汽車電子第4章-硬件設(shè)計(jì)

1、/ EMCysis and Design本章要求/Requirement of this section電磁兼容性基本概念/ Basic concept of Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC)EMC 電控單元干擾源、耦合通道和敏感設(shè)備分析/ysis of theerferential source, coupling channel and sensitive device on ECU電控單元電磁兼容性設(shè)計(jì)/ The EMC design on ECU?電磁兼容？/What is EMC?電磁兼容是一種能力，它在其電磁環(huán)境中能完成它的功能，而不至于在其

2、環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生的干擾國(guó)際電工委/ EMC is the ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorilyin its electromagnetic environment withoutroducingolerableelectromagnetic disturbanto anythinghat environment ernational Electric Committee (IEC).第1頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design為什么要考慮EMC？/Why consider EMC problem？產(chǎn)品可靠性/ Pr

3、oduct Reliability產(chǎn)品的可靠性/Product Reliability第2頁(yè)電子測(cè)試/ Electrical Test化學(xué)測(cè)試/ Chemical Test環(huán)境測(cè)試/ Environmental Test機(jī)械測(cè)試/ Mechanical Test/ EMCysis and DesignEMC 的三個(gè)要素/ Three Elements解決電磁兼容 elements./Solve EMC Problem: Improve three第3頁(yè)易感人群 Sensitive People途徑 Couple Approach傳染病源 erferential Disease敏感設(shè)備 Sens

4、itive Device途徑 Couple Channel干擾源 erferential Source/ EMCysis and DesignEMC 的專業(yè)名詞/ EMC Conceptions第4頁(yè)輻射抗擾度RS Radiation Susceptibility傳導(dǎo)抗擾度CS Conduction Susceptibility輻射發(fā)射RE Radiation Emis傳導(dǎo)發(fā)射CE Conduction Emis電磁抗擾度EMS Electro-Magnetic Susceptibility電磁干擾EMI Electro-Magneticerference電磁兼容EMC Electro-Mag

5、netic Compatibility/ EMCysis and Design車內(nèi)干擾源/erference inside vehicle帶有控制開關(guān)的電感性電氣設(shè)備干擾（輻射和傳導(dǎo)）Inductive electric device wither switch (Radiation and Conduction)無(wú)線電發(fā)射設(shè)備干擾（輻射） erference generated by wireless emisdevice (Radiation)脈沖數(shù)字電路和開關(guān)電路干擾（輻射和傳導(dǎo)）erference generated by pulse digital circuit and switc

6、hing circuit (Radiation and Conduction)旋轉(zhuǎn)設(shè)備干擾（輻射）erference generated by roional device (Radiation)靜電放電干擾（輻射和傳導(dǎo)）Electro-Sic Discharge (ESD) (Radiation and Conduction)第5頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design車外干擾源/erference outside vehicle1.無(wú)線電設(shè)施的射頻干擾（輻射）/ Wireless radio frequency (Radiation)erference2.交通設(shè)施干擾（輻射）/ (rad

7、iation)erference generated by transporion device3.其它自然干擾源（輻射）/ Other naturalerferential source例如雷電-黑子-太空粒子，總之，du/dt或 di/dt大的地方就是干擾源。如：雷電、繼電器、可控硅、電機(jī)、高頻時(shí)鐘等/ In summary, theerference is relatedwith du/dt, di/dt, or d/dt such as tfrequency clock source and so on.der, relay, SCR, motor or high第6頁(yè)/ EMCerf

8、erenysis and Designource inside ECUECU的干擾源/電感性負(fù)載的驅(qū)動(dòng)電路噪聲（輻射和傳導(dǎo)）/ Noise generated by Inductive Load drive circuit (Radiation and conduction)高頻信號(hào)線上噪聲（傳導(dǎo)）/ Noise generated by the high frequency signals電控單元的接插件引入噪聲（傳導(dǎo)）/ Noise induced by the input plug (Conduction)4.電源系統(tǒng)的噪聲（傳導(dǎo)）/ Noise generated by (Conduc

9、tion)er supply5.電控單元的高頻電路噪聲（輻射）/ Noise generated by thehigh frequency circuit inside ECU第7頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design電控單元敏感設(shè)備/ The Sensitive Device in side ECU模擬信號(hào)通道/ Theogue signals數(shù)字集成電路/ The digital IC circuit單片機(jī)/ The MCU解決EMC的方法/ The methods of deal with EMC problem抑制干擾源；/ Control theerference切斷干擾and

