北京化工大學(xué)考研復(fù)試技巧

1、成功經(jīng)驗：研究生復(fù)試技巧面面觀研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)試一般包括專業(yè)課筆試、英語聽力口語測試和面試三個環(huán)節(jié)。我2007年10月份網(wǎng)上報考的是北京大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院,考核方式是專業(yè)課筆試加英語聽力；2008年3月份赴京復(fù)試.英語聽力重要嗎？從分值角度看，相對于專業(yè)課考試與面試分值，英語聽力所占的比重很小。如北京大學(xué)研究生復(fù)試的聽力考試是全校統(tǒng)一考查，總分只有3分，相對于專業(yè)課筆試或是面試來說，聽力考試成績可以說是微乎其微。對于和北京大學(xué)類似不要求聽力考試必須及格的院校，如果時間真的緊張,在聽力這塊投入少量時間甚至不予投入時間是合理之舉，當(dāng)然也有可能由于差0.1分拿不到學(xué)業(yè)獎學(xué)金。但是國內(nèi)有些科研院所、高校規(guī)定

2、了英語聽力的及格線，如中國科學(xué)院研究生院規(guī)定聽力不及格不予錄取，盡管分值低，卻不可小覷。.英語聽力如何應(yīng)對？根據(jù)我參多數(shù)高校復(fù)試聽力時統(tǒng)一播放聽力磁帶，不使用單獨的小收音機或是電腦播放聽力材料，所以對習(xí)慣大學(xué)英語四、六級聽力考試模式的考生來說，要及時調(diào)整聽力習(xí)慣，避免到了考場出現(xiàn)聽力模式不適應(yīng)的情況。此外，高校一般會在考研復(fù)試辦法上說明聽力答題的時間，但實際上復(fù)試聽力流程是不用那么多時間的。如北京大學(xué)考研復(fù)試辦法說明上的復(fù)試時間是30分鐘,2008年考研復(fù)試聽力考核從發(fā)卷到收卷只進行了20分鐘左右，所以考生不能慢慢騰騰，一定要講求速度。一般復(fù)試聽力和大學(xué)英語四、六級一樣會發(fā)答題卡，鉛筆涂寫，考

3、生一定要抓緊時間填涂，復(fù)試聽力收卷是不會拖延半分鐘的！只要注意細節(jié)性問題，平時打好聽力基礎(chǔ)，再加上合理作息、調(diào)整好心態(tài)，復(fù)試聽力應(yīng)該屬于考研復(fù)試中最容易啃下的一塊骨頭。面試：表現(xiàn)積極能帶動考場氛圍面試的競爭雖然激烈，但站在哲學(xué)辯證法的角度來看，殘酷的面試恰恰是初試發(fā)揮不佳的考生一次個人表現(xiàn)的機會。機遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存，面試能否取勝的關(guān)鍵在于注意面試的一些細節(jié)：第一，著裝。很多人也許都在網(wǎng)上瀏覽過面試衣著要講究的一些觀點，一致認為男生最好穿西裝，女生最好穿休閑裝。大學(xué)不是企業(yè)也不是政府機關(guān)，大學(xué)是自由開放的，只要著裝能讓自己看起來干凈利索、精氣神十足就可以了。當(dāng)然不排除理工科一些老師偏好嚴肅點的學(xué)生，

4、但這應(yīng)該不是大多數(shù)。事先了解所報院系的老師偏好，根據(jù)老師的偏好著裝應(yīng)該是一個理性選擇。第二，表現(xiàn)積極。面試雖然是一個任何考生都會感到緊張的時刻，但一定要學(xué)會鎮(zhèn)靜。面試考官往往都已經(jīng)在當(dāng)天面試了很多考生，有時容易疲憊,這時可通過自己來調(diào)動面試考場的氛圍。如果表現(xiàn)積極一點，回答幽默一些，帶動場內(nèi)的氛圍，考官緩解了疲勞，就更容易對你青昧有加，你最終入圍的希望無疑也將大大增加。第三，獲得主導(dǎo)權(quán)。面試場上的主導(dǎo)權(quán)不見得就是考官，至少考官提問的問題范圍是你自己可以選擇的。既然不能裝懂，那么就應(yīng)該主動地把自己懂得的知識展現(xiàn)給面試考官。一個很好的技巧就是自我簡介方面，談到自己的研究興趣時，要提自己本專業(yè)掌握得

