漫談文化翻譯

1、漫談文化翻譯歡迎光臨 以紅樓夢(mèng)的譯本對(duì)比為例 左 飚A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)Wishing you happiness every day! On Cultural Translation：Exemplified by the Contrast Between Two Versions of Hong Lou MTranslation is a Bridge.Translation is a Boat.Two ExtremesEverything can be translated wit

2、hout loss. Translatability is emphasized. 強(qiáng)調(diào)可譯性Nothing can be translated without loss. Untranslatability is emphasized.強(qiáng)調(diào)不可譯性Traduttore / Traditore Translator / TraitorTranslatability0%100%A Dynamic ContinuumStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year.We face a glacial distanc

3、e, who are hereHuddledAt your feet.A Christmas Tree William Burford 星啊，如果你那愛(ài)中滿(mǎn)含憐憫，來(lái)年就和我們同行。我們面對(duì)冰河距離，如今擁擠在你腳底。圣 誕 樹(shù) 黃杲炘譯人曾為僧，人弗可以成佛。女卑是婢，女又何妨成奴。拆字為漢文特有的玩意，絕不可能翻譯。 錢(qián)歌川（1980）A Buddhist cannot bud into a Buddha.A maiden may be made a house maid.中國(guó)翻譯 許淵沖（1991）我為媽媽?zhuān)瑡寢尀槲摇?左 飚（1999） 回文(palindrome)是順讀、倒讀其效果都

4、一樣的修辭法。由于它講究形式上的絕對(duì)對(duì)稱(chēng)，被普遍認(rèn)為是絕不可能翻譯的。Ma is as selfless as I am. 可以清心也 中國(guó)茶壺上的循環(huán)文字The Translator as MediatorThe translator is a bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities. George Steiner (1975) 譯者是兩個(gè)不同語(yǔ)言群體的單語(yǔ)交際者之間的雙語(yǔ)中介人。The translator i

5、s first and foremost a mediator between two parties for whom mutual communication might otherwise be problematic.Hatim and Mason (1990) 譯者首先是兩方的中介人，沒(méi)有他，兩方的交際會(huì)有困難。The Translator as Cultural MediatorThe translator is a cross-cultural specialist（跨文化專(zhuān)家）. Mary Snell-Hornby (1992)The translation operator

6、is a cultural operator（文化運(yùn)作者）. Heuson and Martim (1991)The translator is a cultural mediator（文化中介人）. David Katan (2004)The Translator as Cultural MediatorA cultural mediator is a person who facilitates communication, understanding, and action between persons or groups who differ with respect to lang

7、uage and culture. Thus a mediator must be to a certain extent bicultural. R. Taft (1981) 文化中介人是使兩個(gè)有著不同語(yǔ)言和文化的個(gè)人或群體之間的交際、了解和行動(dòng)得以順利進(jìn)行的人。所以，中介人必須在一定程度上是雙文化的（熟悉兩種文化的）。Translation is intercultural communication and the translator is a cultural mediator.翻譯是跨文化交際活動(dòng)，譯者是文化中介人。 In order to play the role of med

8、iator, an individual has to be flexible in switching his cultural orientation. Hence, a cultural mediator will have developed a high degree of intercultural sensitivity. Taft (1981) 一個(gè)人，如果想發(fā)揮（文化）中介人的作用，就必須靈活地轉(zhuǎn)換自己的文化傾向。所以，文化中介人要培養(yǎng)高度的跨文化敏感性。文化翻譯與翻譯文化 Cultural translation is a translation in which the

9、content of the message is changed to conform to the receptor culture in some way. Nida & Taber 1969 文化翻譯是對(duì)原文的信息內(nèi)容加以某種改變使之符合譯入語(yǔ)文化的翻譯。文化翻譯與翻譯文化Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as to linguistic factors. Such sensitivity might take the form either of

10、presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of finding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally “equivalent” to the ST items they are translating. Shuttleworth & Cowie 2004 文化翻譯是指任何不僅對(duì)語(yǔ)言成分而且對(duì)文化成分進(jìn)行敏銳處理的翻譯。這種敏銳處

