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1、Lodish Berk Kaiser Krieger scott Bretscher Ploegh MatsudairaMOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYSEVENTH EDITIONCHAPTER 1Molecules, Cells, and Evolution Copyright 2013 by W. H. Freeman and CompanyChapter OpenerFigure 1.1 All living organisms descended from a common ancestral cell.All cells are thought to have evol

2、ved from a common progenitor because the structures and molecules in all cells have so many similarities Morphology DNA sequence Protein sequenceFigure 1.1 (Continued) All living organisms descended from a common ancestral cell.Whole genome DNA sequenceFigure 1.2 Charles DarwinOrigin of Species (185

3、9)Figure 1.3 Living systems such as the human body consist of closely interrelated elements.Figure 1.4 Some of the many small molecules found in cells.Figure 1.5 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most common molecule used by cells to capture and transfer energy.Two organelles to produce ATP-Mitoch

4、ondria-chloroplastsFigure 1.6 Models of some representative proteins drawn to a common scale and compared with a small portion of a lipid bilayer sheet, a DNA molecule, and an RNA molecule.To calculate how many protein molecules a cell need to operate and maintain itself-The abundance of different p

5、roteins varies widely, From 20000 molecules to 5 X 108 moleculesFigure 1.7 James D. Watson (left)Francis H. C. Crick (right)Figure 1.8 DNA consists of two complementary strands wound around each other to form a doublehelix.Gene-coding region-regulatory region Nucleic acid carry coded information for

6、 making proteins at the right time and placeFigure 1.9 The information coded in DNA is converted into the amino acid sequences of proteins by a multistep process.Concepts: Replication, DNA polymerase transcription, mRNA, RNA polymerase, Translation, RibosomeFigure 1.10 The watery interior of cells i

7、s surrounded by the plasma membrane, a two-layered shell of phospholipids.Phospholipids are the conserved building blocks of All cellular MembranesFigure 1.11 Prokaryotic cells are have a relatively simple structure.Figure 1.12 Eukaryotic cells have a complex internal structure with many membrane-li

8、mited organelles.Figure 1.13 Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies.Figure 1.13 (Continued) Each experimental organism used in cell biology has advantages for certain types of studies.Figure 1.14 The three types of cytoskeletal filaments have char

9、acteristic distributions within mammalian cells.All eukaryotic cells have many of the same organelles and other subcellular structuresFigure 1.15 Individual chromosomes can be seen in cells during cell division (mitosis).A normal human has 23 pairs of morphologically distinct chromosomes.Circular DN

10、A in mitochondria, only inherited from mother Figure 1.16 During growth, all eukaryotic cells continually progress through the four stages of the cell cycle, generating new daughter cells.Figure 1.17 The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can grow as both haploids and diploids and can reproduce sexually

11、 and asexually.Sex is a process of mingling genetic variation from two individuals, creating new individuals with a combination of properties unlike either parent and that may be beneficial from survival and reproduction The yeast cell reproduces sexually and asexuallyMutation in Yeast lead to the i

12、dentification of key cell cycle proteins24Animal cells produce their own external environment and gluesExtracellular matrix Cell adhesion molecules (CAM)Gap junction or plasmodesmata Multicellularity requires cell-cell and cell matrix adhesionsFigure 1.18 All organs are organized arrangements of var

13、ious tissues, as illustrated in this cross section of a small artery (arteriole).Ec: endothelial cellsTM: smooth muscle tissueFigure 1.19 The first few cell divisions of a fertilized egg set the stage for all subsequent development.Figure 1.20 Similar genes, conserved during evolution, regulate earl

14、y developmental processes in diverse animals.Hox genes: the development of segments Figure 1.21 Similar genes, conserved during evolution, regulate organ development in diverse animals.mutantNormalFigure 1.22 Conservation of synteny between human and mouse.About 99% percent of mouse protein-coding genes have homologs in the human, and vice versaFigure 1.23 Viruses must infect a host cell to grow and reproduce.DNA or RNA virusGenetic disease elucidate important aspects of cell functionDuchen