10、Conduction)路徑；/ Cut off the transfer approach (Radiation提高敏感器件的device性能/Improve Immunity of the sensitive第8頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（一）抑制干擾源就是減小干擾源的du/dt，di/dt和d/dt / Preventdu/dt, di/dt and d/dtor smooth theerferen（1）感性負(fù)載的線圈增加續(xù)流二極管，消除斷開線圈時(shí)產(chǎn)生的反電動(dòng)勢(shì)干擾。/Add the flywheel diode for inductive loads to elimina

11、te the inductive voltage when coil is switch off.（2）在大的感性負(fù)載兩端并接火花抑制電路（一般是RC串聯(lián)電路，電阻一般選幾K 到幾十K，電容選0.01uF），減小電火花影響；/ Parallel a spark prohibit circuit by using RC to minimize the influence of switch off（3）給電機(jī)線圈加濾波電路，注意電容、電感引線要盡量短/Add a filter circuit for the winding of motor. The connection betnthe cap

12、acitor and conductanhould be sufficient short.第9頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（4）電路板上每個(gè)IC要并接一個(gè)0.01F0.1F高頻電容，以減小IC對(duì)電源的 影響。注意高頻電容的布線，連線應(yīng)靠近電源端并盡量粗短，否則，等于增大了電容的等效串聯(lián)電阻，會(huì)影響濾波效果；Every IC should parallel one 0.01uF to 0.1uF high frequency capacitorin supplyer to eliminate the influence to the source. The highfrequen

13、cy as close to effect.in assible to reduce the capacitive（5）布線時(shí)避免90度折線，減少高頻噪聲發(fā)射；Do not use 90 degree track when desigB, becauset willincrease high frequency emis.第10頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（二）切斷干擾路徑的常用措施如下：（1）充分考慮電源對(duì)ECU的影響。比如，可以利用磁珠和電容組成形濾波電路，甚至干脆采用DC/DC的電源；Theer supply is the mainerference for ECU. It

14、 is nesary touse a type filter to remove the noise, sometimes even use theisolated DC/DCer supply to eliminatederference.第11頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（二）切斷干擾路徑的常用措施如下：第12頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（二）切斷干擾路徑的常用措施如下：（2）如果單片機(jī)的I/O口用來(lái)控制電機(jī)等噪聲器件，在I/O口與噪聲源之間應(yīng)加（增加形濾波電路）；Sometimes the I/Osignal should be isolated with t

15、he drive circuit of motor by using type filter.第13頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（3）注意晶振布線。晶振與單片機(jī)引腳盡量靠近，用地線把時(shí)鐘區(qū)起來(lái)，晶振外殼接地并固定；/ Thns of the crystalshould as close assible to thn of MCU, mean while the clockcircuit should be surrounded by GND. The sof the crystal shouldconnected to ground to reduce of emis.（4）電路

16、板合理分區(qū)，如強(qiáng)、弱信號(hào)，數(shù)字、模擬信號(hào)；盡可能把干擾源（如電機(jī)，繼電器）與敏感元件（如單片機(jī)）遠(yuǎn)離；The PCB should be careful to dividedo reasonable parts, such asstrong signal areas or weak signal areas, digital signal areas orogue signal areas. Make thefrom the sensitive circuit.erference is assible as far away第14頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design 功第15頁(yè)/ EMC

17、ysis and Design（5）用地線把數(shù)字區(qū)與模擬區(qū)，數(shù)字地與模擬地要分離，最后在一點(diǎn)接于電源地；A/D、D/A布線也以此為原則，廠家分配A/D、D/A引腳排列時(shí)已考慮此要求；/Separate thedigital andogue area bycorresponding GND, the GNDsshould be separated and connected to the COMMON potential in onepo. For exle the A/D or D/AICs has been considered this powhen design.第16頁(yè)/ EMCysi

18、s and Design（6）單片機(jī)和大功率器件的地線要單獨(dú)接地，以減小相互干擾。 大功率器件盡可能放在電路板邊緣； / The ground of MCUshould be separate with the ground ofer driver circuit in one po.The largeer component should be placedhe edge of the PCB.（7）在單片機(jī)I/O口，電源線，電路板連接線等關(guān)鍵地方使用抗干擾元件 如磁珠、磁環(huán)、電源濾波器，罩以及完全器he件等。/ It ismended to use shield or filter com

