21世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè)第一單元 Secrets of A Students

1、 Unit One Text ASecretsof A StudentsT ext-related information1. Grading systemSchools, colleges and universities in Great Britain and the United Statescommonly use letter grades t indicate the quality of a student s academic performance:A(excellent), B(good), C(average), D(below average), and F(fail

2、ing). In the UnitedStates, work rated C or above is usually required of an undergraduate student tocontinue his/her studies; work rated B or higher is usually required of a graduatestudent to continue. In percentage scales, 100 percent is the highest mark, and 70percent (or 65 percent) is usually th

3、e lowest passing work.2. Students at universitiesA university student who has not yet taken his or her first, or “bachelors” degreeis an undergraduate. In the United States, a first-year student at a college or university,and in a high school as well, is called a freshman, a second-year student asop

4、homore, and a third-year student a junior, and a fourth-year student a senior. Agraduate is a person who has completed a university degree course while apostgraduate (or graduate in the United States) is a person doing studies that aredone at a university after one has received a first degree.3. Cam

5、bridge劍橋大學(xué)（University of Cambridge ） 成立于 1209 年，最早是由1一批為躲避毆斗而從 牛津大學(xué) 逃離出來(lái)的老師建立的。 亨利三世國(guó)王 在1231 年授予 劍橋教學(xué)壟斷權(quán)。劍橋大學(xué)和牛津大學(xué) （University of Oxford）齊名為 英國(guó)的兩所最優(yōu)秀的 大學(xué)，被合稱(chēng)為“ Oxbridge”，是世界十大名校之一， 81 位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng) 得主出自此校。劍橋大學(xué)是英國(guó)名校聯(lián)盟“ 羅素大學(xué)集團(tuán) ”（Russell Group ）和歐洲的大學(xué)聯(lián)盟 科英布拉集團(tuán) （CoimbraGroup）的成員?，F(xiàn)任校長(zhǎng)是艾利森理查德。劍橋大學(xué)所處的劍橋 (Cambridge

6、) 是一個(gè)擁有 10 萬(wàn)居民的英格蘭小鎮(zhèn)，距英國(guó)首都倫敦不到 100 千米，這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)有一條河流穿過(guò)，被命名為“劍河”（River Cam，也譯作“ 康河”），早在公元前 43 年，羅馬士兵就駐扎在劍河邊，后來(lái)還在劍河上建起了一座大橋，這樣，河名和橋加住一起，就構(gòu)成了劍橋這一地名。絕大多數(shù)的學(xué)院、研究所、圖書(shū)館和實(shí)驗(yàn)室都在這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)上，此外還有 20 多所教堂。劍橋大學(xué)有 31 個(gè)學(xué)院，有三個(gè)女子學(xué)院，兩個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的研究生院，各學(xué)院歷史背景不同，實(shí)行獨(dú)特的 學(xué)院制 ，風(fēng)格各異 的 35 所學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)上 自負(fù)盈虧；劍橋大學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)生源規(guī)劃和教學(xué)工作，各學(xué)院內(nèi)部錄取步驟各異，每個(gè)學(xué)院在某種程度上就像一個(gè)微型大學(xué)，

7、有自己的校規(guī)校紀(jì)。劍橋大學(xué)的第一所學(xué)院彼得學(xué)院于 1284 年建立，其他的學(xué)院在 14 和 15 世紀(jì)陸續(xù)建立。1 Unit One Text A劍橋大學(xué)的許多地方保留著 中世紀(jì) 以來(lái)的風(fēng)貌，到處可見(jiàn)幾百年來(lái)不斷按原樣精心維修的古城建筑，許多校舍的門(mén)廊、墻壁上仍然裝飾著古樸莊嚴(yán)的塑像和印章，高大的染色玻璃窗像一幅幅瑰麗的畫(huà)面。劍橋大學(xué)有教師 (教授、副教授、講師)1,000 余名，另外還有 1,000 余名訪(fǎng)問(wèn)學(xué)者。劍橋大學(xué)共有學(xué)生 16,900 名，其中包括 6,935 名研究生， 72%的研究生來(lái)自其它大學(xué)，研究生中 42%是國(guó)外 留學(xué)生 ，女生占 36%。大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)為女王丈夫菲歷普親王 (