5、最好的方面，一般老師提問專業(yè)問題大多是根據(jù)你的研究興趣來提。對于你的研究興趣一定要慎重選擇，如果自己不太了解而僅僅是感興趣的方面，最好不要提及。有些院校要求在復(fù)試的時候提交個人陳述,其中的研究計劃方面是可以大做文章的，能夠很好地引導(dǎo)老師向你預(yù)想的方向提問。自我介紹的時候，除了說清楚自己的基本信息之外，最好能著重說一下自己有哪方面的特質(zhì)是比較適合報考這個學(xué)校和專業(yè)的，導(dǎo)師可能會比較在意這一方面。第四，顯示知識面。導(dǎo)師一般都希望能夠培養(yǎng)自己的學(xué)術(shù)接班人，所以他們都比較傾向于招收有研究稟賦的學(xué)生。在專業(yè)知識方面，由于面對的都是國內(nèi)的專家，可能考生很難在專業(yè)方面表現(xiàn)得很突出。深度上面做不了文章，那么可

6、以換個角度，從廣度上做文章，即向考官表現(xiàn)自己知識面的寬廣。我面試的時候在自我介紹這塊強調(diào)了自己對哲學(xué)與歷史的喜愛，雖然報考的是經(jīng)濟學(xué)，本科學(xué)的是金融學(xué)，但那場面試大半時間成了關(guān)于歷史人物的探討。有些考生沒有很好的將考官轉(zhuǎn)移到其他申請調(diào)劑：初試前就應(yīng)該開始申請調(diào)劑這個工作在初試結(jié)束后就該開始了。我報考北京大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院，2008年2月了解到2007年凡是達到北京大學(xué)經(jīng)濟類控制線的考生均可同時申請參加北京大學(xué)深圳商學(xué)院復(fù)試，當(dāng)時就做好了校內(nèi)調(diào)劑的打算。另外在上也了解到歷年中山大學(xué)、廈門大學(xué)、南開大學(xué)、中央財經(jīng)大學(xué)等也接受報考北京大學(xué)等名校的高分考生調(diào)劑本校同類專業(yè)。當(dāng)時我初步做好了如果北京大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)

7、院無法入圍，同時深圳商學(xué)院調(diào)劑不成功爭取調(diào)劑到其他學(xué)校經(jīng)類專業(yè)的打算。初試成績公布以后，即使初試順利通過,也得關(guān)注一下調(diào)劑的機會，尤其是初試入圍名單上排名比較靠后的考生，畢竟各個院校大多是差額復(fù)試，個別院校復(fù)試比例甚至高達2:1,申請調(diào)劑就多一份把握、多一個選擇。一般來說，達到報考院校校內(nèi)控制分數(shù)線的考生，都有參加校內(nèi)調(diào)劑的資格。調(diào)劑申請應(yīng)該積極主動，第一選擇是所報院校的其他院系的一些調(diào)劑機會，即使上不了原本喜歡的專業(yè)，也可以退而求其次，調(diào)劑到該校類似專業(yè)。初試分數(shù)線未達到報考院校校內(nèi)控制線的考生則可以積極聯(lián)系其他院校申請調(diào)劑，一般來說，最有可能申請到的調(diào)劑院校就是本科母校。外校接收調(diào)劑一般都

8、有一定限制，除了分數(shù)上的限制，某些學(xué)校還有對考生本科院校出身的要求。如果你考研報考的是“211”高校，只要達到國家線，幾乎都有申請調(diào)劑的機會；但是有些高校，如廈門大學(xué)就要求考生本科必須是國內(nèi)“211”高校出身。聯(lián)系本科母校申請調(diào)劑的好處就是相對于外校復(fù)試考生而言，自己擁有更多信息上的優(yōu)勢，在同等條件下，本科母校大多更樂意接受本校畢業(yè)生。事實上，調(diào)劑本質(zhì)上是一種“補漏”措施，“門當(dāng)戶對”或“下嫁”調(diào)劑成功的把握比較大。申請調(diào)劑的一個理性選擇就是有針對性地避免一些熱門學(xué)校和熱門專業(yè)。一般各個院校的調(diào)劑信息都可在查找，網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢的優(yōu)點就是信息比較廣，花費比較少，對于沒有明確調(diào)劑院校意向的考生來說,是一

