xí)作文背誦

1、作文背誦版一The American economic system isanized around a basically private-entrise, market-oriented economy in whichhe marketplace for those goods and serviconsumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their moneyt they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce t

2、hese goods and serviin competition with otherbusinessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive preres, largely determines how these goods and serviareproduced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire ofbusinessmen toize pr

3、ofits and the desire of individuals toize theires,t together determine what shall beproduced and how resourare used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed andresponded to by producers.he American economy, this mechan

4、ism is provided by a priystem, a pros in which pririse and fall in response to relative demands of consumers ands offered by sellroducers. If the products is in shortsupply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the otherhand, p

5、roducing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered bysellroducers, whichurn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulatingmechanismhe American economic system.The important factor in a private-ent

6、rise economy ist individuals are allowed to own productive resour(privateproperty), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resour, and produce goods and servifor sale at aprofit.he American economy, the concept of private property embranot only the ownership of productive re

7、sourbutalso certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.二Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop totheir full adult potential, their ed

8、ucation must be adapted to those differen.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery ofthe play i

9、tself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth anddevelopment. And it ishe public schoolst we find the full expresof societys understanding the knowledge, hopes,and fearst are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a

10、mirror oft society.hat mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, theprejudi, and the central values of the culture itself. The greaterest in exceptional children shown in public education overthe past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our societyopportunity to fully dev

11、elop their capabilities.t all citizens, whatever their spel conditions, deserve theAll men are created equal. Weve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democraticsociety. Although the phrase was used by this countrys founders to denote equality before the law, i

12、s also beenretedto mean equality of opportunity.t concept imps educational opportunity for all children the right of each child toreceive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whethert capacity be smallreat. Recent court decis haveconfirmed the right of all children disabled or not

13、to an appropriate education, and have orderedt public schools takethe nesary steps to providet education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction tochildren who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.三Discoveries in science and

14、 technology are thought by untaught minds to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get theidea for penicillhere and then. He experimented wintibacterial substanfor nine years

15、before he made his discovery.Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best playersmiss the goal and have their shots blocked muore frequentlyn they score.The poist the players who score most are the ones who take the most sho

16、ts at the goal and so it goes withinnovation in any field of activity. The prime difference betn innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody getsideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them througtil they prove practicable or otherwise. Whatsibilities.ordinary peopl

17、e see as fanciful abstractions, profesal innovators see as solidCreative thinking may mean simply the realizationt theres no particular virtue inng things the way they havealways been done, wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovationslike

18、 plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheelst make life more convenient: How come nobody thought oft before?The creative approach begins with the proitiont nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not acceptt there is onlyay to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the averageapparently sim

19、plest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, whiwill automatically set out on the best-known anday prove easierhe long run and are boundto be moreeresting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.四ality is to a

20、 large extent inherent A-type parents usually bring abouype offspring. But the environment mustalso have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely totheir children.e a major factorhe lives ofOne place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which i

21、s, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their sucs by sporting achievements. The currentpasfor making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produa two-layer system, in whichcompetitive A-t

22、ypes seem in some way bettern their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerousmarathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, weconsequen: rememberconquer！t Pheidipes, theBy far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It i

23、s a rare schooltallows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,bompetitionhe certain knowledge oilure isitively harmful.Obviously, it is neithractical nor desirablet all A youngsters changeo Bs. The world needs types, and

24、 schoolshave an important duty to try to fit a childsality to hissible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools wicademic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhapection for the caring profess, espelly medicine, could be made les

25、s by good grades in chemistry and more byrely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A- type stock. Bssuch considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It i are important and should be encouraged.五t experieninfluence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable

26、 activity calledremembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice hach as effect onmemory as to lead to skilful performance on thano, to reciion of a poem, and even to reading and understanding thesewords. So-calledelligent behaviour demands memory,

27、 remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The abilityto solve any problem or even to recognizet a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decito cross a street isbased on remembering many earr experien.Practice (or review) tends to build and maaemory for a task or for any lear

28、ned material. Overriod of no practicewhas been learned tends to be fotten; and the adaptive consequenmay not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instanofsudden fetting can be seen to be adaptive.his sense, the ability to fet can bereted to have survived through aprofs of natural selection in animals., when

29、ones memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety,etting may produce ref. Nevertheless, an evolutionaryreion might make it difficult to understand how thecommonly gradual pros of fetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its

