精選新編跨文化交際英語Unit1-5課后答案

1、精選新編跨文化交際英語Unit1-5課后答案1. Is it still often the case that “everyones quick to blame the alien in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in todays social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in todays society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and econom

2、ic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. Whats the difference between todays intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Todays intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very

3、 common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; change

4、s in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches

5、us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), an

6、d social organizations (family and state).6. What does ones family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is no

7、t only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attac

8、h meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of

9、which harm all members of the society.1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Halls definition o

10、f culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2.What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each defin

11、ition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some e

12、xceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs, are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different ro

13、ads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learne

14、d in the cultural environment?Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural

15、 differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese ea

16、ting habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eatin

17、g with others.1. Why is it comparatively easy to make friends in the United States?Because few Americans stay put for a lifetime. With each move, forming new friendship becomes a necessity and part of their new life.2.Do people from different countries usually have different expectations about what

18、constitutes friendship and how it comes into being?Yes. The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is their different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.3. How is friendship in America different from friendship in West Europe?In West Europe, friends

19、hip is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relationships, is usually more particularized and carries a heavier burden of commitment, while in America the word friend can be applied to a wide range of relationship and a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and en

20、during.4. In what country does friendship have much to do with ones family? And in what country does it not?In Germany, friendship has much to do with ones family as friends are usually brought into the family, while in France it doesnt as, for instance, two men may have been friends for a long time

21、 without knowing each others personal life.5. What is friendship like when it is compartmentalized?For instance, a man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without knowing his political opinions, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life. Di

22、fferent friends fill different niches in each persons life.6. What are friendships usually based on in England?English friendships are based on shared activity. Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds. In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into s

23、teps and find that they participate in the activity with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.7. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they?Yes. There is the recognition that friendship, in c

24、ontrast with kinship, invokes freedom of choice. A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based. And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give-an

25、d-take.8. What do you think is the typical Chinese concept of friendship? Is it similar to or different from any of the Western friendships?It seems that the typical Chinese concept of friendship lays great emphasis on personal loyalty and also has much to do with family. It may be similar to German

26、y friendship to some extent and quite different from other Western friendships.9. What is your family like? In what aspects is it the same as or different from the traditional? What problems may arise when people from different family backgrounds communicate with one another?As we all know, many cul

27、tural differences exist in family structures and values. In some cultures, the family is the center of life and the main frame of reference for decisions; while in others, the individual, not the family, is primary. Many Chinese families are still quite traditional. They are often extended families,

28、 with three or even four generations living under the same roof. In such families, people may care a lot about families welfare, reputation and honor. No matter what they do, they tend to put the interest of the whole family as the top priority. For them, the family as a whole always comes first, an

29、d its individual members are second. However, there are also many Chinese families now in which individual needs are given more stress than ever before and the relationship between parents and children are more egalitarian than hierarchical. Therefore, communication between people from different fam

30、ily backgrounds may be intercultural to some extent. What one considers as appropriate may be regarded as improper by the other, and sometimes it would be very difficult for them to understand each other in the way each of them prefers to be understood.1. What can we do to avoid attributing a very d

31、ifferent meaning to the phrase or interpret it much more literally?We have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase.2. What are the other functions of using question forms apart from asking for information?It serves as a lubricant to move the conversation forward. A question that has t

32、his function can be called a social question.3. Why are those Germans getting stiffer and more reserved all the time when visiting Ingrid Zerbe?They are confused about how to address her, for she introduces herself by first and last name rather than by last name and professional title.4. How does th

33、e environment influence the use of language?Language reflects the environment in which we live. We use language to label the things that are around us.5. Does the author think there are exact equivalents in dictionaries that have the same meanings in different cultures?No. According to the author, t

34、here are no such equivalents between languages; therefore, to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.6. How does the language change over time?Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change ov

35、er time.7. Does the author think it is possible for countries such as France and Iceland to keep their language pure by implementing language policy to ensure the use of standardized language?The author does not think so, because, for instance, the Academie Francaise may insist on certain rules, but

36、 other French-speaking groups may make their own rules and consider their French just as correct.8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teaching?In some cases the professors actually may have a poor command of the language; however, in most cases the problem is not the language but

37、different intonation patterns and different cultural signals.9. What are the major differences between Chinese and English in categorizing kinfolk? What other examples of connotative differences can you give between the two languages?In categorizing kinfolk, what the Chinese language finds significa

38、nt are the persons sex, age, and whether he or she is closely related to ones father or mother. All these things, however, are not significant in the English language.1. What made the author feel learning to converse in Mexico City was easier for him/her in one way, more difficult in another?Its eas

39、ier because Mexicans service the relationship and they care about everyone in the conversation. But their conversation doesnt move in a straight line, drifting around both in the topic and in the way they use words.2. Why did the Mexican customer slide into the topic of the full eclipse of the sun?F

40、or the Mexican, the conversation starts with one topic, but if another interesting topic seeps in he or she will ride it around for a while. Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting conversation.3. What did the American businessman feel about the Mexicans way of conve

41、rsation?For the American, a conversation should have a topic, and he wants to take a straight line through it from beginning to end. So he felt very impatient about the Mexicans way of conversation.4. What “conversational ideal was represented by the example of a championship skier who was interview

42、ed on TV?The Swedish conversational ideal is to response in a concise manner without elaborating specific details, especially those for self-promotion. .5. What problems are likely to occur if an American talks with a Swede?The American may feel totally lost in the conversation since he or she would