9、個很好的選擇?，F(xiàn)在很多教育類服務(wù)機構(gòu)（如新浪考研等）都在研究生招生期間開辟“研究生招生信息調(diào)劑”欄目，上面不僅有一些院校部分專業(yè)所需調(diào)劑生的需求信息，還有專門供考生發(fā)布自我推薦信息的板塊。但是網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢存在兩個問題:第一，信息反映不夠及時，往往在等信息公布上網(wǎng)的時候,很多其他考生已經(jīng)通過各種途徑聯(lián)系上該院校該專業(yè)；第二，在招生信息調(diào)劑板塊上登出的一些院?；蚴窃盒Ｏ聦俚膶I(yè)一般都是比較冷門的，對于考生的吸引力不大。如果要及時獲取相對比較熱門的院校及專業(yè)的調(diào)劑信息，電話咨詢是一個很好的渠道。對于有了比較明確的調(diào)劑院校意向的考生來說,通過招生報考指南或是網(wǎng)絡(luò)找到相關(guān)院校研究生招生辦的電話號碼，依次進行

10、咨詢是最優(yōu)選擇?！笆澜缟蠜]有絕對的公平，公平只在一個點上。”俞敏洪在贏在中國如此點評道。競爭不存在絕對意義上的公平，公平是需要自己去爭取和把握的，希望考生能好好把握考研ArgumentExampleSelectivesample:樣本選擇，一部分被排除在外Onemajorproblemisaboutthesampletheauthorstudiedinthesurvey,theauthorconsidersonly.(selectivesub-groups)although(thesub-groupstheauthorstudied)doconstituteasignificantpartof

11、(thewholegeneralpopulation),however,(manyothersub-groups)areactuallyexcludedfromthesurvey.Perhaps.or.withoutrulingoutallthepossibilitiesabove,theauthorcouldnotmakeanygeneralconclusionabout.merelybasedon(selectivesub-groups).4,14,16,45,63,65,67,80,84,88,90,97,123,146,154,156,168,179,185,193,196,207,2

12、27,231,232,236,238,239Quantityofthesample樣本數(shù)量(pointingoutthatthecurrentsampleistoosmallinitssize)(thefactcitedbytheauthor)couldhardlyillustratetheassumptionthat.becausetheauthorprovidesonlyNsamplesof(thegeneralpopulation),however,(thelimitedsample)mightnotberepresentativeofthewholegeneralgroup,thusw

13、ecannotaccepttheauthorconclusionthat.beforehe/shecouldprovidemorestatisticdataabout(thesituationofothersub-groups).10,14,33,40,53,69,95,115,123,132,139,150,154,158,167,179,180,188,191,239Dothestatisticsmakeanydifference:調(diào)查只調(diào)查了部分情況，忽略了一部分Theinformationprovidedbytheauthorisinsufficientfortheauthortore

14、achtheconclusion,thesurveyonlystudiesthesituationof.(an(some)insignificantcase(s),however,manyothermoreessentialcases(relatedtothefinalconclusion)wereignoredinthesurvey,(weneedtoknowtheconditionofsomeothercasesaboutwhichwecaremore/thecurrentcasestudiedinthesurveymakeslittlesenseonthefinalconclusion,

15、theauthorshouldprovidesomemoreimportantinformationaboutthecasehestudied.)Lackingfurtherstudiesontheseimportantissues,theauthorcouldnothastilyconcludethat.merelybasedontheinsignificantstudy.158,165,183,202,211,21717,115,147,220Whoconductedthesurvey:結(jié)果扭曲，調(diào)查者為了自己的利益Thereliabilityofthesurveyisalsoopento

16、doubtduetotheorganizationwhoconductedthesurvey,(theorganization)hasvestedinterestinthefinaldecision/conclusionwhichwasbasedontheresultofthesurvey,andthusmightdistorttheactualanswersoftherespondents,(theinstitution/individualsmaybenefitgreatlyfromtheresultiftheresultwasinterpretedaswascurrently)Thus,

17、theauthorshouldciteasurveywhichisconductedbyanindependentinstitutiontoconvinceusthat(theassumption).115,156Whenwasthesurveyconducted:時間變化Theeffectivenessoftheresultofthesurveycitedbytheauthorasmainevidenceisalsoopentodoubt.Thesurveywasconduct(duringaspecialperiod,oralongtimeago),thusmaynotreflectthe

