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1、家禽氨基酸養(yǎng)分最爭辯進展趙景鵬 林海山東農業(yè)大學動物科技學院,山東,泰安,271018摘要:基于抱負蛋白模式,家禽業(yè)已經初步確定了氨基酸的養(yǎng)分需要量和玉米-豆粕型 養(yǎng)分需求與遺傳、年齡、飼料配方、試驗方法和評判標準親熱相關。在應激條件下,家禽對 門化,同時考慮現代飼料配方組成和飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境變化。關鍵詞:抱負蛋白 氨基酸 應激 家禽 。在飼料協作中,蛋白質和氨基酸仍是構成飼料本錢的主要養(yǎng)分素,合理補充氨基酸對于節(jié)約飼料本錢意義重 大。此外,保證日糧氨基酸平衡有助于削減排泄物中氮排放,保護環(huán)境。很多因素影響家禽對于氨基酸的養(yǎng)分需要量,包括日糧、環(huán)境、遺傳和生產目的等。盡管抱負氨基酸模式已經建立Bake

2、r 等,2022,但是,受飼料原料組成變化如抗生素類生長促進劑禁用、品種選育和市場需求等因素影響,家禽氨基酸需要量仍是爭辯熱點。低蛋白日糧與合成氨基酸 隨著糧食價格上漲,在低蛋白日糧中補充合成氨基酸變得更具有經濟意義。玉米 DDGS 是酒精工業(yè)生產的副產物,它含有高達27%的粗蛋白,在家禽日糧中可替代局部玉米和豆粕。可是,它的有效賴氨酸與色氨酸水平較低。在保證最大體增重和飼料轉化效率的前提條件下白?Dean 等2022爭辯覺察,在粗蛋白CP16%的生肉仔雞日糧中補充甘氨酸和其它必需氨基酸,能夠到達 CP 水平為 22%的玉米-豆粕型日糧的飼喂效果。他們指出,低蛋白日糧對于甘氨酸的需求高于高蛋白

3、日糧,在CP 水平為 16%且補充了其它必需氨基酸的日糧中,甘氨酸+2.44%。抱負氨基酸比率與家禽養(yǎng)分需要量這平影響。不過,某些特定氨基酸的比率可能會因動物年齡、性別和生產目的而變。例如,有 增重Garcia2022Dozier III2022。由此產生的問題是,假設賴氨酸的需求量會隨動物性別和生產目的而變的話,那么,其它的必需氨基酸是否也會受到類似影響?Baker 等2022爭辯了雄性肉仔雞對于賴氨酸、色氨酸、蘇氨酸、異亮氨酸和纈氨酸的需求量, 前一些爭辯Rosa 等,2022a,b;Shan 等,2022也說明,無論是到達最高飼料轉化效率還是到達最大體增重,肉仔雞對于蘇氨酸和色氨酸的需求

4、量都是一樣的。此外, Rosa 等2022a,b性別僅影響賴氨酸的需求量。由于母雞對于賴氨酸的需求量比公雞低 10%,所以,對母雞而言,其它必需氨基酸相對賴氨酸的比率需要上調大約 10%。肉雞的可消化賴氨酸需要量受品種、日齡和日糧協作方式影響,Abdallah 等2022爭辯報道,羅斯Ross308 。同時,科寶Cobb500肉雞為:0-14日齡,1.3%;15-24日齡,1.05%,25-38日齡,0.9%。Sakomura 等2022爭辯報道,基于飼料轉化效率,當使用稀釋法配制試驗日糧時,8-22 日齡科寶 500 1.187%,而當以直接補充法配制日糧時,這1.140%。Nassiri

