畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-公路工程變更原因分析及其對工程造價的影響

1、Highway engineering change reasonanalysis and cost of the project of influenceAbstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, combining with engineering practice, this pa

2、per discusses the causes and engineeringchange of project cost.Keywords: engineering change, Reason, CostDue to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering change could lead to increase of construction c

3、ost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project.Owner of change and the causes of the costAnd when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. SanTongYiPing referred to in the preceding paragraph, the engi

4、neering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractors settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or reduce the number will reduce cost, but may

5、 affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners requirements, and shorten delivery of finished ahead of the original contract period, invest

6、 more in construction unit cost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size and strength, make cost increase, and the owner to

7、change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and the owner of the contract specifies unreasonable, ca

8、n make the cost is increasedThe design of change and the causes of the costThe design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the originaldesign of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cost, the depth of the design documents, cannot satisfy

9、the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related departments (e.g., environmental protection, water co

10、nservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due to the two SanShen school system to implement the ch

11、ange that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time delay, provide, construction, make the cost compensation

12、 shutdown caused by increased.Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. CostThe contractor is unable to perform the contract or cant completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of engineering cost, can increase by contractor burden loss, the

13、contractor has been approved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the construction period, or to reduce the investment of constru

14、ction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable,optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and the contractor, mutually beneficial, According to the contract, the contractor could

15、nt finish, engineering construction contract extension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract in whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does not make owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under los

16、s, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor change by owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials

17、, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add costthe supervisor of change and the causes of the costSupervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the owner or expensesdirectly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engine

18、er in order to coordinate the contractors operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relations of production, easy cause engineering change caused by increased cost. the site supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract a

19、nd the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by lack of rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer

20、proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost.The environment factors and impact on the cost of changeEngineering geology unknown or insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and high

21、way engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some problems existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by expo

22、sure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the peoples production and life convenient scheme adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose ho

23、use is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost.Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex and difficult to decrease the cost, the change of the effects are also different. Through th

24、e analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, and through the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management system. Based on control cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of

25、 efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and social benefit.公路工程變更原因分析及其對工程造價的影響摘要：公路工程在實施階段由于設計因素、環(huán)境因素等多方面的影響，發(fā)生工程變更是較常見的，文章結(jié)合工程實踐，探討工程變

26、更的原因及其對工程造價的影響。關鍵詞：工程變更；原因；造價影響由于公路工程項目路線長、工期長、涉及面廣，因此在施工中由各種原因引起的工程變更也不可避免。 工程變更可能導致建設費用的增減或工期的延長，在業(yè)主和承包商之間會出現(xiàn)索賠和反索賠，使工程的造價發(fā)生變化。一、業(yè)主原因引起變更及其對造價的影響、業(yè)主改變工程招標時承諾的施工條件。如“三通一平”條件，本工程緊前項目的延遲完成等，會增加承包方的結(jié)算費用，但對總造價影響很 ??； 2、業(yè)主變更項目內(nèi)容或項目數(shù)量。增加項目內(nèi)容或者數(shù)量，會增加造價；減少或取消項目內(nèi)容或數(shù)量會降低造價，但可能影響工程的使用功能； 3、因業(yè)主原 因同承包方簽訂的協(xié)議存在不完整

27、之外，或在標段劃分時出現(xiàn)遺漏內(nèi)容，會增加合同外造價； 4、業(yè)主要求提前竣工交付，縮短原合同工期，導致施工單位投入更多 的人力和物力，使造價增加； 5、業(yè)主要求提高原設計標準，從安全美觀等角度要求改變工程結(jié)構的型式、標高、基線、位置、尺寸、強度等，使造價增加； 6、業(yè) 主要求改變已在施工組織設計中被批準的施工方案，使造價增加； 7、業(yè)主對原合同中約定同業(yè)主供應的材料或設備的種類或數(shù)量進行增減，引起造價增加或減 少；8、業(yè)主的指定發(fā)包不合理，會使造價增加。二、設計原因引起變更及其對造價的影響、設計采用新標準、新工藝、新技術來替代原有設計，使項目的投入使用更加有利，并為業(yè)主減少工程造價； 2、設計文

28、件的深度不能滿足相應設計 階段的有關規(guī)定要求而引起的工程變更，導致造價增加或減少； 3、設計單位在初步設計時未能充分考慮原地面的路網(wǎng)規(guī)劃和地方政府及相關部門（如環(huán)境保護、供電、供氣、水利、通訊、航道等）的要求而引起的工程變更，主要表現(xiàn)結(jié)構形式和尺寸的改變等方面，使造價增加； 4、設計人員的錯誤或疏漏引起工程變更。由于 “二校三審”制度落實不夠?qū)е伦兏乖靸r增加； 5、設計單位設計人員之間配合不協(xié)調(diào)，或公路的附屬設施同主體工程的設計不同步，引起工作變更，使造價增 加；6、分期交付的設計圖紙不能及時提供， 工期延誤，造成施工方停工引起索賠，使造價增加。三、承包人原因引起變更及其對造價的影響、承包人