18、currentsituationsaccurately.Itistruethat(thesurveymayreflecttheopinionsorsituationsofrespondentsatthetimewhenitwasconducted),butpeoplesopiniontoward(thesubjectsurveyed)mayhavechangedgreatlyduringthepasttime(or,whilethisfactcouldnotsufficientlyillustratethat(thegeneralgroup)willalso.allthetime)(manyf

19、actorsthatcouldinfluencethevalidityofthesurveywillchangeinthefuture,orrespondentsmayactdifferentlyduringtheperiodwhenthesurveywasconducted,thustheresultofthe真的不掉線嗎？、？surveycouldnotrepresenttheall-timesituation.)Thus,amorerecentsurvey,ifasurveyisneededatall,shouldbeprovidedtosufficientlyillustratethe

20、authorsassumptionthat.Vaguedata:數(shù)據(jù)模糊一沒有基數(shù)The information accurate enough for actual condition ofconcerning . is not us to evaluate theThe information accurate enough for actual condition ofconcerning . is not us to evaluate theTheauthoronlyinformsusthat(thepercentage/ffactionofsub-groupswhich.butwed

21、onotknowthebaseamountof(thegeneralgroup)(ifthebaseamountorcorrespondingfractionsvary,theconclusionwouldbedifferent.)Forlackofdetailedinformationabout(thebaseamount/fractionof).wecanhardlyassess. TOC o 1-5 h z 4,5,8,9,11,12,14,16,20,22,23,25,27,31,32,39,42,44,49,52,55,68,70,71,73,77,79,87,89,100,103,

22、120,122,124,130,133,134,135,141,143,144,145,155,159,165,175,177,182,183,189,194,196,199,200,203,204,206,211,212,214,216,222,223,231,236,238Inpleteinformation:數(shù)據(jù)不完整Theauthordoesnotprovidepleteinformationconcerning.inillustratingthat.Theauthoronlyinformsusthat.butwhatwecaremoreaboutisthat.whichisnotpr

23、ovidedbytheauthor,(someothersubstantialinformationareneededforustoassessthesoundnessoftheargument,andtheconclusionwouldvarygreatlywhenotherconditionsvaried.)Forlackofdetailedinformationabout.wecanhardlyevaluate. TOC o 1-5 h z 6,7,8,10,14,15,17,18,20,21,24,27,29,30,32,35,36,38,39,42,43,44,46,49,52,54

24、,64,65,66,68,70,71,73,77,79,81,82,83,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,103, 104, 105,127, 130, 135,150, 152, 155,103, 104, 105,127, 130, 135,150, 152, 155,170, 171, 172,184, 185, 191,205, 206, 211,218, 219, 221,231, 232, 233,107, 108, 116,137, 141, 143,161, 165, 166,174, 175, 179,192, 19

25、3, 198,212, 213, 214,222, 224, 225,235, 237, 238,117, 119, 120,144, 145, 147,167, 168, 169,180, 181, 183,199, 200, 203,215, 216, 217,226, 228, 229,239, 240, 241,242Aretherespondentsforthrightwhenansweringthequestions:回答者不真實Thereliabilityoftherespondents.answerstothesurveysquestionisnotsufficientlyju

26、stifiedtosupporttheconclusion.Thereispossibilitythattherespondentsmaynottellthetruthabout.(answeringthequestionshonestlymayleadtosome_undesirableconsequencesfortherespondents,thustheymayevadethecrucialpoint,orevenlieintheiranswers.)Undersuchcircumstances,itisalmostimpossibleforustoexpecttheresponden

27、tstoprovideaccurateinformationabouttheiropiniontoward.92,199,211,242Aretherespondentsrepresentative:回答者沒有代表性Weshouldalsonoticethattherespondentsstudiedinthesurveymaynotrepresentthegeneralgroupof.Weallknowthatinmanycases,peoplewhoareinterestedin.mightbegenerallymorelikelytorespondtothesurveythanother

28、peopleare,oraremorewillingtoexpresstheirownopinionsandpositionsontheissueof.(otherpeoplewhodidnotrespondmayholdatotallydifferentpositiontowardtheissuestudied,andtheauthorshouldincludethosepeopleinthestudytopresentamoreconvincingresult.)Withoutconsideringthesituationofothergroupsofpeople,theresultoft