11、理表現(xiàn)為以明白易懂的譯文向譯入語(yǔ)讀者介紹源語(yǔ)文化，或者在譯入語(yǔ)中找到在某種程度上文化“對(duì)等”的成分。文化翻譯與翻譯文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture文化翻譯（狹義）可界定為對(duì)原文中的文化信息進(jìn)行某種處理的任何翻譯。文化翻譯（廣義）指受各種文化制約因素影響的任何翻譯。文化翻譯與翻譯文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture An interculture is assumed to be operative in the overlaps of culture 1 and culture

12、2 An unspecified number of translators can be seen as members of intercultures or as having some degree of interculturality. Anthony Pym, 1998文化翻譯與翻譯文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture譯者在兩大文化之間活動(dòng)，它不僅是不同文化的搭橋人，而且是文化1（源語(yǔ)文化）和文化2（譯入語(yǔ)文化）之間中介文化的滋生者和運(yùn)作者。這種中介文化即翻譯文化，它既不同于文化1，又不同于文化2，但又跟兩者有千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系

13、。 Pym 1998文化翻譯指處理文化信息的翻譯過(guò)程與行為；翻譯文化則指翻譯的結(jié)果與產(chǎn)品所展示的文化。Some Culture-bound Factorsin Translation （翻譯中的文化制約因素） Who: the Culture-nurtured Translator 受某種文化熏陶的譯者What: the Culture-loaded Text 承載著文化信息的原文How: the Culture-determined Strategy for Translating 由文化決定的翻譯策略Why: the Culture-oriented Aim of Translating

14、帶文化傾向的翻譯目的 Culture-bound Factors : Translator Text Strategy Aim 受文化制約的翻譯要素: 譯員 翻譯文本 翻譯策略 翻譯目的The text and the translator翻譯文本和譯者Strategy of Translating翻譯策略Aim of Translating翻譯目的The translators outlook 譯者的翻譯觀Layers of Culture-bound Factors in Translation紅樓夢(mèng)的譯本對(duì)比Contrast between Two Versions of Hong Lo

15、u Meng譯者比較 Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪David Hawkes戴維霍克斯Name姓名David Hawkes戴維霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪Nationality國(guó)籍British英Chinese & British中、英Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴維霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪Education教育背景Mostly in Britain;3 years in Chi

16、na主要在英國(guó)3年在中國(guó)Mostly in China;4 years in Britain主要在中國(guó)3年在英國(guó)Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴維霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪Occupation職業(yè)Professor,Free-lance translator教授、自由譯者Professor,Professional translator教授、專(zhuān)業(yè)譯者Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴維霍

17、克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪Cultural Orientation文化傾向Western Culture西方文化Predominantly Chinese Culture中國(guó)文化為主Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴維霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang楊憲益與戴乃迪Nationality國(guó)籍British英Chinese & British中、英Education教育背景Mostly in Britain;3 years in ChinaMos

18、tly in China;4 years in BritainOccupation職業(yè)Professor,Free-lance translatorProfessor,Professional translatorCultural Orientation文化傾向Western Culture西方文化Predominantly Chinese Culture中國(guó)文化為主Comparison between the Two Translators譯文比較 The Story of the Stone David HawkesA Dream of Red Mansions Yang Hsien-yi

19、 & Gladys YangThe Story of the Stone David Hawkes A Dream of Red Manshions Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang為什么一書(shū)二名？為什么霍克斯舍紅樓夢(mèng)而取石頭記？紅色的翻譯 賈寶玉神游太虛境，警幻仙曲演紅樓夢(mèng)。 Jia Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion; And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days. David Hawkes 賈寶玉品茶櫳翠庵，劉姥姥醉窩怡紅院。 Jia Baoyu tast

20、es some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights. David HawkesAssociations of the Red ColorChinese CultureWestern CultureCelebrationHappinessAuspiciousness BloodDangerViolence紅色的翻譯 紅色對(duì)中國(guó)人和英美人會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的聯(lián)想。紅色對(duì)漢語(yǔ)文化的人而言，表示喜慶、幸福、吉祥，但在英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人眼中