19、ponenter supply or connections to the MCU IO ports.第17頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（二）切斷干擾路徑的常用措施如下：第18頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（三）提高敏感器件的sensitive device.性能 / Improved the immunity of（1）布線時(shí)盡量減少回路環(huán)的面積，以降低感應(yīng)噪聲；/ Try tominimize the circuit loop area when place the track. This is effetive to reduce the indutive no

20、ise.（2）布線時(shí)，電源線和地線要盡量粗。除減小壓降外，更重要的是降低耦合噪聲；/ The tracks ofer and ground should be asthick assible, it is helpful to reduce voltage drop along the trackand more important thing is to reduce the coupling noise.第19頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design電源系統(tǒng)回路/er supply loop for IC+IIII2121BA第20頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design（3）對(duì)于單片

21、機(jī)閑置的I/O口，不要懸空，要接地或接電源。其它IC的閑置端在不改變系統(tǒng)邏輯的情況下接地或接電源；/ The non-used ports of MCU shouldnot be empty, they should be connected to non-used port also needs connected toer supplyround; The other ICerround withohanging thesystem logic se.（4）對(duì)單片機(jī)使用電源及看門狗電路，如：IMP809，IMP706，IMP813， X25043，X25045等，可大幅度提高整個(gè)電路的性能

22、，受干擾之后可以迅速恢復(fù)； / Add nesaryer monitor of watchdog circuit, forexle IMP809 or so on to improve the immunity performance of the whole systemsignificantly or ensure the system could recovery quickly aftererference.在速度能滿足要求的前提下，盡量降低單片機(jī)的晶振和選用低速數(shù)字電路；/Try to decrease the crystal frequency when the control s

23、peed can fulfill the requirement.IC器件盡量直接焊在電路板上，少用IC座。/ Try to eliminate the IC plug and weld the IC directly on the PCB.第21頁(yè)/ EMCysis and DesignEMC 的測(cè)試規(guī)范/ EMC Standards第22頁(yè)/ EMCysis and Design各種電磁兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較 / EMC Standards Comparison第23頁(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào) Standards試驗(yàn)對(duì)象 Test object干擾/抗擾 erference /Susceptibility方式/cou

24、ple mode整車 Vehicle零 Component干擾 erference耐受性 Susceptibility傳導(dǎo) Conduction輻射 Radiation靜電放電 Electro Sic DischargeISO11451ISO11452ISO7637ISO10605CISPR12CISPR25SAE J1113SAE J551/ EMCSAE 電磁兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例/ysis and Designroduction of SAE EMC Standard第24頁(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱SAE J551-1Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement

25、 of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (Up to 15M), and Machines(50Hz to 18GHz)2002SAE J1551-2Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radio Disturbance Characteristics of vehicles, Motorboats and Spark-ignited Engine-driven Devi2004SAE J1551-4Test Limits and Methods of Measurement of Radi

26、o Disturbance Characteristics of vehicles and Devi, Broadband and Narrowband, 150kHz to 1000MHz2000SAE J1551-5Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Magnetic and Electric Field Strength from Electric Vehicles, Broadband, 9kHz to 30Mhz2004/ EMCSAE 電磁兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例/ysis and Designroduction of SAE EM

27、C Standard第25頁(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱2000SAE J1551-12Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity On-board Transmitter Simulation1996SAE J1551-13Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity Bulk Current Injection (BCI)2003SAE J1551-14Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity Reverberation ChamberDraft OnlySAE J1551-15Vehicle Electromagnetic Immuni

28、ty Electrosic2002Discharge (ESD)SAE J1551-17Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity er Line Magnetic2003Fields/ EMCSAE 電磁兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例/ysis and Designroduction of SAE EMC Standard第26頁(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱SAE J1113-1Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Components of Vehicles, Boats(Up to 15M), and

29、 Machixcept Aircraft)(50Hz to 18GHz)2002SAE J1113-2Conducted Immunity, 30Hz to 250kHz,er Leads2004SAE J1113-3Conducted Immunity, 250kHz to 500MHz, Direct Radio Frequencyer Injection1995SAE J1113-4Conducted Immunity-Bulk Current Injection (BCI) Method2004SAE J1113-11Immunity to Conducted Transients o