8、他同時(shí)兼任牛津大學(xué)校長(zhǎng) )，設(shè)一名常務(wù)副校長(zhǎng)主持日常工作。劍橋大學(xué)的學(xué)生參與多種業(yè)余活動(dòng)，其中 劃船是最流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，劍橋大學(xué)各學(xué)院間經(jīng)常比賽，而且劍橋大學(xué)每年都會(huì)與牛津大學(xué)舉行劃船比賽。各學(xué)院間還舉行其他各種體育比賽，包括 橄欖球 、板球、國(guó)際象棋等。 該大學(xué)在 世界品牌實(shí)驗(yàn)室 （World Brand Lab ）編制的 2006 年度世界品牌 500 強(qiáng)排行榜中名列第五十九。V ocabulary1. performdo (a job); complete (a task)e.g. Computers can perform many different tasks.The firefi

9、ghters performed outstanding acts of bravery in the September 11attack.Perform well/badly/poorlywork well/badly/poorly; achieve a good/poor resulte.g. I must say I performed poorly in the speech contest.The new drug has perform well in tests.2. concentrate-direct all ones attention, etc. towards sth

10、.; be absorbed in sth.e.g. Sally tried to concentrate on her studies in spite of the noise.Its said that yoga can help you contrite better. 據(jù)說(shuō)瑜伽能夠幫助你更好地集中精力。3. focusV. & N. direct ones attention on sth; the concentration of ones attentione.g. Todays topic focused on Chinese festivals.The research ef

11、fort focused on the development of a new chemical.All eyes were focused on him.大家的眼光都注意著他。You should focus your attention on your work.你應(yīng)該把注意力放到工作上。He always wants to be the focus of attention.他總想成為注意力的焦點(diǎn)。Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph.要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦點(diǎn)對(duì)準(zhǔn)物體。: concentrate, fo

12、cus這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞均有“集中，聚集”之意。詞義辨析concentrate: 指把人或物集中在一起，也可指把精力或注意力集中于某一事物上。focus: 側(cè)重指把光、熱、射線(xiàn)等集中于一點(diǎn)，也可指把思想或精力等集中于2 Unit One Text A某人或某事情上。4. athlete, sportsperson, playerathletea person who is skilled in bodily exercise and who competes in games thatneed strength and speed, such as running and jumping.Sports

13、persona person who is keen on spors.Playera person who plays in a ball game, often professionally.e.g. Its quite an event for an athlete to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games.My boss is a keen sportsperson and keeps encouraging me to get moreoutdoor activity.Michael Jordan is the best basketball

14、player Ive ever seen.5. essential(1) n. (usu. Pl.) sth. that is necessary or very important(2) a. (to, for) necessary, centrale.g. In considering this problem, you should grasp its essentials.在考慮這一問(wèn)題時(shí)，你應(yīng)當(dāng)抓住實(shí)質(zhì)。Her most essential quality is kindness.她最主要的品質(zhì)是善良。Food is essential to life.食物對(duì)生命是必不可少的。Pol

15、itical stability is essential for economic development.6. relevant (ant. Irrelevant)directly connected with the subject or problem beingdiscussed or considerede.g. The essay isnt even remotely relevant to the topic.這篇文章毫不切題。These facts are relevant to the case.這些事實(shí)和此案有關(guān)。She gobbled up all the releva

16、nt information.她如饑似渴地收集一切有關(guān)的信息。This type of university course is no longer relevant to todays problems.這類(lèi)大學(xué)課程對(duì)當(dāng)今的問(wèn)題而言已沒(méi)有實(shí)際價(jià)值。His nationality isnt relevant to whether hes a good teacher.他的國(guó)籍與他是否是位好老師無(wú)關(guān)。7. approach- n. 接近, 途徑, 方法; v. 靠近, 接近, 動(dòng)手處理e.g. All the approaches to the palace were guarded by tr

17、oops.通往宮殿的所有道路都有部隊(duì)把守。The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house.我們要想一想買(mǎi)新房子的事了，時(shí)機(jī)即將來(lái)臨。Heavy footsteps signalled the teachers approach.沉重的腳步聲顯示教師已經(jīng)走近了。There are several ways of approaching the problem.處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題有好幾個(gè)方法。All approaches to the city were blocked.通往這座城市的所有道路都被封鎖了。Silent

