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1、Unit 1 Intercultural Communication目錄12Reading SkillText AText BReading PracticeText CIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionWords and ExpressionsWords and ExpressionsWords and ExpressionsNotesNotesNotesExercisesExercisesExercisesText AIntroduction Decision-making is very important for businessmen and o

2、ther people. It can reflect a particular pattern of management behavior. However, it is influenced by different cultures. What are cultural differences in Western and Japanese decision-making? What are the “you to you” approach and “I to you” approach? You can find the answer in the following text.I

3、. Reading Practice Cultural Differences in Western and Japanese Decision-MakingText A To talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also comi

4、ng to grips with changes now taking place. I. Reading PracticeText A In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the direction-taking or decision-making process. At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japa

5、n, in contrast to the great job mobility in America. While we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factorsand will only work within a given culture.I. Read

6、ing Practice8/28/2022Text A Let me try to describe three or four characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making and problem-solving. These characteristics are related to each other. First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is th

7、e “you to you” approach, as distinguished from the Western “I to you” approach. The difference is this: In “I to you”, both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of viewthey state what they want and what they expect to get. A confrontation situation is thereby set up, and Western

8、ers are very skillful in dealing with this. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A The “you to you” approach practiced in Japan is based on each sideautomatically and often unconsciouslytrying to understand the other persons point of view. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt to reduce

9、 confrontation and achieve harmony. A second characteristic is based on “consensus opinion” and “bottom-up direction”. In Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of both private enterprises and government ministries. In Japan there is a

10、 drive for unity within the groupwhether it is family, company, or Parliament. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A The difference is that Western-style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consult middle management or the worker while in Japan, idea can be created at

11、 the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision. This is “bottom up”. There is also a characteristic style of communication in Japan that is different from the Western way.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A The Japanese business person works to a

12、chieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you” approach, communicating personal views only indirectly and delicately. This places time in a different perspective. In Japan the Western deadline approach is secondary to a thorough

13、job. Owing to this difference in emphasis, the Japanese are thorough in their meetings as well as in their production. Thus Americans are often frustrated by the many successive meetings in many Japanese businesses. But where the American is pressing for a specific decision, the Japanese is trying t

14、o devise a rather broad direction. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision. The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lag behind as

15、they take the time for in-depth planning. Now, while Japans industry and technology are highly developed, they have not replaced the fundamental force of human energy and motivation. By that I mean that the Japanese take great pride in doing a job well and getting it done no matter how much time is

16、required. There is a commitment and sense of responsibility, which have not yet been discarded in this age of machines.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A In my fieldfinance and securitiesI am often asked by Westerners how Nomura Securities has managed to escape the paper traffic jam that American fi

17、rms have faced. We, too, have had that problem. The Tokyo Stock Exchange often has between 200 and 300 million transactions a day. This volume is many times more than that of the New York Stock Exchange. How can it be feasible to handle this load? First, we have very sophisticated computers. Second,

18、 and most important, the operational personnel responsible for processing all these transactions stay and stay until the job is done. Perhaps in 20 yearsor soonerthey will be more westernized and insist on going home at five oclock. But today, still, most insist on staying until the job is done. The

19、re is a sincere concern for quality. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A This willingness to help in a pinch is an important aspect of Japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level. Some years ago, the Matsushita Company was having a very bad time. Among the many measures taken, Mr. Matsus

20、hita, the founder and then chairman, became the manager of the sales department. Also, when we at Nomura converted to computers about five years ago, the new system eliminated the jobs of 700 people. We did not dismiss these people; rather, we converted them to securities sales people and some of th

21、ese are now our leading sales people. Provided there is intelligence and a willingness to exert yourself, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed. In Japan, a persons capabilities are not forced into an inflexible area. And we feel the company owes a worker something for loyalty an

22、d commitment. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text AWords and Expressionsgrip grip n. 緊握，緊抓stability stbilti n. 穩(wěn)定，穩(wěn)固 mobile mubil adj. 活動的，流動的superior sju:piri adj. 更好的，優(yōu)秀的inferior infiri adj. 次等的，較差的negotiation ni,guiein n. 談判，洽談I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text Athereby ,ebai adv. 因此，從而harmony ha:mni

