考研英語真題分析

1、2015年考研英語(一)真題+答案+剖析SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”fourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYale

2、UniversityasintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_(2)_.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjectswhich_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneti

3、csatUCSanDiego,says,peopledonoteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanageto“Mostselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteamsuggests,it

4、drawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(11)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhel

5、p_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeoples_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjec

6、ts,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.AwhenBwhyChowDwhatAdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvisedAforBwithConDby4.AcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDconnectedAtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamplesAinsignificantBunexpectedCunbelievableDincredibleAvisitBmissCseekDknowAresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsurpassAaga

7、inBalsoCinsteadDthusAMeanwhileBFurthermoreCLikewiseDPerhapsAaboutBtoCfromDlikeAdriveBobserveCconfuseDlimitAaccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwithAchancesBresponsesCmissionsDbenefitsAlaterBslowerCfasterDearlierAforecastBrememberCunderstandDexpressAunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollableDdisrup

8、tive18.AendeavorBdecisionCarrangementDtendencyApoliticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomicAseeBshowCproveDtellSectionIIReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1King

9、JuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdontabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropea

10、nroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliti

11、csthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoAsia,avoidmostthedifficu

12、ltsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofr

13、isinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Even

14、so,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemona

15、rchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.Char

16、lesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainAusedturnenjoyhighpublicsupportwasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalscasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsDendedhisreigninembarrassment22.Monarchsarekeptasheadso

17、fstateinEuropemostlyowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatustoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealitytogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookuptoDduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodimentWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?AAristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealthTheroleofthenob

18、ilityinmoderndemocraciesThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesDThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlesAtakesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesfailstochangehislifestyleasadvisedtakesrepublicansashispotentialalliesfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureroleWhichoft

19、hefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?ACarlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedBCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneCCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsDCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsTEXT2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentso

20、famobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplic

21、ationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringth

22、econtentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectpurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorporcketbook,ofansarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneislikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanm

23、orearresteesreadinghistory,financialhistory,comprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.medicalhistoryThedevelopmentandof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoft

24、heConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAme

25、ndmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatetosearchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.checksuspectshibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisoneoftolerance.indifference.disapproval.cautious

26、ness.28.TheauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscomparabletoAgettingintoonesresidence.handingoneshistoricalrecords.scanningonescorrespondences.Dgoingthroughoneswallet.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatAprinciplesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.Bthecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

27、Cphonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.Kerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheC

28、onstitutionshouldneverbealtered.Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofm

29、anypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournalinter

30、naleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanus.sAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddat

31、aanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScienceoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwespublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehind

32、theestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnot?bethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”31、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthatScienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewpro

33、cess.Bjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.Cfewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.Dlackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32、Thephrase“flaggedup”istheclosestinmeaningtoAfound.Brevised.CmarkedDstored33、GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmayAposeathreattoal

34、litspeersBmeetwithstrongoppositionCincreaseSciencescirculation.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34、DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA.addstoresearchersworklosd.B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

35、A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhad

36、collapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,m

37、ediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyoneex-editorofthe

38、NewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamechargethewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheN

39、ewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,ho

40、wlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollec

41、tivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability

42、.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceived

43、traceable,recordedanswers.36.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Epaniesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpracticesgovernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatGlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphon

44、ehacking.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrookssdefencerevealedacunningpersonality.centeredontrivialissues.washardlyconvincing.waspartofaconspiracy.39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshowsgenerallydi

45、stortedvalues.unfairwealthdistribution.amarginalizedlifestyle.arigidmoralcode.40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.Part

46、BDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingo

47、utrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)_youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.Buttheyshow

48、comprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementinferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)_Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnotth

49、eretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)_Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)_Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperio

50、ds,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)_

51、suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulrefe

52、rencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofrea

53、dingorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginroom.onatrainaseminarBFactorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirm

54、eaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.DIneffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.EY

55、oumakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidityinferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.FInplays，novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesforthe

56、authorsownthoughts.GRather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatextsformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebr

57、ingtothetext.SectionIIITranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigrationoneofthegreatfolkwandering

58、sofhistorymovement,drivenbysweptfromEuropetoAmerica.46)Thispowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andna

59、tionalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.48)Bu

60、t,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledE