北京專用中考英語復習專題十二閱讀表達試卷部分講義

1、Passage 1(2018北京)When it comes to the letter grade on your test or homework, you might notice that there is no letter E. Have you ever thought about why that is so?A組 2014-2018年北京中考題組五年中考In the A, B, C, D and F grading system, the first four letters are typically considered passing grades. An F in t

2、his system simply stands for “fail”.The word “fail” happens to start with the letter F, which seems to leave out the letter E. The fact of the matter is that any letter can mean “not-passing”or “fail”. Some schools have U grade for “unsatisfactory”, or I grade for “incomplete”.Even with all this sai

3、d, we should also point out that E grade actually has been used pretty com-monly throughout the history of letter grades in the US.The first college in the US to use a letter grading system like the ones we use today is Mount Holyoke College. In 1897,they began to use the following grading scale:A:9

4、5%100%(excellent)B:85%94%(good)C:76%84%(fair)D:75%(barely passed)E:below 75%(failed)We can see the inclusion of E instead of F.Gradually,the letter grading system became more popular throughout the US. However, many schools decided to drop the E grade and go straight to F. There is no evidence(證據(jù)) t

5、o really sup-port this, but one possible explanation is that teachers were worried that some students and parents might mistake E for “excellent”.Why do we have letter grades? Well, part of the reason is that they made grading simpler during a time of great change for schools. As the 20th century be

6、gan, growing cities and an increase in im-migration led to larger school classrooms. Most teachers at that time thought this new letter grad-ing system was an easy, fair and clear way to grade students.Today, more and more people argue that letter grades dont fully reflect(反映) student learning. Howe

7、ver, as teachers try to improve grading methods,many parents continue to favor the letter grades they got as kids. They are familiar(熟悉) and easy for parents to understand. So while they might not be perfect, the letter grades probably arent going away any time soon.1.What does an F stand for in the

8、 A,B,C,D and F grading system?2.When was the letter grading system first used in the US college?3.What is one possible explanation for dropping the E grade?4.What did most teachers think of the letter grading system in the 20th century?5.Why do many parents still prefer the letter grades today?答案語篇解

9、讀本文介紹了英文字母等級評價體系的歷史發(fā)展進程,作者在文中講述了字母E這一等級缺失的歷史淵源。1.It stands for “fail”.根據(jù)第二段第二句話可知答案。2.It was first used in 1897.根據(jù)第四段可知答案。3.Teachers were worried that some students and parents might mistake E for “excellent”. 根據(jù)第六段第三句話的后半部分可知答案。4.They thought it was an easy, fair and clear way to grade students.根據(jù)第

10、七段的最后一句話可知答案。5.Because they are familiar and easy for parents to understand.根據(jù)文章最后一段的第三句話可知答案。長難句The first college in the US to use a letter grading system like the ones we use today is Mount Holyoke College.在美國第一所采用像我們今天使用的字母評分系統(tǒng)的學院是Mount Holyoke College。這是一個主從復合句,“the ones” 由后面的省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句“we

11、 use today”修飾。主句謂語動詞是系動詞“is”,表語是“Mount Holyoke College”。重點詞匯fail v.失敗,不及格,倒閉;explanation n.解釋,說明;familiar adj.熟悉的;excellent adj.優(yōu)秀的,卓越的,杰出的;scale n.規(guī)模,比例,級別詞匯積累unsatisfactory adj.不能令人滿意的;evidence n.證據(jù);reflect v.反映;leave out 遺漏,省略,忽略,未提及Passage 2(2017北京)Whats in a Name?Many American names come from E

12、ngland. But where did most English names come from?Centuries ago, most people in England had only one nametheir first name. In the 11th century, five or six of the 50 people in a village might be named William, and it was easy to get confused. But in the Middle Ages, people found a way to describe e

13、ach person exactly. If there were four Williams in one village, one might be referred to as William the son of John. A second might be called William from the hill. A third, William the blacksmith(鐵匠). And a fourth, William the brown haired. In conversation, people might refer to the four Williams a

14、s William Johns son, William hill, William smith, and William brown.It was 300 or 400 years before these extra(附加的)names gradually developed into last names, or surnames. They were passed on from generation to generation. By the 1300s, Robert, the son of William smith, had the name Robert smith, eve

15、n if he was not a blacksmith like his father. As the last name became widely accepted, the first letter was capitalized, as in Robert Smith. By the 15th century, most people of the upper and middle classes had surnames.Many surnames were based on father-son relations. The “son of” part was added to

16、the fathers first name, like Johnson, meaning Johns son. Sometimes it was shortened to just“s”, as in Jones or Evans. Surnames like Hill described the place where a person lived. They are the most common type of surname. A third kind of surname was based on a persons job. Forester was someone who lo

