演講的文體特點課件

1、 Stylistic Feature of SpeechWhat is Pubic Speaking?Public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influence them.Types of Public SpeakingInformative 信息性演講Persuasive 勸說性演講Qualification of a Good SpeechA proper topic with a clear purpose選題合適，意圖明確Wealthy c

2、ontents and convincing materials內(nèi)容豐富，有理有據(jù)Reasonable structure and logical development展開得當，布局合理Appropriate Rhetoric修辭得體Basic Structure of a SpeechIntroductionBodyConclusionBeginning the SpeechGet the Audiences AttentionEstablish the needReveal the topic and your interest or point of viewEstablish cre

3、dibility and goodwill with the audiencePreview the body of the speechDevelopment of the BodySupporting Materials Examples 事例 Statistics 數(shù)據(jù) Testimony/Quotation 證言/引言Transitions Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Past/present/future SpatialClassificationProblem/solution Cause/effect/solutio

4、n classificationWho will win the 2004 Presidential Election?-Independence-Democrats-RepublicansConclusion/ending the speechSummarizeSignal the end of the speechMotive the audienceHow to concludeSumming up gist 總結(jié)要點Citing a quotation 引言Referring to the introduction 首尾呼應Issuing a challenge or an appea

5、l 提出挑戰(zhàn)，呼吁行動Clarity of languageAvoid polysyllabic words.Use foreign words and phrases sparingly.Avoid technical language when speaking to listeners out of your profession.Precision of languageUse “omnibus” words sparinglyAvoid hazy wordsAvoid words that have become emotionally charged labels (Synonym

6、s)用alarmingly （貶義）代替surprisingly（中性）使聽眾體會的巨大危險或不愉快來臨時的吃驚，緊張得情緒。用turnout(貶義）代替result(中性）使聽眾體會到結(jié)果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒義)代替difficult(中性）使聽眾感受到困難的相對有趣和積極性。用determined(褒義)代替unyielding(中性)時聽眾感受到講話人堅決地毫不動搖的決心。Vividness of languageAvoid the overworked words and expressionsUse personal pronouns.Vary the

7、sentence.Use figurative language occasionally.Use assertive sentenceUse active voicevividness形象的描繪色彩、聲音、光、味覺、嗅覺等的感性語言稱之為生動的語言（Beebe,1994:294）富蘭克林羅斯福于1941年在日本偷襲珍珠港后在國會所做的演講A date which will live in world history.A date which will live in infamy.(一個遺臭萬年的日子)美國人們的憤慨和對日本侵略者的譴責Assertive sentenceThe commit

8、tee rejected the proposal.The proposal was favored by managementActive voiceManagement favored the proposal.The proposal was favored by management.Vary the sentence“It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The nex

9、t gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbi

10、d it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”里根總統(tǒng)就挑戰(zhàn)者號航天飛機失事做的悼詞：This is a truly national loss. Nineteen years ago almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in fli

11、ght. Weve never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps weve forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle.appropriateness occasion/purpose/audienceCheck to make sure that the words you are using are not going to offend anyone.Sexist, ageist, racistVocal EffectsVolumePronunciation and Artic

12、ulationPitch and InflectionsRatePauseNonverbal Means of CommunicationPersonal appearanceEye contactPostureGestureFacial ExpressionTypes of DeliveryManuscript Delivery 念稿演講Memorized Delivery 背誦演講Impromptu Delivery 即興演講Outline/Extemporaneous Delivery 提綱演講Figures of speechSimileMetaphorPersonificationA

13、ntithesisClimaxSynecdocheMetonymyAlliterationonomatopoeiaSimile“Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the fla

14、mes of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.”“100年前，一位偉大的美國人今天我們就站在他象征性的身影下簽署了解放宣言。這項重要法令的頒布，對于千百萬灼烤于非正義殘焰中的黑奴，猶如帶來希望之光的碩大燈塔，恰似結(jié)束漫漫長夜禁錮的歡暢黎明?！蔽矣幸粋€夢想 馬丁路德金Metaphor “But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later,

15、 the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the co

16、rners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.” “100年后，黑人依然沒有獲得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲慘地蹣跚于種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物質(zhì)繁榮翰海的貧困孤島上。100年后，黑人依然在美國社會中間向隅而泣，依然感到自己在國土家園中流離漂泊。” 我有一個夢想 馬丁路德金PersonificationBooks cannot be killed

17、by fire. People died, but books never die. No man and no force can abolish memoryIn this war, we know, books are weapons. -by Franklin D. RooseveltAntithesis “I do not shrink from this responsibility - I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any o

18、ther generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fel

19、low citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.” “在世界的悠久歷史中，只有很少幾個世代的人賦有這種在自由遭遇最大危機時保衛(wèi)自由的任務(wù)。我決不在這責任之前退縮；我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間會有人愿意跟別人及別的世代交換地位。我們在這場努力中所獻出的精力、信念與虔誠、將照亮我們的國家以及所有為國家服務(wù)的人，而從這一火焰所聚出的光輝必能照明全世界。所以，同胞們：不要問你們的國家能為你們做些什么，而要問你們能為國家做些

20、什么?！?約翰肯尼迪就職演講AntithesisMy love are many, my enemies are few. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.Climax層進But no president, no Congress, no government can undertake this mission alone. -by Bill ClintonSynecdocheThe glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh see it together. -Ma

21、rtin Luther KingMetonymyAlliterationAnd from our roots, we have drawn tremendous power from two great forces-faith and freedom. -by Ronald ReaganOnomatopoeiaOther kinds of rhetorical devicesParallelismWord repetitionRhetorical questionPeriodic sentenceParallelism“With this faith, we will be able to

22、hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.”“有了這個信念，我們就能一同工作，一同祈禱，一同斗爭，一同入獄，一同維護自由，因為我們知道，我們終有一天會獲得自由?！蔽矣幸粋€夢想 馬丁路德金Re