23、n. 和諧，融洽consensus knsenss n. 一致同意，共同看法bottom-up ,btmp adj. 由下而上的enterprise entpraiz n. 企業(yè)，公司unity ju:nti n. 和睦，統(tǒng)一parliament pa:lmnt n. 議會，國會consult knslt vt. 咨詢，請教 I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text Asuccessive sksesiv adj. 繼續(xù)的，連續(xù)的lag lg vi. 落后in-depth indep adj. 深入的，徹底的fundamental ,fndmentl adj. 基本的，

24、主要的discard diska:d vt. 丟棄，拋棄transaction trnzkn n. 交易，業(yè)務(wù)volume vlju:m n. 數(shù)量，額；（書的）卷，冊；音量feasible fi:zbl adj. 可能的，行得通的 I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A sophisticated sfistikeitid adj. 復(fù)雜的，尖端的pinch pint n. 捏，掐，擰convert knv:t v. （使）轉(zhuǎn)化，（使）轉(zhuǎn)變dismiss dismis vt. 解雇，開除provided prvaidid conj. 只要，如果exert igz

25、:t vt. 努力，盡力flexible fleksbl adj. 靈活的，可變通的I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text Acome/get to grips with 開始并應(yīng)付，開始處理distinguishfrom 使區(qū)別于be true of 對來說也一樣fall through 失敗，成為泡影press for 反復(fù)請求，緊急要求lag behind 落后in a pinch 迫不得已時，必要時 I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text ANotes It means trying to measure the impact of

26、these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grips with changes now taking place. 它意味著設(shè)法評估這些因素對現(xiàn)代生活的影響，也意味著把握目前正在發(fā)生的變化。 First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the “you to you” approach, as distinguished from the Western “I to you” approach. 首先，在日本，任何處

27、理問題的方法或任何談判都體現(xiàn)著“你對你”的方式，這有別于西方“我對你”的方式。 I. Reading Practice單擊此處添加備注Text A The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you” approach, communicating personal views only indirectly and delicately

28、. 即使生意沒做成，日本商人也力求和睦相處，愿意花費(fèi)必要的時間來確立“你對你”的交流方式，僅僅間接而巧妙地表達(dá)個人意見。 Nomura Securities 野村證券 Tokyo Stock Exchange 東京證券交易所 New York Stock Exchange 紐約證券交易所 Matsushita ma:tsuit (company) 松下（公司） Matsushita 松下幸之助（松下公司創(chuàng)始人） I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text AExercises I. Choose the best answer to each of the followi

29、ng questions according to the passages. 1. What is the most important thing for direction-taking or decision-making in Japan?A.How much you can earn. B. What organization you work for.C. What responsibility you have. D. What position you are in.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A 2. What is the diffe

30、rence of peoples attitude towards job between Japan and America?A. People in Japan pay more attention to job stability than people in America do to job mobility.B. People in Japan pay more attention to job mobility than people in America do to job stability. C. People in Japan pay more attention to

31、job rewards than people in America do to job stability.D. People in Japan pay more attention to job challenge than people in America do to job stability.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A3. What is the approach to a problem for westerners?A. “I to I” approachB. “I to you” approachC. “you to you” app

32、roachD. “you to I” approach4. The “you to you” approach practiced in Japan is based on _.A. the leaders viewB. the other persons viewC. their own point of viewD. each sideI. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text AI. Reading Practice5. In Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of _.A

33、. top managersB. middle managersC. everyone at all levelsD. workers6. The Japanese business person works to achieve _.A. harmonyB. powerC. moneyD. higher position 8/28/2022Text A7. Once a given agreement is made, Japanese are eager to _.A. take a restB. go aheadC. lag behindD. wait8. _ have not yet

34、been discarded in Japanese culture.A. responsibilityB. commitmentC. human energy and motivationD. all of the above I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A9. How can Tokyo Stock Exchange handle so many transactions a day?A. The computers are very sophisticated.B. The operational personnel are very respons

35、ible.C. There are many working staffs.D. Both A and B.10. Which sentence is wrong for Japanese?A. Japanese company owes a worker something for loyalty and commitment.B. Japanese insist on staying until the job is done.C. Japanese insist on going home at five oclock.D. There is a sincere concern for

36、quality. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text A II. Fill in the blanks with the words given blow. Change the form where necessary.delicate analyze feasible dismiss discard differ consult volume convert exert 1. The more self-knowledge we have, the more control we can _ over our feelings and behavior. 2.