17、oked after the forest. In the Middle Ages, occupation names such as Baker, Carpenter, and Miller became common. The fourth kind of surname was a nickname(綽號). A man whose sur-name was Bear might be as fierce as a bear.Have you ever wondered why some surnames are so common? The most common surname in

18、 the English language is Smith. Being able to make metals(金屬)into tools was an important skill in the Middle Ages, and many people were trained as blacksmiths. The most common American sur-names are Smith, Johnson, Williams, and Brown.1.Where do many American names come from?2.When did people find a

19、 way to describe each person exactly?3.How long did it take for extra names to develop into last names?4.What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?5.Why were many people trained as blacksmiths in the Middle Ages?答案語篇解讀本文介紹了英國姓氏的歷史,包括英國姓氏出現(xiàn)的歷史階段和不同姓氏的來歷。1.They come from England.根據(jù)第一段第一句可知答案。2.In the

20、Middle Ages.根據(jù)第二段第三句可知答案。3.It took 300 or 400 years.根據(jù)第三段第一句可知答案。4.It is mainly about different kinds of surnames.通讀第四段可知答案。5.Because it was an important skill to make metals into tools.根據(jù)最后一段第三句可知答案。On November 30, 1906, George Bidder dropped a bottle from a boat into the North Sea. The weighted gl

21、ass bottle sank almost to the sea floor, and then it moved slowly for 108 years and 138 days.Its journey ended when Marianne Winkler found the bottle in 2015. Winkler was then on vacation on Amrum Island. She picked up the bottle when it was washed up onto the beach. She saw a piece of paper inside,

22、 but didnt break it open. She could tell that the bottle was old, so she didnt want Passage 3(2016北京)A 108-year-old Message in a Bottleto damage it.Finally she got the piece of paper out of the bottle. She found that the paper was actually a post-card. On the back of the card there was this message:

23、 The Marine Biological Association(海洋生物學協(xié)會) would pay a shilling(先令) for the bottle. A shilling was a unit of money that was used in Great Britain before the early 1970s.Winkler filled out the card and posted it. The association was surprised to get a postcard addressed to George Bidder, the preside

24、nt of the association from 1939 to 1945. The workers of the associa-tion searched on the Internet to find a shilling. They found one and sent it to Winkler as a reward.The message in the bottle was the oldest ever re-discovered. For this reason Marianne Winkler got a place in “Guinness World Records

25、”(吉尼斯世界紀錄). She broke the record for the oldest message in a bottle.Winklers bottle was not the only one Bidder sent to sea. Between 1904 and 1906, he sent away more than one thousand bottles. He placed postcards inside them. The bottles were part of a re-search project to map currents(洋流) in the No

26、rth Sea. This was the best method at that time. But whether the association could get the bottles back depended on the people who found them. The association reported that about 55 percent of the bottles were returned. They added that the exper-iment was a success as it showed the east-to-west flow

27、of the North Seas currents.1.How long did the weighted glass bottle move in the sea?2.Did Marianne Winkler find the bottle in 2015?3.What was in the bottle?4.Who was George Bidder?5.Why did Bidder drop bottles into the sea?答案語篇解讀本文介紹了一個玻璃瓶。這個瓶子在1906年被George Bidder投進北海,在2015年被發(fā)現(xiàn),瓶子里裝著一張明信片,內(nèi)容是海洋生物學協(xié)會

28、將會為這個瓶子支付一先令。這個瓶子里的信息收錄到了吉尼斯世界紀錄,是被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)的最古老的信息。1.For 108 years and 138 days.本題問“瓶子在海里漂流了多久?”由文章第一段最后一句可知答案。2.Yes, she did.由文章第二段第一句可知答案。3.A postcard.本題問的是:瓶子里有什么? 由文章第三段第二句可知答案。4.The president of the association from 1939 to 1945.本題問的是:George Bidder是誰?由文章第四段第二句可知答案。5.Because he wanted to map current

29、s in the North Sea.此題問的是:Bidder 為什么把瓶子扔到海里?讀文章最后一段第四句可知。深度解析本文難度較低,考查對細節(jié)的掌握?？忌枰鞔_掌握一般疑問句和特殊疑問句的用法,熟悉“how long, what, who, why”等特殊疑問詞(組)的含義和回答方式,并且能夠抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞,聯(lián)系上下文鎖定原文細節(jié)信息。Thanksgiving is always on a Thursday.The day after it has been known as Black Friday.It is the Passage 4(2015北京)Black Fridaysta

30、rt of the holiday shopping season,and it has been the busiest shopping day of the year in the US since 2005.Most stores offer big sales on Black Friday.They open their doors quite early in the morning.They try to attract shoppers with big discounts(打折).Some items(商品)like TVs and clothes are much che