30、sible aspects, it is helpful to consider what wouldime, since old memories weaken and the new tend tohappen if memories failed to fade. Fetting clearly aids orienionstand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without fetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for exle, learnedbehaviourt might ha

31、ve been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinarystandards) fot so littlet their everyday activities were full of confu. This fetting seems to servet survival of theindividual and the species.Another line ofspecifically through fthought ames a memory storag

32、e system of limitedcapacityt provides adaptive flexibilityetting.his view, continual adjustments are made betn learning or memory storage (input) andet is directly related to how much they have me an input-output balance.fetting (output)., there is evidencet the rate at which individuals flearned. S

33、uch data offers gros六pport of contemporary ms of memoryt aWith the start of BBC World Servicenews coverage, as well as listen to it.evi, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the CorporationsAnd of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBCevichannels, five BBC na

34、tional radioserviand dozens of local radio sion. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current airs, education,religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and fifor an annual licence fee of 83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years yet the

35、BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation willsurvive as a publicly-funded broadcastinganisation,east for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes arenow the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by theernment, which invited anyin opinion of the BBC i

36、ncluding ordinarylisteners and viewers to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worthkeng. The reason for its inquiry ist the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep theanisation as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of t

37、he Corporation of whom there are many are fond of quoting the American slogan. If it abroke,dont fix it. The BBC abroke, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke, meaninghaving no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the br

38、oadcasting world around it is changing. The commerl TV channels ITV and Channel 4 were required by thetcherernments Broadcasting Act toe more commerl, competingwith each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new salite channels funded partly by advertising and p

39、artly by viewers subscriptions which will bring about the biggest changeshe long term.七Rumor has itt moren 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have alreadyappeared. The goal of all will be to try to explao a confused and often unenlightened citizenryt there are n

40、ot two equallyvalid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life., geology, and biology have provided aconsistent, unified, and constantly improving account of whappened. Scientific creationism, which is being pushed bysome for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scien

41、tific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, notscience. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion.Thefour chapters of Kitchers book give a very briefroduction to evolut

42、ion. At appropriate pla, heroduthe criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of thei

43、r deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, onemighve expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-spelistwill be able to obtaineast a n

44、otion of the sorts of data and argumentt support evolutionary theory. The final chapter onthe creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book standsfor reason itself. And so it does and all would be well were reason the only judge八

45、he creationism/evolution debate.It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hotparliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became thelegal authorityhe world to allow doctors to take thelives of incurably ill patients who wish

46、 to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediayword flashed on theernet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to DieSociety of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-lirvice, Death NET. Says Hofsess: osted bulletins al

47、l day long,because of course this isnt just somethingppened in Australia. Its world history.The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physins and citizens aliketrying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of re

48、f, others, including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Assotion, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide isunlikely to turn back. In Australia where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudeshave all played the

49、ir part other ses are going to consider making a similar law to deal with eunasia.he US andCanada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death probably by a dea

50、dly injection or pillto put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a cooling off period of seven days,the patient can sign aDarwin resident suffering fromof request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-oldg ca

51、ncer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without thehaunting fear of hiffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. Im not afraid of dying from a spiritual poofview, but what I was afraid of was how Id go, because Ive watched people die at their masks, h

52、e says.九he hospital fighting for oxygen and clawingA report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were tothem. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered NorthAmerican. T

53、here are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded offils, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardlyt it deserves comment.unknownhe US. Yet it is an observation made so frequentlyFor a long period of time andany parts of the country, a traveler was ae break in an otherwise dull existence.Dul

54、lness and loneliness were common problems of the famis who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers andtravelers weree sourof diver, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shd this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, ifgry, injured, o

55、r ill,often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely acharitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didnt takehe stranger and takecare of him, there was no one else who w

56、ould. And someday, remember, you might behe same situation.Today there are many charitableanizations which spelize in helthe weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition ofhospitality to strangers is still very stronghe US, espellyhe smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails.I was just tr

57、aveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner amazing. Suchobservations reported by visitors to the US are notmon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendlinessof many Americans should becultural tradition.reted neither aperfil nor a

58、s artifil, but as the result of a historically developedAs is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, amptions, and conventions undersall solerrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not nesarily meant someone understands solle, heand cultural pat

59、terns. Visitors who fail to translate cultural meanings properly often draw wrongs. For exwhen an American uses the word friend, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those isvisitors language and culture. It takes moren a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish betn cour

60、teous convention andindividual strangers.十erest. Yet, being friendly is a virtuet many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors andScattered around the globe are moren 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, t