5、Moghaddam 等2022爭辯認為,NRC1994對生肉仔雞的蘇氨酸推舉量0-10 日齡,蘇氨酸的適宜添加水平為 0.87%。在玉米-豆粕或小麥-豆粕型日糧中,除蛋氨酸、賴氨酸和蘇氨酸以外, Helmbrecht 2022可消化異亮氨酸與賴氨酸的最正確比例在前期和后期分別為 68%和 72%;依據飼料轉化率數據,這兩個數字分別為68%75%。Campos 等2022爭辯報道,在7-21 28-40 日齡,科寶500 肉雞可消化色氨酸與賴氨酸的最適比例分別為17%和 18%。胍基乙酸GAARingel 等2022a,b0.06%的 GAA 就能提高肉雞的體增重和飼料轉化效率。此外,Pande

6、y 等2022爭辯了胚內補充氨基酸14 胚齡對肉仔雞誕生后 0-14 日齡生長發(fā)育的影響,結果覺察,賴氨酸、蘇氨酸、蛋氨酸和甘氨酸能夠提高生肉仔雞肝臟IGF-1cGH mRNA表達。隨著年齡增長,體重增加,肉仔雞對全部氨基酸的需求量都呈下降趨勢。美國NRC1994只將肉仔雞的整個飼養(yǎng)期劃分為3 個階段:前期0-3 周、中期3-6 周和后期6-8周20世紀90 年月,依據伊利諾雞抱負蛋白模式IICEmmert和 提出了肉仔雞多階段飼養(yǎng)的概念。他們通過每周甚至每天轉變飼料配方主要是氨基酸水平Warren 和Emmert,2022;Pope和Emmer,20222022Pope2022,2022。在

7、產蛋雞對真可消化氨基酸的需求方面,Bregendahl 等2022做了大量爭辯工作。他538 mg/d,其它氨基酸相對賴氨酸的比94%79%93%77%22%。與肉雞的生長需求相比,這些比率尤其是色氨酸/賴氨酸顯著較高。這是有關產蛋雞抱負氨基酸 模式的首次報道,尚需進一步驗證。青年蛋雞對蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys的需求因日齡 而異,Silva 等2022爭辯報道,基于體增重和飼料轉化率,迪卡白Dekalb White蛋雞14-420.835和0.64456-840.625%和0.56;98-126 0.524和0.494。對于褐殼蛋雞迪卡褐,Lelis 等2022爭辯覺察,在 25-37 周

8、齡,隨著日糧蘇氨酸/賴氨酸比率提高,其產蛋量、蛋重和蛋料比增加。78%。同時,Lelis 等2022指出,其可消化色氨酸與賴氨酸的最適比例為23%。20 3 kg、馬上開產的肉雞種母雞,Coleman 等2022和Tabiri 等2022爭辯報道,它們對于賴氨酸的需求量為 366 mg/d,反映到日糧水平上為0.49%。含硫氨基酸劑量-反響關系在爭辯日糧不同蛋氨酸水平對家禽生長的影響時,胱氨酸的效應往往被無視Baker 和Dilge20222022 步而言,當日糧蛋氨酸和胱氨酸同時缺乏時,蛋氨酸會有一局部通過轉硫作用生成胱氨酸Bake2022,致使其添加效應不如僅蛋氨酸缺乏時Baker和Dil

9、ge20222022。同樣地,當日糧胱氨酸缺乏時,蛋氨酸的利用也會隨胱氨酸的添加而提高。對于飼喂無氮日糧的動物,蛋氨酸具有促生長、促蛋白沉積的作用。 Webel 和 Baker2022成的胱氨酸。這一結果說明,胱氨酸是影響機體內源性氨基酸利用的第一限制性氨基酸。蛋氨酸羥基類似物關于液態(tài)羥基蛋氨酸OH-M相比 DL-蛋氨酸的效價,始終存在爭議Jansman 等,2022Vazquez-Anon2022Sauer 等,2022。最爭辯Jansman 2022;Diger 和 Baker,2022a說明,在只缺乏蛋氨酸胱氨酸過量的日糧中,OH-M 的生物學效價顯著低于DL-蛋氨酸。純化日糧 vs 商