31、aper than usual.Stores may even lose money on these items.They hope that shoppers will buy gifts for other people while they are in the store.Black Friday is a great time to go shopping.However,there are problems.The biggest one is that there are not enough low-priced items.Each store may only have

32、a few.These items are in great need,so people stand in long lines to get them.They may wait three to four hours before a store opens.They may be hoping to get a low price on a TV or computer,but not everybody can get one.Some people leave,disappointed.The situation makes people worried.Some Black Fr

33、iday events have been crazy.There have been fights over toys among shoppers.Some workers have even been hurt by large crowds.But most Black Friday events are safe and fun.Still,if you plan to go,you will expect large crowds and a bit of pushing.So where does the name“Black Friday”come from?It was fi

34、rst used in Philadelphia in the 1950s.The police called this day Black Friday because of the heavy traffic it caused.In the 1960s,stores tried to rename the day“Big Friday”.It did not stick.The name“Black Friday”continued to spread across the country.It seems that it is here to stay.Now people all o

35、ver the country take part in Black Friday events.It is even spreading to other parts of the world.Stores have held Black Friday events in the UK,Australia,and Brazil since 2012.In Mexico,stores offer a weekend of discounts every year.They call it“El Buen Fin”,which means“the good weekend”in Spanish.

36、I guess people everywhere like to buy things on sale.1.Is Black Friday the start of the holiday shopping season?2.What is the biggest problem with Black Friday?3.How long may people have to wait before a store opens?4.Where was the name“Black Friday”first used in the 1950s?5.Why do people like going

37、 shopping on Black Friday?答案語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文,介紹了眾所周知的“黑色星期五”。1.Yes,it is.由文章第一段第三句可知。2.There are not enough low-priced items.由文章第三段第三句可知。3.Three to four hours.由文章第三段倒數(shù)第三句可知答案。4.In Philadelphia.由文章第五段第二句可知答案。5.Because people can buy things on sale on Black Friday.通讀全文后可知文章介紹了黑色星期五當天是購物的好時候,是人們喜歡的一天,因為商場有

38、優(yōu)惠,所以綜合第二段和第三段的第一句可知答案。深度解析本文前四道試題主要考查考生對文章細節(jié)的把握,最后一題較復雜?；卮鹎八牡涝囶}時需要掌握一般疑問句和特殊疑問句的回答方法,通過關(guān)鍵詞回歸原文尋找答案,其中第2題注意原文中第三段的“The biggest one”即“The biggest problem”。第5題要關(guān)注第二段和第三段的首尾關(guān)鍵句,要確?；卮鹜暾麥蚀_。Passage 5(2014北京)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問題。Almost every kid in this country has ever eaten Hershey chocolate.But do you know that t

39、he Her-shey chocolate factory is more than one hundred years old?And do you know that the father of Hershey Chocolate,Milton Hershey,had many failures in business before he started his famous company?Milton Hershey grew up in Pennsylvania.Before he became interested in making chocolate,he worked as

40、a printer for a small newspaper at first,and then decided that printing was not the right job for him.Then he worked at a candy factory in Lancaster.After working a few years there,he decided to open his own little candy business near Philadelphia.His first business failed because it was not making

41、money.After that,he went to Denver to learn how to make caramels(焦糖).He took his new skills back to New York and worked selling candies on the street.But his second business also failed.Finally,Milton Hershey moved back to Pennsylvania where he grew up.He then experimented with all sorts of differen

42、t candies and chocolates.By 1893 he was selling a million dollars worth of caramel candy each year.Since his chocolate-flavored(巧克力味的)caramels were the best seller,he decided to make chocolate himself.By experimenting,Milton Hershey discovered how to make delicious chocolate.The area where he lived

43、had a large and easy supply of milk and sugar,which helped him succeed in his chocolate business.In 1903,Milton Hershey built a huge chocolate factory and a town to go with it.Today,the town of Hershey is still the home of the factory that Milton Hershey built.And if you ev-er visit it,you can smell

44、 delicious chocolate smells just by driving through the town.The factory is not so hard to find.Just travel down Cocoa Avenue until you get to East Chocolate Avenue.Turn right at the traffic lights and just follow your nose.1.Who is the father of Hershey Chocolate?2.Where did he grow up?3.Why did he

45、 go to Denver?4.Why did he decide to make chocolate himself?5.What might be the reasons for Hersheys success in his chocolate business?答案語篇解讀本文主要介紹了好時巧克力之父Milton Hershey艱難創(chuàng)業(yè)的經(jīng)歷。1.Milton Hershey.從第一段最后一句可知好時巧克力之父是Milton Hershey。2.In Pennsylvania.從第二段第一句可知他是在Pennsylvania長大的。3.To learn how to make cara