18、ly we approached the enemys camp.我們靜悄悄地逼近敵人的營(yíng)地。3 Unit One Text AThe lions approach drove away the small animals.獅子一走近，小動(dòng)物們都跑開(kāi)了。manner, method, way, mode, fashion, means, approach這些名詞均含“方法、方式”之意?！驹~義辨析】manner: 多指行動(dòng)的特殊方式或獨(dú)特的方法。method: 指有系統(tǒng)、有條理地辦事或解決問(wèn)題的方法。way: 普通用詞，可指一般的方法，有時(shí)也指?jìng)€(gè)人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。mode:

19、 書(shū)面用詞，常指因個(gè)人愛(ài)好或傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗等因素而遵循的方法。fashion: 著重獨(dú)特的程序或方式，尤指?jìng)€(gè)人的偏愛(ài)或習(xí)慣。means: 指為達(dá)到某種目的或目標(biāo)而采用的方法、手段或途徑。approach: 指從事某事的特別方法、途徑。8. solutionan act or way of finding an answer to a difficulty or probleme.g. We havent found the solution yet, but Im sure were on the right track.我們還沒(méi)有找到解決辦法，但我肯定我們的思路是對(duì)的。It seems (to m

20、e) (to be) the best solution.(依我看)這似乎是最好的解決辦法。Language Points1. “Brain”intelligence; the ability to learn and understanding things quicklye.g. Toms got brains but is too lazy to use them.I hope the baby has his mothers brains and his fathers good look.2. “Necessarily”often used in negatives means “i

21、n every case”e.g. Books are not necessarily the best teacher sometimes we learn more fromour experiences.The fact that sth in cheap doesnt necessarily mean its low of quality.If we reply “Not necessarily”, we mean that what has just been said or suggestedmay not be true.“Well need to employ another

22、teacher then” “Not necessarily”3. make the most ofmake the best of; use or enjoy to the greatest advantage, use inthe best waye.g. The young lady has learned to make the most of every opportunity offered toher.這位年輕女士懂得充分利用她所得到的每一次機(jī)會(huì)。The government is determined to make the most of the regions natura

23、lresources to further promote economic and social progress.4. counts for much/little/nothingbe of much/little/no worth or importancee.g. He knows only one side of the story and therefore his opinion counts for verylittle.Knowledge without common sense counts for little.A man with no sense of respons

24、ibility does not count for anything.5. “not the whole story” or “part of the story”- the explanation or information givenis not enough for a situation to be fully understood.4 Unit One Text Ae.g. Its true that I dont like my boss, but that is not the whole story/only part ofthe story. I quit because

25、 Ive found a better job.Some other use of “story”e.g. Well, Ive never cheated in exams, though I know people who have, butthats another story.Where they live, the climate is fairly dry, but a little further north its adifferent story.People come and people go. Its the same old story.6. put inspend,

26、pass (a specified amount of time, etc.)e.g. I hurried to the library, only to find that there was still an hour to put in beforeit opened.He worked like a slave putting in fifteen hours of work daily.On weekend, I sometimes enjoy putting in a pleasant afternoon in the publiclibrary.7. go + unP.P.: 主

27、動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的涵義 （P11; exXI）e.g. The babys cry went unheard. (Nobody hear the babys cry)Some guests at the party went unattended. (Nobody attended them).Practice: change the following sentences with “go+(un)p.p.” pattern:a. the letter was not finished.b. The decision will not be changed.c. The patient did

28、nt touch the food.d. The kid didnt do his homework.e. While writing to her parents, the student didnt mention her poor performancein exams.8. get ones hands onget hold of (sth. or sb.), esp. violently; seizee.g. The hungry boy ate up everything he could get his hands on from therefrigerator.The woma

29、n smashed every plate she could get her hands on in a terrible fightwith her husband. 在和她丈夫打架的時(shí)候她摔碎了所有她能找到的碟子。The book was sold out, and the girl had to go downtown to finally get herhands on a copy.9. cut down onreducee.g. The already skinny girl declared she would cut down on food so as to losewei

