Critical Thinking An Introduction to Situational 批判性思維對(duì)情景的介紹

1、Critical ThinkingAn Introduction to Situational Awarenessand Decision MakingThis presentation provides an overview of how to improve critical thinking. It is intended to enhance the readers awareness but it shall not supersede the applicable regulations or airlines operational documentation; should

2、any deviation appear between this presentation and the airlines AFM / (M)MEL / FCOM / QRH / FCTM, the latter shall prevail at all times.Thinking about thinkingIntroductionThis self-study guide provides advice on how to improve your thinking and introduces the associated aspects of situational awaren

3、ess and decision making. These subjects are essential processes in threat and error management, which must be used in daily operations. Thinking is the core skill in these activities; critical thinking involves controlling our thinking; thinking about our own thinking.The guide is in five sections:T

4、hreat and Error ManagementSituational AwarenessDecision MakingCritical ThinkingThinking Situational Awareness and Decision MakingSpeakers notes provide additional information, they can be selected by clicking the right mouse button, select Screen, select Speakers notes.This presentation can be print

5、ed in the notes format to provide a personal reference document.Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed or downright prejudiced. Yet, the quality of our life and that of what we produce, make or build depends pre

6、cisely on the quality of our thought. Shoddy thinking is costly, both in money and in quality of life. Excellence in thought, however, must be systematically cultivated. All flight and ground operationsThreat and Error ManagementThreat and error management (TEM) is a major safety process in aviation

7、.TEM consists of detecting, avoiding or trapping threats and errors that challenge safe operations. Where threats and errors are not contained, the resulting conditions must be managed and their adverse effects reduced.PlanePathPeopleThreatsErrorsUndesired StatesDetectAvoid / TrapMitigateResistResol

8、veRecoverFly the aircraft, Navigate, Communicate, ManageDecision MakingSituational Awareness Situational AwarenessSituational awareness is having an accurate understanding of our surroundings where we are, what happened, what is happening, what is changing and what could happen.Good situational awar

9、eness requires:Gathering data (sensing, perception), seeking cues in the environmentAssembling information to give understanding (comprehension)Thinking ahead (projection)Thinking about situational awareness involves:Directing our attention to seek data; scanning a range of sources Evaluating inform

10、ation without bias, for accuracy and relevanceUnderstanding, using our knowledge and previous experiencesComparing and checking, visualizing future events What if?Planning ahead, considering possible outcomes PeoplePathPlaneFutureNowSituationSCANEVALUATEANTICIPATECONSIDERPlanningAheadGathering dataU

11、nderstandingDecision MakingDecision making involves assessment and choosing a course of action.Decision making requires an understanding of the situation and controlled thinking. The situation determines the urgency of the decision, risks and limits of action.Controlled thinking:Reduces riskModerate

12、s behaviorManages time constraintsUses knowledge; seeks optionsJudges relevance and the quality of the choicePrepares for action, evaluates the outcome or a future situationO O D A Observe Orient Deduce ActD E C I D E Detect a change Estimate significance Choose a safe outcome Identify possible acti

13、ons Do take action Evaluate the result5 D Detect Determine Decide Do DisciplineGRADE Gather Information Review Information Analyze Alternatives Decide Evaluate Outcome of ActionT H I N KThink inside the box before you think outside of the boxCritical ThinkingCritical thinking provides the mental con

14、trol and discipline required for situational assessment and decision making. It involves several skills that can be learned, practiced and improved.Control your mind by:Seeking and understanding information, facts and dataEffective planning, briefing and communicationIncreasing knowledge; gaining ex

15、perienceLearning within a context (situation)Maintain discipline by:Being aware of how you think; hazardous attitudesEvaluating your actions; having self regulationBeing aware of all available resourcesBeing sensitive to feedbackCritical thinking is the skill of thinking about your thinking “Are we

16、in charge of our thinking, or is our thinking in charge of us?“Critical Thinking Self awareness Self awareness self questioning, self monitoringAm I biased in my thinking?Have I made a plan for what I want to do?Are my ideas or knowledge on this issue correct?Am I aware of my thinking; what am I try

17、ing to do?Am I using all of the resources for what I want to do?Am I evaluating my thinking; what would I do differently next time?Am I aware of how well I am doing; do I need to change my actions or intentions?Monitoring is checking the quality or testing the accuracy of a situation on a regular ba

18、sis. It is keeping a close watch over parameters and supervising the outcome. It is checking for threats in our thinking.Critical Thinking Knowledge Improving your thinking Knowledge About yourselfCommitment: to safety, not following feelings or preferencePositive attitudes: persistence, resourceful