10、品日糧或蛋氨酸的缺乏程嚴峻vs稍微上很少考慮日糧胱氨酸的水平Dilger和Bakr2022爭辯覺察,當日糧胱氨酸過量時,在改善體增重方面,DL-OH-M 高16.7%,在改善飼料轉化效率方面,DL-OH-M 7.3%;當日糧胱氨酸不過量時,在改善體增重方面,DL-蛋氨酸的生物學效價比 OH-M 高 7.7%,在改善飼料轉化效率方面,DL-OH-M 高 5.7%。由此可見,胱氨酸/蛋氨酸比率對于評定OH-M效價具有重要影響。含硫氨基酸的毒性2業(yè)已證明,當日糧飼喂水平超過動物的正常需求量時,蛋氨酸就會抑制生長Baker, 2022Bake2022生長效果都一樣。Dilger 等20222.5%-3

11、.0%時,L-胱氨酸和 N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸對肉仔雞的生長都有不同程度的抑制作用,但毒性遠遠小于同等含硫水平的DL-蛋氨酸。不同于DL-蛋氨酸、L-胱氨酸或N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸,日糧添加 2.5%的L-半胱氨酸會使一半的肉雞死亡。在飲水中補充 0.05%的 H2O ,有助于防止肉雞死亡。由2此提示,L-半胱氨酸的致死性可能與其復原性有關。在哺乳動物豬或鼠上,同等劑量的L-半胱氨酸并未表現出致死性。這是一個格外好玩的結果,在家禽上,除L-半胱氨酸以外, 沒有哪一種氨基酸會在如此低的劑量正常需要量的6-7 倍之下引起急性死亡。由于這種 了作用。S-甲基-甲硫氨酸S-甲基-SMM是 S-腺苷-包

12、括大豆Augspurger2022。它參與蛋氨酸循環(huán)Ranocha2022,為膽堿或肌酸生物合成供給甲基。Augspurger 等2022爭辯覺察,當日糧只缺乏膽堿或同時缺乏膽堿與蛋氨酸時,額外補充SMM 對于肉仔雞的生長具有促進作用。當日糧膽堿充分、只缺乏蛋氨酸時,額外補充SMM 沒有促生長效果。由此可見,在同型半胱氨酸借助半胱氨酸甲基轉移酶生成蛋氨酸的過程中,甜菜堿是甲基的優(yōu)先供體;只有當日糧膽堿或甜菜堿供給缺乏時, SMM 才會供給甲基。應激與氨基酸養(yǎng)分氨基酸對家禽應激的中樞調控作用L-賴氨酸當日糧 L-賴氨酸供給缺乏時,家禽的生產性能會顯著下降。對家禽而言,大多數飼用谷物都缺乏 L-賴

13、氨酸,因此,全價飼料需額外補充合成氨基酸。當日糧 L-賴氨酸供給過量LL-L-哌啶酸。Takagi 等2022爭辯了腦室注射 L-哌啶酸及其衍生物對生肉仔雞采食量的影響,結果覺察, L-賴氨酸進入大腦后會快速轉化為L-Takagi 2022進一步爭辯覺察,腦室注射 L-哌啶酸能夠誘發(fā)肉雞的睡眠行為。Takagi 等2022報道, L-A 受體抑制劑苦味素還是B 受體抑制劑CGP54626Kurauchi 等2022爭辯報道,在應激條件下,腦室注射0.8 M L-賴氨酸對肉雞的一些驚慌、擔憂反響沒有緩解作用。L-精氨酸在人上,當靜脈注射或口服 L-精氨酸時,它能促進生長激素的釋放 Chromia

14、k 和Antoni2022氨酸合成瓜氨酸的必需酶類。因此,家禽自身不能生成 L-精氨酸。L-精氨酸通過多種代謝中產物發(fā)揮其生物學功能,包括一氧化氮N、LL脯氨酸、L谷氨酸、肌酸和胍丁胺Morri2022。以“分居”應激為模型,Suenaga 等2022a爭辯了 L-精氨酸對生肉仔雞的中樞調 逸;當它們被分開單獨生活時,就會焦躁擔憂,自發(fā)性活動與尖叫聲增多Feltenstein 等, 2022。Suenaga 等2022L精氨酸能夠顯著削減肉雞的自發(fā)性活動和尖叫聲,增加睡眠時間。由此說明,L-精氨酸具有冷靜和催眠成效。為了Suenaga2022向肉雞腦室內同時注射L抑制劑N硝基-L精氨酸甲酯L-