43、 not get as much information from the Swede as he or she has expected.6. What are the differences between Anglos and Athabaskans in conversation?There are a lot differences between them. For instance, at the beginning of a conversation, Anglos almost always speak first. Athabaskans think it is impor

44、tant to know what the social relationship is before they talk with someone. There is another difference in how long one should talk. Athabaskans tend to have longer turns when they talk with each other, but Anglos expect shorter turns.7. Is it enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct m

45、anners when one learns a foreign language? What else does he or she also need to know?It is far from enough just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign language. One also has to know about the culture of using the language in social life, things like who talks f

46、irst, who talks next, who opens and closes conversations and how they do it, in order to be able to use the language in culturally appropriate manners.8. In what ways are Chinese similar to or different from the Americans, Mexicans and Swedes ?It seems that we Chinese are somewhat similar to Mexican

47、s in the way we are having a conversation. Unlike Americans, we do not usually move in a straight line in a conversation and may also care much about the others feeling.9. Do you think there has been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two? What basic diffe

48、rences can we still find between the English-speaking people and the Chinese people in the use of compliment and response?There seems to have been some change in the way we Chinese respond to compliments in the last decade or two. For example, like the English-speaking people, more and more Chinese,

49、 particularly young people, nowadays tend to use 謝謝 (Thank you) to respond to a compliment. However, we Chinese are still different from the English-speaking people in the use of compliment and response to it. For instance, implicit compliments隱性恭維語are more likely to be found in the Chinese society.

50、縱觀歷史，我們可以清楚地看到，人們由于彼此所處地域、意識形態(tài)、容貌服飾和行為舉止上存在的差異，而長久無法互相理解、無法和睦相處。在這種情況下，跨文化交際作為一個特定的研究領(lǐng)域得以形成和開展。值得注意的是，人類文明在開展過程中所遭受的許多挫折，既是個人的，又是全球性的；人類歷史進程總是充滿了個人間的直接沖突和民族間的誤解從罵罵咧咧到孤立主義直至到武裝沖突，大大小小爭端不絕。很顯然，文化間以及亞文化間的交往比以前多了，這迫切要求我們共同努力，去理解有著不同信仰和文化背景的人們，并與之和睦相處。通過加深認識和理解，我們能夠與生活方式、價值觀念不同的人們和平共處；這不但有益于我們周遭環(huán)境的安定，也是維

51、護世界和平的決定性因素。文化有時候被稱為我們的心智程序，我們“頭腦的軟件。但是，我們可以進一步引申這個用電腦所做的類比，把文化看作是支持運行的操作環(huán)境。文化就像電腦使用的 DOS 或者Unix 或者 “視窗Windows等操作系統(tǒng)一樣，使我們能在各種各樣的實際應用中處理信息。 用“視窗這個比喻來描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我們心靈的視窗，透過它我們審視生活的方方面面。一個社會中不同個體的視窗是不大一樣的，但都有著一些重要的共同特征。文化就好似是魚暢游于其中的水一般，人們想當然地把文化看成是客觀存在的事實，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我們所呼吸的空氣之中，文化對于我們了解我們自身之為何物是

52、必不可少的，就正如生命離不開空氣一樣。文化是特定群體的共有財產(chǎn)，而不單是個體的特征。社會按照文化設定的程序運作，這種程序來自于相似的生活體驗以及對這種生活體驗之含義的相似闡釋。如果文化是一種心智程序，那么它也是現(xiàn)實的心靈地圖。從我們很小的時候開始，文化就告訴我們應該看重什么、偏好什么、躲避什么和做些什么，文化還告訴我們事物應該是什么樣。文化為我們提供超越個體經(jīng)驗可能的理想典范，幫助我們決定應該優(yōu)先考慮的人或事。文化為我們建立起行為準那么，并視遵守這些準那么的行為為正當、合法。由于在性別、年齡、種族或文化群體、教育、國家或城市的地域、收入或職業(yè)群體、個人經(jīng)歷等各方面的差異，人們分屬不同的語言群體

53、，這些差異使我們很難完全領(lǐng)會另一個群體成員所表達的意思。在當今世界的跨文化交際中，人們之間的差異是相當大的。人們每天要與來自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群體的人交往，成功交際的關(guān)鍵在于盡可能地共享對話語意義的推定。當我們與迥然不同的人打交道時，我們往往不知道該怎樣推導出他們的語句意義。因此，在交際過程中，就很難依靠共享的知識和背景來有把握地詮釋他人表達的意義。就是來自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也會經(jīng)常誤解對方的意思，原因是男性和女性對交際目的有不同的預期。為了讓女人快樂，男人要送她一件她真正想要的禮物。他問女人想要什么禮物哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的卻是男人可以憑直覺就知道

54、她想要的是什么。至少在北美社會中，男性和女性對于表達的看法往往不同：前者傾向于直接明了，后者那么傾向于間接委婉。女性覺得不用直接問就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性那么覺得，如果女性能爽快地告訴他怎樣做才能讓她快樂就再好不過了。Case 11.In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding. We should know that in Egypt as

55、 in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richards mistake might be that h

56、e chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your pictures are in.2. In Japan the situation may b

57、e more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itselfbe it a family or a vast corporationis more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert ind

58、ividual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richards mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated

59、intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.3. When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems betw

60、een Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, Help yourself; for the English counterpart, Be my guest. American and English people equally