29、無法履行或不能完全履行合同，承包人提出采取補救措施的變更，這類變更不能增加工程造價，由承包人負擔損失費用； 2、承包人變更投 標時已被批準的施工方案，這類變更對造價幾乎不會產(chǎn)生影響，但可能為承包人節(jié)省施工費用；3、承包人為了施工方便，或為縮短工期，或為減少投入等原因，提 出對施工有利，且更加經(jīng)濟、合理、優(yōu)化的設計方案，這類變更如果業(yè)主認可，可減少施工成本，也可降低造價，對業(yè)主和承包人雙方都有利； 4、承包人無法按合 同工期完成合同內(nèi)容，工程可能延期，業(yè)主根據(jù)合同條款，終止全部或部分施工合同內(nèi)容，改由其他承包人完成，這類變更一般不會使業(yè)主造價增加， 但會使承包人 承受損失； 5、由于承包人技術或

30、管理方面的失誤引起工程變更，這類變更業(yè)主可以向承包人索賠，一般不增加造價； 6、承包人改變合同規(guī)定由業(yè)主采購的材料， 使用其它種類型號品牌的材料，因此造成的損失由承包人承擔，除非業(yè)主重新認可，一般不增加造價。四、監(jiān)理方原因引起變更及其對造價的影響監(jiān)理受業(yè)主委托，由其引起的變更費用增減直接影響業(yè)主的造價。1、監(jiān)理工程師為了協(xié)調(diào)相鄰標段承包人的運作，或者為了協(xié)調(diào)本工程承包人與地方 相關部門或單位的生產(chǎn)關系引起工程變更，容易引起造價增加。 2、監(jiān)理工程師針對現(xiàn)場的實際情況以合同和技術規(guī)范為依據(jù)，對原設計進行完善或局部修改并經(jīng)設計單位認可， 這類變更可能引起造價增加。3、監(jiān)理工程師工作失誤和協(xié)調(diào)能力欠

31、缺造成返工損失引起工作變更，使工程造價增加。4、監(jiān)理工程師提出優(yōu)化設計或優(yōu)化工期，經(jīng)設計認可或承包方同意引起工程變更，可降低工程造價。五、環(huán)境因素引起變更及其對造價的影響1 、工程地質(zhì)不詳或不全導致設計不準確，使工程造價增加。2、公路工程建設項目從報建、工程可行性研究、初步設計、施工圖設計到施工實施，由 于各種原因，項目在申報和批復過程中，存在了一些問題，這些問題在施工階段暴露出來，引起工程變更，導致造價增加。 3、國家政策、法規(guī)、規(guī)范的變化，引起 的變更，導致造價增加。 4、地方政府提出的方便人民生產(chǎn)生活的方案被采納后引起工程變更，使造價增加。 5、征地拆遷等工作延誤，所引起的工程變更，可能

32、導 致造價的增加。公路工程變更的原因多種多樣，這就意味著工程變更的估價工作也是復雜和困難的，變更對造價增減的影響也各不相同。通過本文的分析，意是尋找 工程變更的各種原因，并通過分析說明造價控制不是孤立的，要控制好造價，關鍵是建立完善科學的管理體制。本著控制造價，保證質(zhì)量、加快進度，提高效率的原 則來確定工程變更的必要性與可行性。只有這樣才能真正達到有效控制造價，提高建設項目的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益的目的。五分鐘搞定 5000字畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯，你想要的工具都在這里!在科研過程中閱讀翻譯外文文獻是一個非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)，許多領域高水平的文獻都是外文文獻， 借鑒一些外文文獻翻譯的經(jīng)驗是非常必要的。由于特殊

33、原因我翻譯外文文獻的機會比較多，慢慢地就發(fā)現(xiàn)了外文文獻翻譯過程中的三大利器：Google“翻譯 ”頻道、金山詞霸（完整版本）和 CNKI“翻譯助手 。具體操作過程如下：1.先打開金山詞霸自動取詞功能，然后閱讀文獻；2.遇到無法理解的長句時，可以交給 Google 處理，處理后的結(jié)果猛一看，不堪入目，可是經(jīng)過大腦的再處理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通過 Google 仍然無法理解，感覺就是不同，那肯定是對其中某個 “常用單詞 ”理解有誤，因為某些單詞看似很簡單，但是在文獻中有特殊的意思， 這時就可以通過 CNKI 的“翻譯助手 ”來查詢相關單詞的意思， 由于 CNKI 的單詞意思都是來源與

34、大量的文獻， 所以它的吻合率很高。另外，在翻譯過程中最好以 “段落 ”或者 “長句 ”作為翻譯的基本單位，這樣才不會造成 “只見樹木，不見森林 ”的誤導。四大工具：1、Google 翻譯：google，眾所周知，谷歌里面的英文文獻和 資料還算是比較詳實的。我利用它是這樣的。一方面可以用它查詢英文論文，當然這方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不贅述?；氐轿易约赫f的翻譯上來。下面給大家舉個例子來說明如何用吧比如說 “電磁感應透明效應 ”這個詞匯你不知道他怎么翻譯，首先你可以在 CNKI 里查中文的，根據(jù)它們的關鍵詞中英文對照來做，一般比較準確。在此主要是說在google 里怎么知道這個翻譯意思。大家應該都有詞典吧，按 中國人的辦法，把一個一個詞分著查出來，敲到google里，你的這種翻譯一般不太準，當然你需要驗證是否準確了，這下看著吧，把你的那支離破碎的翻譯在google 里搜索，你能看到許多相關的文獻或資料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看