29、hesurveyinitselfcouldnotjustifiablyillustratethat.15,17,28,34,40,43,52,55,57,62,65,76,95,102,111,115,117,153,154,161,167,168,174,194,201,206,212,218,224,235真的不掉線嗎？、？Falseanalogy:4類匕匕AB,A適合BIntheargumenttheauthorremendsAtocarryoutsame(policies,actions,solutionson.asB,buttheanalogybetweenthemmightbeun

30、substantiated.TheauthorfailstoillustratethatAandBaresimilarenoughateveryaspectandareindeedparable.WhileitistruethatAandBsharesomemongroundon.therearestillsomeobviousdifferencesbetweenthem,(manydifferencesexistbetweenAandBandthesedifferencesmaywellrenderthepolicies(actions,solutions,etc)provedtobeeff

31、ectiveforAmightnothavethesameeffectivenessforB)BeforeAdecidetocopyBsexperiences,theauthorshouldtakethesedifferencesintoaccountandmakecarefulstudyontheparabilityofthetwo(cities,panies,schools,etc).2,4,9,12,13,16,18,20,25,26,28,29,31,35,38,39,41,42,43,44,55,56,67,72,89,91,92,94,97,99,102, TOC o 1-5 h

32、z 108,109,110,116,119,124,125,131,132,133,149,152,155,160,162,169,177,180,182,186,187,192,198,204,205,209,210,211,212,218,226,230,232,235,236,237,238,239Inpleteparison/selectiveparison/exparteinformation:錯誤對比AB,A不一定比B好TheauthorhastilyimpliesthatAissuperiortoBin.buttheparisonbetweenAandBisinplete.The

33、authoronlypares.however,therearemyriadoffactorswhich,ifdifferinthesecases,wouldbringabouttotallydifferentresultfortheparison,(manyotherfactorswouldinfluencetheresultwhileignoredbytheauthorintheargument)Withoutanyfurtherconsiderationaboutthesefactors,theauthorcouldnotconvinceusthat(AisbetterthanBince

34、rtainaspect)merelybasedonaninpleteparison.Confusingparisonandvariation:只對比了一部分的變化orviceversa.Intheargumenttheauthorprovidesthevariationin.toillustratethat.Althoughthevariationin.couldpartlyprovethat.however,weallknowthattodemonstrate.theparisonbetweenAandBisactuallymoreconvincingandnecessary.:(thepa

35、risonbetweenthoseentitiescouldbemoreconvincinginillustratingtheconclusion)Lackingparisonbetween.wecouldnotassessif.48,63,85,106,132,135,168,173,179,180,186,188,206,216,224,240Inpleteparison/exparteinformation: TOC o 1-5 h z 2,4,17,24,34,49,51,57,60,63,64,77,81,82,85,93,96,98,101,103,105,109,114,126,

36、129,131,132,139,151,159,162,166,167,172,173,179,186,187,188,193,200,203,211,212,214,216,220,222,231,233,234,238,241Unrelatedconcepts:偷換概念I(lǐng)nillustratingtheassumptionthat.theauthormitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.:TheauthorcitesAtoproveB,however,AisnotagoodindicationofB.(therearebasicdifferencesbetwe

37、enAandB,thusAcouldnotbeproperlyusedtoillustrateB)TheauthoroughttomakecarefulandcleardifferentiationbetweenAandBbeforewecouldevaluateiftheinferencethat.isjustified.1,3,4,10,11,16,20,23,29,31,34,35,36,38,40,44,48,49,53,55,58,63,67,68,72,77,80,81,85,87,88,89,91,93,96,101,105,106,107,114,120, TOC o 1-5

38、h z 121,124,130,132,133,134,139,140,143,146,153,155,156,160,161,166,167,172,173,175,181,183,187,188,190,193,194,196,198,199,200,201,Hastygeneralization:38,54,56,59,61,66,81,89,98,137,140,154203,212,214,215,216,217,218,220,221,223,231,233,234,235,239,241真的不掉線嗎？、？Changingscopes:偷換范圍Thefactthat.couldsu