30、ght. 已經(jīng)很瘦的女孩宣布她要減少飲食來(lái)減肥。The doctor urged the patient to cut down smoking and drinking.醫(yī)生敦促病人減少吸煙和飲酒。There is talk that they are going to cut down on government spending.據(jù)說(shuō)他們將縮減政府開(kāi)支。10. setassign, put forward or arrange as (material to be dealt with)e.g. Can you imagine that the professor set such a

31、difficult assignment on thevery first day of the semester.The manager set his secretary various tasks when he was away on a businesstrip.11. a couple ofa few, more than one but indefinitely small in number5 Unit One Text Ae.g. He patched up a couple of old tires.他補(bǔ)了幾條舊車(chē)胎。The bowler let go a couple o

32、f scorchers.投球手投出了幾個(gè)快球。Give the bottle a couple of shakes before pouring the juice.倒果汁前，先把瓶子搖幾下。Ive got a couple of questions Id like to ask you. Right, fire away.我有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題想問(wèn)你.好，你說(shuō)吧.As Ive been lying wide awake for a couple of hours, I know Ive come in forit again tonight.毫無(wú)睡意地躺了一兩個(gè)小時(shí)之后，我知道今晚又要失眠了。I sa

33、w a couple of men get out.我看見(jiàn)有幾個(gè)人出去了。The motorist picked up a couple of pupils and took them as far as the countytown.開(kāi)汽車(chē)的人讓兩個(gè)小學(xué)生上車(chē)，把他們一直帶到了縣城。The committee is going into recess for a couple of weeks.委員會(huì)打算休會(huì)幾個(gè)星期。12. meet the deadlinefinish the task before the date or time it must be finishede.g. The

34、res no way I can meet the deadline.我不可能按時(shí)完成。Im afraid youve missed the deadline, so your application cannot beconsidered. 恐怕你已經(jīng)誤了期限，因此你的申請(qǐng)將不予考慮。13. stick tokeep to, refuse to leave or changee.g. He is a man of principlehe always sticks to his principles.他是一個(gè)講原則的人總是嚴(yán)格遵守自己的原則。We dont want to hear your

35、 opinions; stick to the facts!我們不想聽(tīng)你的想法，只講事實(shí)！Dont romanticize stick to the facts.別夸夸其談了說(shuō)實(shí)際的吧。We must stick to our task till it is finished.我們必須繼續(xù)工作，直至做好為止。14. work wondersbring unexpectedly good resultse.g. I think a long holiday would work wonders for your health.我想長(zhǎng)期休假會(huì)給你的健康創(chuàng)造奇跡。God work wonders n

36、ow and then; Behold, a lawyer an hone man.上帝時(shí)或會(huì)制造一些奇跡; 看啊，身為一名律師，居然還是老實(shí)人！A whisky and soda at the end of the day will sometimes work wonders.晚上喝杯威士忌攙蘇打水有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生意想不到的效果。A few words of encouragement can work wonders in me when Im not veryconfident.The student tried the new approach, and to his amazement,

37、 it workedwonders.15. lead tohave as a result, cause sth. to happen or exist6 Unit One Text Ae.g. The smoke of the forest fire led to the worst air accident in the history of thecountry.The Governments present course will only lead to disaster.政府的現(xiàn)行方針後患無(wú)窮。Too much work and too little rest often lead

38、 to illness.過(guò)量的工作和過(guò)少的休息會(huì)引起疾病。Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences.這樣一種錯(cuò)誤可能導(dǎo)致災(zāi)難性的后果。16. put downwrite down, make a note ofe.g. Heres my addressput it down before you forget it.Let me put down what hes said. I never trust my memory.17. revision (British)make preparation for an

39、exam, such as reading things, makingnotes, and doing exercise before an exam ( equivalent American form“revise”)e.g. she did no revision/review but she still got a very high mark.她沒(méi)復(fù)習(xí)但仍考得很好。Some girls prefer to do their revision at home.有些女孩喜歡在家復(fù)習(xí)。18. rather than- conj. 寧可 . 也不愿, 與其 . 倒不如, 而不是 (平行結(jié)構(gòu)，前后一致 “parallel structure”)e.g. It is a telex rather than a letter.與其說(shuō)它是一封信，不如說(shuō)它是一封電傳。These are