21、，綠色和金黃色具有類(lèi)似的聯(lián)想意義，而紅色則意味著流血、危險(xiǎn)或暴力。 紅色的翻譯紅旗red flag紅酒 red wine紅米red rice紅細(xì)胞，紅血球red blood cell紅土red clay (soil)有赤字，虧欠in the red紅十字會(huì)Red Cross紅地毯式儀式（隆重儀式）red carpet 因窘迫而臉紅turn red with embarrassment直譯，完全對(duì)應(yīng)紅色的翻譯紅糖brown sugar紅種人The brown race紅燒肉Pork braised in brown sauce 眼紅green-eyed紅茶 black tea紅潤(rùn)的臉色rosy

22、(ruddy) cheeks紅柳rose willow改換顏色紅色的翻譯紅榜 honor roll 紅豆 love pea紅運(yùn) good luck紅利 dividend 紅事wedding紅人a favorite with sb. 紅綠燈traffic light紅薯sweet potatored ruin 火災(zāi) red battle 血戰(zhàn) 意譯，不用顏色詞怡紅院怡紅公子The Happy Red Court The House of Green Delight Happy Red PrinceGreen Boy* Red The Yangs Green Hawkes 水溶（見(jiàn)他語(yǔ)言清楚，談吐

23、有致，）一面又向賈政道：“令郎真乃龍駒鳳雛?！?The prince turned to observe to Jia Zheng: “Your son is truly a dragons colt or young phoenix.” Yang Hsien-yi The prince observed to Jia Zheng that the young phoenix was worthy of his sire. Hawkes龍 = dragon ? 古代傳說(shuō)中一種有鱗有須、能興云作雨的神異動(dòng)物。(辭海) A mythical monster usually represented

24、as breathing fire and having a scaly reptilian body, wings, claws, and a long tail. Collins English Dictionary象征帝王、富貴、昌盛 Symbolizing chaos or evilNo. They are entirely different.Dragon龍龍 = dragon ?No. They are entirely different.四小龍 龍騰虎躍龍樓鳳閣上海是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的龍頭four tigersa scene of bustling activity;full of

25、 vigor and enthusiasmimperial palaceShanghai plays a leading role in Chinas economic construction.龍飛鳳舞bold sweeping strokes; moving gracefully and forcefully鳳 = phoenix ? 古代傳說(shuō)中的鳥(niǎo)王，雞頭、蛇頸、燕頷、龜背、魚(yú)尾、五彩色。 辭海 A legendary Arabian bird said to set fire to itself and rise anew from the ashes every 500 years.

26、 Collins English Dictionary舊時(shí)比喻有圣德之人。 Symbolizing rebirth and sometimes analogized to a person of surpassing beauty or qualityNot equal, but they have similar metaphorical meaning.Phoenix鳳鳳 = phoenix ? A legendary Arabian bird said to set fire to itself and rise anew from the ashes every 500 years.

27、Collins English Dictionary舊時(shí)比喻有圣德之人。 Symbolizing rebirth and sometimes analogized to a person of surpassing beauty or qualityNot equal, but they have similar metaphorical meaning.Phoenix鳳 古代傳說(shuō)中的鳥(niǎo)王，雞頭、蛇頸、燕頷、龜背、魚(yú)尾、五彩色。(辭海) 水溶（見(jiàn)他語(yǔ)言清楚，談吐有致，）一面又向賈政道：“令郎真乃龍駒鳳雛?！?The prince turned to observe to Jia Zheng:

28、“Your son is truly a dragons colt or young phoenix.” Yang Hsien-yi The prince observed to Jia Zheng that the young phoenix was worthy of his sire. Hawkes龍、鳳 （榮華、富貴、圣德等)Dragon （chaos, evil） Phoenix (rebirth，a person of surpassing quality) 你倒也三從四德的，只是這賢惠也太過(guò)了。 Quite a model of wifely submission and vir