15、NAM,結果覺察,肉雞的自發(fā)性活動、尖叫聲和睡眠時間恢復至比照水平。這一結果說明,L-NO 有關。在哺乳動物內,L-精氨酸能夠分解產生尿素、L-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酸、多胺、NO、肌酸 或胍丁胺Morri,2022。在生肉仔雞上,肌酸通過激活氨基丁酸A 受體,能夠作用于中樞神經系統(tǒng),緩解“分居”應激Koga2022L精氨酸能夠生成 L-鳥氨酸。L-鳥氨酸可以調控多胺的合成,影響細胞的增殖與分化。因此,L-精氨酸的冷靜與催眠成效也可能與肌酸、L-鳥氨酸或其它代謝中產物有關。肌酸含有胍基構造, 這是活化氨基丁酸A Neu2022Suenaga2022L鳥氨酸不含胍基,腦室注射L鳥氨酸卻有冷靜與催眠成效

16、Suenaga2022L精氨酸對大腦 氨基丁酸濃度沒有影響Suenaga2022L精氨酸對家禽應激的中樞調控作用與-氨基丁酸能系統(tǒng)無關。其它氨基酸Asechi等2022爭辯覺察,在腦室注射L絲氨酸后10GABA-A 受體調整。不過,L-絲氨酸對血液皮質酮濃度沒有影響,由此提示,L-絲氨酸不能直接抑制應激肉雞下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺HPA軸 的糖皮質激素釋放。此外,同L絲氨酸類似,腦室注射甘氨酸Shigemi等,2022丙Tomonaga2022LKurauchi2022LAsechi2022L-色氨酸Kuarauchi 等,2022對“分居”應激都有緩解作用。可是,腦室注射L-蛋氨酸沒有任何效果A

17、sechi等,2022。氨基酸對家禽應激的外周調控作用Batal Parsons2022爭辯證明,生雛雞消化系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不完善,在10-14 日齡之前-0-2、3-4、7、14 21 日齡測定了賴氨酸消化率和代謝能值。結果覺察,隨著日齡增長,玉米-豆粕型日糧的賴氨酸消化率和代謝能值顯著提高,而 0-2 -豆粕型日糧中添加1.0的谷氨酰胺有助于改善腸道安康,提高日增重Bartell和Bata2022。最近幾年,日Nakashima 2022,2022指出,亮氨酸、酮異己酸和甘氨酸可以抑制肌肉蛋白分解,促進肌肉生長。此外,丙氨酸Kurauchi2022、精氨酸Suenaga2022b、脯氨酸Hamas

18、u2022氨酸Asechi等,2022對于應激都有不同程度的緩解作用。在亞臨床腸道梭菌感染狀態(tài)下,Star 等2022爭辯了肉雞對于蘇氨酸的需要量。球蟲和產氣莢膜梭菌感染會損害腸道,增加粘液產量。粘液層是腸道屏障的非免疫性組分之一, 酸之比標準回腸可消化氨基酸0.65 0.70 時,感染組肉雞的采食量增加,日增重提高。由此提示,在應激條件下,肉雞對于蘇氨酸的需要量增加。小結家禽氨基酸的養(yǎng)分需求與遺傳、年齡、飼料配方、試驗方法和評判標準親熱相關,很多 時,必需對品種或品系特地化,同時考慮現代飼料配方組成和飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境變化。參考文獻Abdollah, A., A. M. Ebdel-Khalik, a

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20、uenaga, . Tsuneyoshi, D. M. Denbow,andM.Furuse.2022.Relationshipsbetweenthesedativeandhypnoticeffectsofintracerebroventricular administration of L-serine and its metabolites, pyruvate and the derivative amino acids contents in the neonatal chicks under acute stressful conditions. Amino Acids34:55-60

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