2021屆上海市青浦區(qū)高三英語二模概要寫作指導(dǎo)學(xué)案

1、2021青浦二模Taking It to Extremes挑戰(zhàn)極限Regular exercise benefits people extensively, from weight control to lengthened life. Exercise sets up a chain reaction that is generally positive for the human body, preventing and controlling some health problems. However, endurance sports, requiring the sustained

2、efforts for long periods of time, reveal a darker side of exercise.從控制體重到延長壽命，定期鍛煉使人們受益匪淺。 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)建立一個(gè)連鎖反應(yīng)，通常對(duì)人體有益，可以預(yù)防和控制一些健康問題。 然而，耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)需要長時(shí)間的持續(xù)努力，揭示了運(yùn)動(dòng)的陰暗面。 A common endurance sport is marathon. Running 26.2 miles is an achievement, but its ultimately harmful. In one study, about 75% of marathon runne

3、rs suffered from kidney injury after finishing the race. Similarly, cross-country skiing offers excellent cardiovascular benefits when performing at a leisurely pace. Yet cross-country skiing alters the structure of the heart, making it more easily damaged to an arrhythmia, a condition where the hea

4、rt beats irregularly. When it came to the participants hearts, competitive success in cross-country skiing doesnt always translate into better health. The most extreme endurance races, such as Ironman Triathlons, provide more discouraging data.一項(xiàng)常見的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)是馬拉松。 跑 26.2 英里是一項(xiàng)成就，但最終是有害的。 在一項(xiàng)研究中，大約 75% 的馬拉

5、松運(yùn)動(dòng)員在完成比賽后遭受了腎損傷。 同樣，越野滑雪在以悠閑的速度進(jìn)行時(shí)提供了極好的心血管益處。 然而，越野滑雪會(huì)改變心臟的結(jié)構(gòu)，使其更容易因心律不齊而受損，這是一種心臟不規(guī)則跳動(dòng)的情況。 當(dāng)談到參與者的內(nèi)心時(shí)，越野滑雪的競爭成功并不總是轉(zhuǎn)化為更好的健康。 最極端的耐力賽，例如鐵人三項(xiàng)，提供了更多令人沮喪的數(shù)據(jù)。 Endurance athletes face another serious problem: they may drink much water while competing. Proper hydration while exercising is key to health

6、and performance. But, too much of a good thing can be dangerous. Reportedly, over 10% of the participants in the triathlon suffered from hyponatremia, occurring when the level of sodium (鈉) in the blood becomes dangerously low, often when the sodium concentration is too low with water. Evidently, ex

7、treme endurance sports can transform the basic necessity of drinking water into a potential source of harm.耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員面臨另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題：他們?cè)诒荣悤r(shí)可能會(huì)喝很多水。 運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充水分是健康和表現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵。 但是，太多的好東西可能是危險(xiǎn)的。 據(jù)報(bào)道，超過 10% 的鐵人三項(xiàng)參與者患有低鈉血癥，發(fā)生在血液中鈉水平變得危險(xiǎn)的低水平時(shí)，通常是在水中鈉濃度過低時(shí)。 顯然，極限耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可以將飲用水的基本需求轉(zhuǎn)化為潛在的傷害來源。 Does running help a person live lon

8、ger? A study published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings concluded that running distances of 0.1 to 19.9 miles a week, at six to seven miles per hour, was linked to a lower risk of death. However, running distances and speeds beyond this was not tied to higher rates of survival. This finding demonstrat

9、es no exercise is better for ones health than excessive exercise in endurance sports.跑步能延長人的壽命嗎？ 發(fā)表在 Mayo Clinic Proceedings 上的一項(xiàng)研究得出結(jié)論，每周以每小時(shí) 6 到 7 英里的速度跑步 0.1 到 19.9 英里與較低的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)。 然而，超出此范圍的跑步距離和速度與更高的存活率無關(guān)。 這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，沒有什么運(yùn)動(dòng)比耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)中的過度運(yùn)動(dòng)更有益于一個(gè)人的健康。 Certainly, none of this means that exercise in moderati

10、on is harmful, but it shows that the benefits of exercise level off, and even reverse, when a person exercises too much. Endurance sports may continue to be a popular pursuit for those seeking a challenge, but for those eager for better health, a little can work.當(dāng)然，這并不意味著適度運(yùn)動(dòng)是有害的，但它表明，當(dāng)一個(gè)人運(yùn)動(dòng)過多時(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)的好

11、處會(huì)趨于平穩(wěn)，甚至?xí)孓D(zhuǎn)。 對(duì)于那些尋求挑戰(zhàn)的人來說，耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)可能仍然是一項(xiàng)受歡迎的追求，但對(duì)于那些渴望更好的健康的人來說，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)就可以了。 【參考答案】Endurance sports do harm to people for the high demand. First, extreme sports like marathon and cross-country skiing tend to cause damage to human organs. Second, drinking too much water while working out may result in heal

12、th risk. Finally, excessive exercise may pose threat to life. Thus, Moderate exercise is fundamental to good health. (54 words)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)人們的高需求有害。 首先，馬拉松、越野滑雪等極限運(yùn)動(dòng)容易對(duì)人體器官造成損傷。 其次，鍛煉時(shí)喝太多水可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 最后，過度運(yùn)動(dòng)可能對(duì)生命構(gòu)成威脅。 因此，適度運(yùn)動(dòng)是身體健康的基礎(chǔ)。 (54 字) 概要寫作的寫作步驟第一步：閱讀A. 認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多讀兩遍。閱讀次數(shù)越多，你對(duì)原文的理解就越深刻。B.

13、該決定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。對(duì)重要部分的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括。C. 簡要地記下主要觀點(diǎn)主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)等你認(rèn)為對(duì)概括摘要重要的東西。第二步：動(dòng)手寫作A. 摘要應(yīng)盡量用自己的話完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。B. 應(yīng)該遵循原文的邏輯順序。這樣你就不必重新組織觀點(diǎn)、事實(shí)。C. 摘要必須全面、清晰地表明原文所載的信息，以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。D. 寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧：1) 刪除細(xì)節(jié)。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。2) 選擇一至兩個(gè)例子。原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。3) 把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)

14、句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。4) 避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。5) 壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括為：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括為：”He was in financial diffi

15、culties.”6) 還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many wh

16、o never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括為：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and

17、English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括為：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的連接詞。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of t

18、hese, on the other hand等較長的連接詞。通常，使用分號(hào)就能夠達(dá)成使用連接詞的效果。9) 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在摘要中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱，從而把大段的對(duì)白簡化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would

19、taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可