29、tue, arent you? Only you carry this obedience too far. Yang Hsien-yi I must congratulate you on your wifely virtue though I must say, that in this case you are carrying wifeliness a little far. Hawkes三從：未嫁從父、既嫁從夫、夫死從子四德：婦德、婦言、婦容、婦功賈蓉對(duì)卜世仁說(shuō)：“巧媳婦做不出沒(méi)有米的飯來(lái)，叫我怎么辦呢？”（273） Even the cleverest housewife cant

30、 cook a meal without rice. What do you expect me to do? Yang Hsien-yi and I dont see what I am supposed to do without any capital. Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour. Hawkes 那薛老大也是“吃著碗里看著鍋里”的。 Hsueh Pan is another of those greedy guys who keep one eye on the bowl and the othe

31、r on the pan. Yang Hsien-yi You know what cousin Hsueh is like: always keep one eye on the dish and the other on the saucepan.Hawkes 鳳姐聽(tīng)了，眼圈兒紅了半天，半日方說(shuō)道：“真是天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。這個(gè)年紀(jì)倘或就因這病上怎么樣了，人還活著有甚么趣兒！” 紅樓夢(mèng)第十一回 鳳姐聽(tīng)了，眼圈兒紅了半天，半日方說(shuō)道：“真是天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。這個(gè)年紀(jì)倘或就因這病上怎么樣了，人還活著有甚么趣兒！” （156） Xifengs eyes became moist

32、. After a pause she exclaimed, “Truly, Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight. But life is hardly worth living if such an illness can carry off one so young. Yang Hsien-yi Xi-fengs eyes became moist and for a moment she was too overcome to speak. “I know the weat

33、her and human life are both unpredictable”, she said at last, “but shes only a child still. If anything should happen to her as a result of this illness, I think all the fun would go out of life.” David Hawkes天有不測(cè)風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。 Storms gather without warning in nature； bad luck befalls men overnight. Yan

34、g Hsien-yi The weather and human life are both unpredictable. Hawkes少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。A lazy youth, a lousy age.An idle youth, a needy age. A man who does not work hard in his youth will be grieved when he grows old. 人無(wú)千日好，花無(wú)百日紅。 Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. Nobody can alwa

35、ys be happy. 疾風(fēng)知?jiǎng)挪荩茧y見(jiàn)交情。 Strong winds test sturdy grass; calamities reveal true friendship. Calamity is the touchstone of friendship. （賈雨村）雖才干優(yōu)長(zhǎng)，未免有些貪酷之弊；且恃才侮上，那些官員皆側(cè)目而視。（第二回） （賈雨村）雖才干優(yōu)長(zhǎng)，未免有些貪酷之弊；且恃才侮上，那些官員皆側(cè)目而視。（第二回） But although a capable administrator, Yucun was grasping and ruthless, while his

36、arrogance and insolence to his superior made them view him with disfavor. The Yangs But although his intelligence and ability were outstanding, these qualities were unfortunately offset by a certain cupidity and harshness and a tendency to use his intelligence in order to outwit his superiors; all o

37、f which caused his fellow-officials to cast envious glances in his direction. Hawks黛玉葬花錦囊收艷骨，凈土掩風(fēng)流；質(zhì)本潔來(lái)還潔去，不教污淖陷渠溝。 爾今死去儂收葬，儂身何日喪？?jī)z今葬花人笑癡，他年葬儂知是誰(shuí)？ 試看春殘花漸落，便是紅顏老死時(shí)， 春盡紅顏老，花落人亡兩不知！ Better shroud the fair petals in silkWith clean earth for their outer attire;For pure you came and pure shall you go,Not

38、sinking into some foul ditch or mire.Now you are dead I come to bury you;None has divined the day when I shall die;Men laugh at my folly in burying fallen flowers,But who will bury me when dead I lie?See, when spring draws to a close and flowers fall,This is the season when beauty must ebb and fade;

39、The day that spring takes wing and beauty fadesWho will care for the fallen blossom or dead maid? Yang Hsien-yiRhyme scheme: abcbBut better their remains in silk layAnd bury underneath the wholesome clay,Pure substances the pure earth to enrich,Than leave to soak and stink in some foul ditch.Can I,