37、 I realized that I had a problem and decided to have it _, and I traced it back to when I was in hospital as a child.I. Reading Practiceexertanalyzed8/28/2022Text A 3.This is where we _ from the professionalsthey study in order to work better; we study in order to understand more. 4. Before making a

38、ny changes, _ your family to find out what are most important to them. 5. She _ all her old clothes when she moved to a new city. 6. The _ of trade between the two countries continues to grow, and so does the cultural exchange. I. Reading Practicedifferconsultdiscarded volume8/28/2022Text A 7. Madel

39、ine was wondering how to approach the _ question of her salary with her new boss. 8. It takes the technician 15 minutes to _ the plane into a car by removing the wings and tail. 9. The company, which has _ most of its staff, said it had lost $270 million in the last year. 10. We need a _ management

40、system to meet the changing needs of our customers. I. Reading Practiceflexibledismissedconvertdelicate8/28/2022Text BIntroduction Here are five more inventions and symbols that are definitely American: the Statue of Liberty, which, though given as a gift from the French, has always symbolized the c

41、oncept of freedom; the Barbie doll, which has become the queen of all toys; American Gothic, a portrait showing a farmer and his wife; the Buffalo nickel, a tribute to the buffalo and the native American people who were killed and displaced to make room for European expansion; and finally, the image

42、 of Uncle Sam, which represents American resolve, strength, and patriotism.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text BFive Famous Symbols of American CultureThe Statue of Liberty In the mid-1870s, French artist 2Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the Wor

43、ld, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance. At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approve of her sons affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876. I. Reading Pra

44、ctice8/28/2022Text B That same year Bartholdi had assembled the statues right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia. It is said that he had used his wifes arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue. He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength

45、, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on an island in Upper 4New York Bay in 1886. It had his mothers face and his wifes body, but Bartholdi called it “my daughter, Liberty”. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text BBarbieBefore all the different typ

46、es of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara.Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of the 9Mattel Toy Company. Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls. The three-dime

47、nsional model for Barbie was a German dolla joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of “a woman who sold sex”. Mattel refashioned the doll into decent, all-American-although with an exaggerated breast sizeversion and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager. I. Reading Practic

48、e8/28/2022Text B Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second. Now more than sixty years old, Barbarawho declines interviews but is sa

49、id to have loved the dollmay be the most famous unknown figure on the planet Barbies boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in 1961 and named after Barbaras brother. The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. “I dont want my children to play with it,” he said in 1

50、993.I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text B American Gothic Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse. He was st

51、rongly influenced by medieval artists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the worlds attention. Wood liked to paint faces he knew well. For the grave farmer he used his dentist, a sour-looking man. For the woman standing alongsid

52、e him, the artist chose his sister, Nan. He stretched the models necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait. Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text B The Buffalo Nickel Today, American c

53、oins honor prominent figures of the US governmentmostly famous former presidents. But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontierthe destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians. While white people ha

54、d previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artist James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation. For the buffalo on the other side, since buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands, Fraser was forced to ske

55、tch an aging buffalo from New York Citys Central Park Zoo. Two years later, in 1915, this animal was sold for $100 and killed for meat, a hide, and a wall decoration made from its horns. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text B Uncle Sam Fourteen-year-old 17Sam Wilson ran away from home to join his father

56、 and older brothers in the fight to liberate the American colonies from the British during 18the American Revolution. At age 23, he started a meat-packing business and earned a reputation for being honest and hard-working. During a later war in 1812, Wilson gained a position inspecting meat for US A

57、rmy forces, working with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the army. Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped “EA-US”, identifying the company (EA) and the country of origin (US). According to one story, when a government official visited the plant and a

58、sked about the letters, a creative employee told him “US” was short for “Uncle Sam” Wilson. Soon soldiers were saying all Army supplies were from “Uncle Sam”. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text B After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, his form evolving from

59、an earlier cartoon character called 19Brother Jonathan that was popular during the American Revolution. Uncle Sam soon replaced Brother Jonathan as Americans most popular symbol. The most enduring portrait of Uncle Sam was created by artist 20James Montgomery Flagg in his famous army recruiting post

60、ers of World Wars I and II. That versiona tall man with white hair and a small white beard on his chin, a dark blue coat and a tall hat with stars on itwas a self-portrait of Flagg. I. Reading Practice8/28/2022Text BWords and Expressions1.statue sttju: n. 雕像，塑像2.liberty libti n. 自由（權(quán)）3. enlighten in