30、ner Leads2000SAE J1113-12Electricalerference by Conduction and coupling - coupling Cl2000SAE J1113-13Immunity to Electrosic Discharge2004/ EMCSAE 電磁兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舉例/ysis and Designroduction of SAE EMC Standard第27頁(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱SAE J1113-21Road Vehicles-electrical Disturban by Narrowband Radiated Electromagneticponen

31、t Test MethodAbsorber Lined Chamber1998SAE J1113-22Immunity to Radiated Magnetic Fields fromer Lines2003SAE J1113-23Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic fields,10KHz to 200MHz, Strip Line Method2000SAE J1113-24Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields,10KHz to 200MHz, TEM Cell Method2000SAE J1113-

32、25Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Field, 10KHz to 200MHz Tri-Plaine Method1999SAE J1113-26Immunity to ACer Line Electric Fields2001SAE J1113-27Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Field Reverberation Chamber Method1995SAE J1113-28Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Field Reverberation Method(M

33、ode Tuning)2004/ EMCysis and DesignEMC舉例/Exle of EMC regulation傳遞抗擾度： ISO-7637靜電放電抗擾度：ISO-10605第28頁(yè)4.4 ECU設(shè)計(jì)舉例/ Exle of ECU Design混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的VCU框架優(yōu)先考慮EMC第29頁(yè)24V輸入反接/過(guò)載/瞬變電壓保護(hù)輸入電源濾波網(wǎng)絡(luò)DC/DC12V輸出濾波網(wǎng)絡(luò)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器5V/3.3V輸出DC/DC電壓DC/DC,執(zhí)行器功率驅(qū)動(dòng),12V輸出開關(guān)量輸入1信號(hào)處理模塊 2DC/ DCT P U時(shí)鐘復(fù)位電路T P UDC/ DC高邊驅(qū)動(dòng)器 低邊驅(qū)動(dòng)器繼電器1開關(guān)量輸入2繼電器2R

34、AM:256K BYTEs FLASH:4M BYTEs開關(guān)量輸入3繼電器3開關(guān)量輸入4繼電器4開關(guān)量輸入5其它感性負(fù)載開關(guān)量輸入6其它感性負(fù)載開關(guān)量輸入7其它感性負(fù)載開關(guān)量輸入8MC68376/MCP555模擬量輸入1信號(hào)處理模塊抗干擾Q A DQ SDC/ DCD/A模擬量輸出1模擬量輸入2模擬量輸出2模擬量輸入3模擬量輸出3模擬量輸入4模擬量輸出4模擬量輸入5模擬量輸出5模擬量輸入61電路CM模擬量輸出6CAN模擬量輸入7模擬量輸出7模擬量輸入8模擬量輸出84.4 ECU設(shè)計(jì)舉例/ Exle of ECU Design柴油機(jī)ECU/ Photos of Diesel ECU第30頁(yè)4.4

35、 ECU設(shè)計(jì)舉例/ Exle of ECU DesignAPU ECU andFUEL ECU第31頁(yè)4.4 ECU設(shè)計(jì)舉例/ Exle of ECU Design通用數(shù)字子板，從左到右/ Digital Core, L2RMC68376、MPC555、MPC561、MPC563第32頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECU市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)/ Market Competition更加嚴(yán)酷的環(huán)境/ More critical environment更加完善的功能/ More complex functions更高的質(zhì)量和可靠性/Higher quality and rel

36、iability更低的價(jià)格/Lower cost更小的體積/More compact volume散熱能力更強(qiáng)/Better heat dissipation第33頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECU動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)電子控制/ertrain Electronic Control化，模塊化，通用化/ Platform, Modularize, Generalize第34頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECUECU的數(shù)量和位置布置/ ECUty and Location第35頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design o

37、f ECU動(dòng)力電子控制系統(tǒng)/網(wǎng)絡(luò)化/ Networkertrain Electronic Control第36頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECUECU的可靠性和散熱設(shè)計(jì)/ Reliability and Heat Dissipation Design第37頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECUECU的可靠性和散熱設(shè)計(jì)/ Reliability and Heat Dissipation Design第38頁(yè)4.5 ECU的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)/Optimize Design of ECUECU的可靠性和散熱設(shè)計(jì)/ Reliability