40、that these flowers obsequies attend,Divine how soon or late my life will end?Let others laugh flower-burial to see:Another year who will be burying me?As petals drop and spring begins to fail,The bloom of youth, too, sickens and turns pale.One day, when spring has gone and youth has fled,The Maiden

41、and the flowers will both be dead David Hawkes Rhyme scheme: aabb “你明兒服侍我去吧，我認(rèn)你做女兒，我一調(diào)理，你就出息了?！?You must come and work for me. I will make you my adopted daughter.Yang Xianyi How would you like to come and work for me and be my God-daughter? Hawkes好了歌世人都曉神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！古今將相在何方？荒冢一堆草沒(méi)了。世人都曉神仙好，只有金銀忘不了！終

42、朝只恨聚無(wú)多，及到多時(shí)眼閉了。世人都曉神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了！君生日日說(shuō)恩情，君死又隨人去了。世人都曉神仙好，只有兒孫忘不了！癡心父母古來(lái)多，孝順兒孫誰(shuí)見(jiàn)了。 好了歌是整篇作品的主題思想，講的就是人生虛幻，功名利祿都是過(guò)眼云煙。世人都曉神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！古今將相在何方？荒冢一堆草沒(méi)了。All men long to be immortals,Yet to riches and rank each aspires;The great ones of old, where are they now?Their graves are a mass of briars. Yang Hsien-y

43、i Men all know that salvation should be won, But with ambition wont have done, have done,Where are the famous ones of days gone by?In grassy graves they lie now, every one.HawkesImmortal：長(zhǎng)生不死的神仙Salvation:人的靈魂蒙主拯救 世人都曉神仙好，只有金銀忘不了！終朝只恨聚無(wú)多，及到多時(shí)眼閉了。All men long to be immortals,Yet silver and gold they p

44、rize.And grub for money all their lives,Till death seals up their eyes. Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their riches wont have done, have done.Each day they grumble theyve not made enough.When theyve enough, its goodnight every one! Hawkes世人都曉神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了！君生日日說(shuō)恩情，君死又

45、隨人去了。All men long to be immortals,Yet dote on the wives theyve wed,Who swear to love their husband evermore,But remarry as soon as hes dead. Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their loving wives they wont have done.The darlings every day protest their love;But once you

46、re dead, they are off with another one. Hawkes世人都曉神仙好，只有兒孫忘不了！癡心父母古來(lái)多，孝順兒孫誰(shuí)見(jiàn)了。All men long to be immortals,Yet with getting sons wont have done.Although fond parents are legion,Who ever saw a really filial son? Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their children wont hav

47、e done, have done.Yet though of parents fond there is no lack,Of grateful children saw I neer a one. Hawkes富含文化意蘊(yùn)的詞語(yǔ)與語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格The Yangs VersionThe Hawkes Version 紅（ Red）Red retainedChanged to Green龍（Dragon）Dragon retainedRemoved三從四德（3 submissions and 4 virtues）All retainedVirtues reserved, but submission

48、s removed米飯、鍋、碗Rice, pan, bowlAll retainedRice changed to bread,bowl changed to dish神仙 immortalsTaoism retainedChanged to Christianity語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格Linguistic styleSymmetry and metaphor retained Changed to the plain, concise and direct style詩(shī)歌韻律 Rhymeabcb retainedChanged to abab schemeA Comparison between Two

49、 Versions (Summary)A Comparison of Translating Strategies翻譯策略比較 Literal Translation 直譯 Free Translation 意譯SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 語(yǔ)義翻譯 Communicative Translation 交際翻譯Foreignization 異化翻譯 Domestication 歸化翻譯Word-for-word Translation 逐詞翻譯 Adaptation / Rewriting 改寫(xiě)Translation Stra

50、tegiesLiteral Translation The SL form is converted to its nearest TL equivalent. The emphasis is laid on both form and content. 源語(yǔ)形式被轉(zhuǎn)換成最接近對(duì)等的譯入語(yǔ)形式的翻譯策略。形式與內(nèi)容都強(qiáng)調(diào)。Free Translation The matter is reproduced without the manner, or the content without the form of the original (SL). 注重內(nèi)容的再現(xiàn)而不拘泥于源語(yǔ)形式的翻譯策略。