46、mels.從第三段第四句可知他去Denver的目的是學習怎樣做焦糖。4.Because his chocolate-flavored caramels were the best seller.從第四段最后一句since引導的原因狀語從句可知他為什么決定自己做巧克力。5.He kept trying and used a large and easy supply of milk and sugar.根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容尤其第五段第二句可知他成功的原因。長難句The area where he lived had a large and easy supply of milk and sugar,wh

47、ich helped him succeed in his chocolate business.他居住的地區(qū)有著豐富且方便的牛奶和糖的供給,這幫助了他在他的巧克力生意上獲得成功。此句為復合句。where he lived為定語從句,修飾先行詞the area;which helped him succeed in his chocolate business也為定語從句,先行詞為前面的句子。題組一Passage 1(2018湖南衡陽,C)閱讀下面的短文,并根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答所提問題。Mr. Guo is a teacher from Xian. He asked his students to

48、 hand in their homework through a QR code(二維碼). “We spent an hour or two in class learning how to generate(使產(chǎn)生)the codes, and in the end everything gets easier,”said Guo.“When students finish the homework, they keep it on WeChat. Then, each student makes his own QR code and gives it to me. So I can

49、check their work anywhere using my computer or telephone.”The QR codes can be sent to Mr. Guo by email, QQ and WeChat. When Guo scans(掃描)his stu-dents QR codes, their homework appears on his phone. He finds that their homework becomes more creative, with many pictures, music and even videos.Guos stu

50、dents like the new way and think it is interesting. “We are living in the information age. Many students like to work with computers, which makes learning more fun,”said Tingting, a B組 2014-2018年全國中考題組student of Guos.“The paper is not easy to keep, but the code is easy to keep and share,” Guo said.“

51、It is worth trying to use new technology in education. Education itself is a kind of creation. I dont want my students to fall behind the times.”However, some parents are worried. They are afraid that their children will spend too much time on computers and less time communicating with teachers. But

52、 in fact, its unnecessary. Students still need to look up information in books and write it down when they do their homework. They only use the codes when they hand in their work, which doesnt take them too much time. Also for teachers, it allows them to check the students work at any time. And its

53、also an easy way to share homework with other students.1.According to the passage, Guos students can keep their homework on WeChat, cant they?2.How can the QR codes be sent to Mr. Guo?3.What is one of the advantages of the new way of handing in homework?4.What do some parents worry about?5.What do y

54、ou think of the new way of handing in homework?答案語篇解讀本文講述郭老師讓學生用二維碼提交作業(yè),使得師生共同受益的故事。1.Yes, they can.根據(jù)第一段中的When students finish the homework,they keep it on WeChat可知當學生完成作業(yè)時,他們將其保留在微信上。2.By email, QQ and WeChat.由第二段中的The QR codes can be sent to Mr. Guo by email, QQ and WeChat可知二維碼可以通過電子郵件、QQ和微信傳給老師。

55、3.The teacher can check the homework anywhere at any time. / The code is easy to keep and share.由第一段最后一句中的I can check their work anywhere或第四段第一句中的the code is easy to keep and share 可知老師能用電腦或電話隨時批改作業(yè),而且二維碼容易保存和分享。4.They worry their children will spend too much time on computers and less time communic

56、ating with teachers.由文章第五段第二句話They are afraid that their children will spend too much time on computers and less time communicating with teachers.可知父母擔心孩子用電腦的時間太長,與老師的交流減少。5.It is interesting/useful/helpful.該題為開放式的問題,言之有理即可。長難句They only use the codes when they hand in their work, which doesnt take t

57、hem too much time.他們只需要在交作業(yè)時使用二維碼,這并不會花費他們太多時間。該句是主從復合句。when引導時間狀語從句。which引導的是非限制性定語從句。重點詞匯creative adj.有創(chuàng)造力的;communicate v.交流;hand in 上交;in fact 事實上Passage 2(2018吉林,F)Alice is a college student and in her internship(實習期)now. Last month, she bought a scarf which she really liked. It cost her more th

58、an 50 dollars. Its not cheap, but it made her happy, be-cause she had dreamed of having one for a long time.Every morning, when she puts on her new scarf, she feels so happy that it seems the whole day is full of hope. Alice has been used to rewarding(獎勵)herself through shopping. This hobby also dri

59、ves her to work hard and makes her life keep getting better.But her mother, Mrs. Miller thinks quite differently. When Mrs. Miller knew the price of Alices new scarf, they started to argue with each other and the argument(爭執(zhí))lasted for almost a whole day. Her mother thought that she shouldnt spend s

60、o much money on it, while Alice thought her mother didnt understand her at all.But Alice didnt know that her mothers life was very hard. When Mrs. Miller was very young, she could not find enough clothes to wear in winter. She needed to learn how to spend every penny(便士,貨幣單位)as if it were two so tha