39、fficientlysubstantiatetheconclusionthat.sincetheargumentisbasedonlyon(somespecialcases)andtheauthordoesnotdifferentiatebetweenthe.of(differentsubjects).Althoughtheauthorsinferencethat.mightbetrueforsomecases,forexample,.Unfortunately,thisisnottrueofeveryindividual(inthegeneralgroup).(othersubjectsma

40、yhavetotallydifferentsituationthustheauthorsinferencecouldnotbeproperlyappliedtothem.)Unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethat(theconditionofothersubjectsissimilartothatofthecasestudied),thegeneralconclusioncannotbereachedmerelybasingonthesespecialandlimitedcases.3,6,8,10,19,22,23,28,29,40,41,44,45,49,51,6

41、0,70,80,83,84,87,90,91,93,94,95,96,97,98,113,115, TOC o 1-5 h z 116,117,118,119,121,126,129,130,131,134,135,145,147,148,150,154,156,158,165,171,172,175,176,180,185,187,188,193,194,195,203,205,206,207,211,213,217,218,220,223,230,233,234,242Inferringafutureconditionfromapastcondition:過去不能推未來Intheargum

42、enttheauthorsuggeststhatwecan(solvecurrentproblemsorachievecurrentgoals)throughmethodswhichhavesuccessfullysolvedthesamekindofproblemsinthepast.Thereisahiddenassumptionassumedbytheauthorthatallconditionsandfactorsuponwhichtheeffectivenessof(themethod)dependhaveremainedunchangedduringthepast(Nyears).

43、However,manyfactorscouldhavebeenchangedduringthepastyears,(manyconditionsandfactorscouldhavevaried,whichmightrenderthesolutionswhichwereprovedtobeeffectiveinthepastmightnothavethesameeffectivenessincurrentdaysorinthefuture.)Withouttakingintoaccountalltheseconstantlychangingfactors,theauthorcouldnotc

44、onvinceusthattheproposedsolutioncouldbeusedtosolvecurrentproblemssuccessfully.1,2,4,5,8,11,13,15,18,20,21,22,23,25,30,32,36,37,48,52,61,62, TOC o 1-5 h z 65,67,68,73,78,85,87,93,94,95,100,116,119,130,134,136,138,140,146,151,158,161,167,168,171,183,190,201,204,208,209,213,216,218,219,225,226,230,237,

45、240,24130,Lackofcontrolledexperiment/parison:沒考慮其他變量Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatitis.thatresultedin.Thecausalrelationshipisconvincingonlyiftheauthorcoulddemonstratethatallotherfactorsthatmightaffectremainedconstantduringthesameperiod,(pointingoutthatcorrespondingcontrolledexperimentisneeded,orexplai

46、ninghowtheexperimentshouldbeconducted.)Specifically, experiment resultwe ofneed to know (the one group of theSpecifically, experiment resultwe ofneed to know (the one group of thesubjects),WithoutappropriateparisonbetweenAandB,theassumptionthat.isunwarranted.18,23,41,59,75,76,85,103,122,128,153,167,

47、168,175,176,180,206,207,224,236,237,241,242Sufficiencyandnecessityofasolution:解決辦法不夠有力Theauthorassumesthattheproposedactionsarebothsufficientandnecessaryfor(achievingcertaingoal).Tosolvetheproblemsuccessfully,manyotherfundamentalrequirementsmustbefulfilled,(manyotherimportantworksmustbedone.)Further

48、more,manyotheravailablemethodsbesides(theauthor-proposal)couldalsobeusedtoachievethesamepurpose,(manyothereffectivemethodscouldalsobeadopted.)Beforetheauthormakeacarefulandthoroughparisonbetweentheeffectivenessofhisownproposalandotherpossiblemethods,theauthorsproposalshouldnotbehastilycarriedout. TO

49、C o 1-5 h z 3,7,8,9,10,12,18,19,20,24,25,26,28,30,39,41,42,43,48,52,54,59,60,64,65,68,69,74,79,80,82,83,85,86,87,90,91,94,96,97,98,99,100,102,104,105,106,107,108,110,111,112,115,116,117,122,123,124,125,127,128,129,131,134,135,136,137,139,140,141,145,146,147,149,152,153,155,157,159,161,162,163,164,16