51、Translation Strategies Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. 語(yǔ)義翻譯力求在譯入語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)允許的情況下盡可能精確地再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)文本的情境意義。Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an eff

52、ect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. 交際翻譯力求使譯文對(duì)譯入語(yǔ)讀者所產(chǎn)生的效果盡可能接近原文對(duì)原文讀者所產(chǎn)生的效果。Translation Strategies Word-for-word translation The ST word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings out of context. Cultural words are translate

53、d literally. 逐詞翻譯是按原文詞序，再現(xiàn)原詞的最常用意義，對(duì)有文化內(nèi)涵的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行直譯的翻譯。Adaptation This is the freest form of translation. The ST culture is converted to the TT culture and the text re-written. 改編是最自由的翻譯形式。源語(yǔ)文化被轉(zhuǎn)換為譯入語(yǔ)文化，源語(yǔ)文本被改寫(xiě)。Translation StrategiesForeignization Foreignizing means taking the reader over to the foreig

54、n culture, making him/her see the cultural differences and seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign. 異化翻譯把讀者引入異國(guó)文化，使其自己看到文化差異，感受奇花異草的風(fēng)味。Domestication Domestication means converting the SL culture to the TL culture and naturalizing all renditions according to the TL norm. 歸化翻譯把源語(yǔ)文化轉(zhuǎn)換為譯入語(yǔ)文化，并根據(jù)譯入語(yǔ)的規(guī)范使譯文自

55、然順暢。歸化翻譯要在我們的水土上成長(zhǎng) 。 茅盾 理想的譯文仿佛是原作者的中文寫(xiě)作。 傅雷 譯本對(duì)原作應(yīng)該忠實(shí)得以至于讀起來(lái)不像譯本，因?yàn)樽髌吩谠睦餂Q不會(huì)讀起來(lái)像翻譯出的東西。 錢(qián)鐘書(shū) Domestication All translations are fundamentally domestication and is really initiated in the domestic culture, there is, therefore, a fundamental ethnocentric impulse in all translation. 翻譯基本上都用歸化策略，把異族文化植入

56、本民族文化。因而，所有翻譯都有一種民族中心主義沖動(dòng)。 Lawrence Venuti (1995:47) Translation and the Formation of Cultural Identities 異化 寧信而不順保存著原作的豐姿。 魯迅 翻譯應(yīng)盡量表現(xiàn)出原文的異國(guó)情調(diào)，盡量忠實(shí)地再現(xiàn)原文的形象化語(yǔ)言，盡量輸入新的表現(xiàn)法 。 楊自?xún)€等David Hawkes said,If I can convey to the reader even a fraction of the pleasure this Chinese novel has given me, I shall not

57、have lived in vain. 楊憲益說(shuō)： “翻譯時(shí)不能做過(guò)多的解釋。譯者應(yīng)盡量重視原文，否則，就不是翻譯，而是改寫(xiě)了?！盠iteral Translation 直譯 Free Translation 意譯SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 語(yǔ)義翻譯 Communicative Translation 交際翻譯Foreignization 異化翻譯 Domestication 歸化翻譯Word-for-word Translation 逐詞翻譯 Adaptation / Rewriting 改寫(xiě)翻譯策略比較 楊憲益夫婦戴維霍

58、克斯較多直譯較多意譯注重語(yǔ)義翻譯注重交際翻譯傾向于異化翻譯傾向于歸化翻譯(有時(shí)改寫(xiě))文化翻譯策略比較 楊憲益夫婦戴維霍克斯文化傳真Cultural Facsimile文化適應(yīng)Cultural AdaptationLiteral Translation 直譯 Free Translation 意譯SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 語(yǔ)義翻譯 Communicative Translation 交際翻譯Foreignization 異化翻譯 Domestication 歸化翻譯Word-for-word Translation 逐詞翻譯 Rewriting 改寫(xiě)Cu