19、ness, learning from failureAttention to detail: seeing the big picture, determining relevance, assessing riskAbout the thinking processesKnowing the facts necessary to do a task by seeking informationKnowing how to do a task, how to scan, understand and think aheadKnowing why certain strategies work

20、, when to use them, why one is better than anotherKnowledge to control the thinking processesSelf evaluation: assessing current technical knowledge, setting objectives, selecting resourcesSelf regulation: checking progress; reviewing choices, procedures, objectives, resourcesPlanning: choosing and p

21、lanning a path to the objective, using proceduresPlanning is the process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening or not happening.Critical Thinking HabitsImproving your thinking HabitsChanging our thinking habits requires effort; clear thinking is an essential part of

22、airmanship and has to be developed throughout our careers.Unskilled: Basic training only provides those skills necessary to be safe.Safe: Continuation training and experience enable an effective operation.Effective: More technical knowledge, practiced skills and experience give an efficient operatio

23、n.Efficient: Skillful command in controlling the aircraft and team leadership move toward a precision operation.Precision: An operator who has gained and maintains precise technical and non-technical skills as a result of great personal effort.Expert thinkersFocus on central issuesIdentify relevant

24、informationConsider information on meritTest and check the basis of their awareness and decisionsCritical Thinking Personal briefing Improving your thinking BriefingBefore flight, self-briefing reinforces memory cues and knowledge, which aid the recall of information for use in situational assessmen

25、t and decision making.Know what, who, where and when to prioritize your attentionAlways brief routine operations repetition aids memoryStructure the briefing along the intended flight pathVisualize your actions (plane, path, people)Consider the significant threatsRecall lessons from trainingRefresh

26、SOPsQuestionsDo not rush: Your thoughts control your actions.Critical Thinking Personal debrief Improving your thinking Debrief After each flight, consider the following points Plus, Minus, Interesting Plus:What was goodWhat went according to planMinus:What was not so good, and whyWhat didnt you kno

27、w; find the answer before the next flight Interesting:Have you changed the way you see things: threats, risks, people or proceduresWhat did you learn, why, and where did the information come from?Will you share this with others; if not why not?Anything for an air safety event report?Any issues for c

28、onfidential reporting?Did you experience: High workloadPoor attitudesBiased opinionsMismanaged timeUnanswered questionsPlusMinusInterestingDebriefing All flight and ground operationsThinking about Situational Awareness and Decision MakingSituational awareness and decision making depend on our abilit

29、y to think.Thinking enables humans to be very successful, but this ability also enables errors that, if not controlled, present risks in our daily activities.Attention resourcesActionMonitorFeedbackReviewResponseDecision MakingSituationalAwarenessWorking memoryLong-term memory - knowledge, biases, b

30、eliefsPattern recognitionComparisonChoiceSelectionSenses:SeeHearTouchSmellTasteValue your ability, use it wiselyThreatsErrorsUndesired StatesCritical Thinking for Situational AwarenessCritical thinking for situational awareness seek informationEssential components:Accuracy Is the information true?Cl

31、arity Can the information be understood?Precision Seek detail to understand the situation.Relevance Is the information connected to the situation?Depth Does the information address the complexity of the situation?Breadth Are there other points of view or other ways to consider this situation?Logic D

32、oes your understanding of the situation make sense?Whenever you do not understand something, ask yourself a question for clarification?Critical Thinking for Decision MakingCritical thinking for decision making the choice of actionEssential components:State the objective of the decision to be madeIde

33、ntify information to be used in making the decisionGather the evidence and information required to make a decisionMake a decision based on criteria (a safe outcome), information and risksAsk what the evidence and information mean, considering the objectiveRoutineTrained ForUnusual NovelSituationKnow

34、ledgeSkillRules NeedsUsesRequiresAlmost automatic action; SOPs have been thought through during training Think about which SOP applies to the situation, compare with training Think about the situation, compare with SOPs, training and previous experienceCritical ThinkingCritical thinking is at the ce

35、nter of all safety processes and human activity. Threat and Error Management Decision Making SituationalAwarenessCritical ThinkingInformationTo print the Presenter Notes:In Windows Explorer, change the presentation file extension from .pps to .pptOpen the new ppt file and select File, Print, print what Notes Pages. If the presentation seems to be running slowly, try one or more of the following:Reduce the resolution for the slide show presentation display.On the Slide Show menu, click Set Up Show. Under Performance, in the Slide show res