50、6,168,169,170,172,173,真的不掉線嗎？、？175,177,178,181,183,185,187,188,189,190,191,192,194,195,196,197,200,201,204,205,206,208,209,211,212,213,215,217,219,222,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,232,236,237,238,239,240,24218,Failingtoconsiderthefeasibilityoftheconclusion:解決辦法沒有可行性Thefeasibilityofthearguersproposalc

51、analsobecastdoubton.Theproposalreliesonanassumptionthat(theproposalcouldbesuccessfullycarriedout)however,theassumptionmightbeunwarrantedduetosomecriticalobstacles,(possibleobstaclestotheeffectivenessofthesolution.)Unlesstheauthorcoulddemonstratethatthoseobstaclescouldbeeffectivelyovere,theproposalmi

52、ghtbepracticallyunfeasible.2,24,28,29,39,42,43,51,64,71,86,90,99,102,125,129,132,137,139,141,143,155,163,164,169,172,175,176,178,187,189,191,194,195,204,208,209,210,211,212,217,226,228,230,232,23319,Failingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughly:沒考慮解決方法帶來的壞處Inclaimingthat.theauthorneedstodomore

53、prehensiveresearchonbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsoftheproposal.Althoughtheproposalcouldbeadoptedto(solvetheproblem)toacertaindegree,however,carryingouttheproposalmayactuallybringaboutmoreharmfuleffects,(possibleharmfuleffectsignoredbytheauthor.)Undersuchscenario,adoptingtheauthorsproposalwouldharm,

54、ratherthanbenefit,(theauthorspurpose).Inpletethought: TOC o 1-5 h z 1,10,11,15,17,24,27,29,31,32,34,35,37,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,58,59,66,69,71,73,78,84,86,87,90,95,97,98,100,104,107,108,110,111,120,123,124,125,126,128,130,134,136,142,143,144,145,147,151,169,177,193,202,236,239Failingtoweightheadvanta

55、geanddisadvantagethoroughly: TOC o 1-5 h z 1,2,5,9,13,14,21,22,23,24,38,39,40,43,44,52,55,60,62,63,65,67,69,71,72,76,80,82,84,86,89,92,94,96,98,101,102,104,105,107,108,111,112,114,118,119,122,124,125,127,128,129,133,136,151,152,157,160,163,164,168,169,170,172,173,174,176,178,180,181,182,184,185,186,

56、188,189,191,192,193,200,201,204,206,208,210,213,215,217,218,221,224,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,234,237,242Falsedilemma:兩者選一，沒考慮其他解決辦法Inexplaining.theauthorispresentingafalsedilemma.Theauthorsimplyassumesthat(thesituationwouldbeeitherAorB),whilethetwo.arenot_necessarilymutuallyexclusive,(manyotherso

57、lutions/explanationscouldbemorejustifiable.)Beforerulingoutallthepossibilitiesabove,theauthorcouldnotconvinceusthatthereareonlythosetwopossibleexplanationsforustoaccept.5,33,41,47,82,93,108,113,138,148,150,166,175,182,184,185,190,195,196,202,204,205,213,218,220,233Non-causalrelationship:沒有因果關(guān)系，其他因素的

58、影響Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatitis.thatresultedin:Butwecanfindnoconcreteevidencetosubstantiatetheinevitablerelationshipbetween.and.(manyotherfactorscouldalsoleadtotheresult/theauthorshouldconductcontrolledstudytodemonstratethecausalrelationship)Inshort,theauthorcouldnothastilyconcludethat.istheonlyp

59、ossiblereasonfor.beforetakingabovefactorsintoaccount.真的不掉線嗎？、？ TOC o 1-5 h z 1,3,4,6,7,9,12,15,18,19,20,26,27,28,33,35,38,39,42,43,44,45,47,48,49,54,55,56,62,63,64,69,70,74,76,77,78,79,80,81,85,88,90,94,96,97,98,106,109,110,112,113,116,119,120,121,122,124,125,131,132,133,135,136,137,139,141,144,145,

60、147,149,150,156,158,159,160,162,167,168,169,171,172,176,181,187,190,192,193,194,199,201,207,209,212,218,220,221,222,223,224,225,228,231,232,235,236,Confusingthecauseandtheeffect:不是A導(dǎo)致B,而是B導(dǎo)致A(少見)IntheprocessofreasoningtheauthorassumesthatAisthereasonforB.However,theauthormayconfusethecauseandtheeffe