空間統(tǒng)計書單1intro

1、Spatial Analysis and Spatial Statistics for Research in Geography, GIS and Earth ManagementSpecial Lecture Series Henan UniversityMay and September, 2012Dr. Ron Briggs (call me Dr. Ron)Professor EmeritusThe University of Texas at Dallas1Introducing the Lecture SeriesToday, I will introduce the lectu

2、re series:Introduce myselfExplain the goals of the lecture seriesDiscuss fundamental research principles: the major steps of any research projectthe importance of the research objectivethe need to review the existing literatureIntroduce a project that you can work on 2Geography, GIS and Earth Manage

3、mentGeographyThe science of locationWhere things are located, and whyGeographic Information Science (GIS)Technologies for analysis of where and whyEarth ManagementGeography and GIS applied to the real world3Why?WhereThis class is for you all!4DescriptionExplanationApplicationGeographyGISEarth Manage

4、mentGeography, GIS and Earth Management(G-GIS-EM)This class is for you all!Who am I? Dr. Ronald Briggs (call me Dr. Ron)Professor Emeritus (retired!?)University of Texas at DallasEmail: or Web: Office: Room 319Come and talk with me thereMy cell phone number is 5

5、Personal (continued)Born in Liverpool, England At the same time as The Beatles6Moved to the US in 1966Ph.D. The Ohio State University, ColumbusFirst job at University of Texas at AustinMoved to UT-Dallas in 1976Director of computing (1982-1995)Director of programs in GIS (1995-2008)AustinDallasColum

6、bus, OhioTexas7My specialization is Urban Geography and GISRio de Janeiro, BrazilNanjing Rd, ShanghaiSydney, Australia8But bustNorth Island, New ZealandBut I am also interested in the natural environment Amazon Rain Forest, BrazilBritish Virgin Islands, Caribbean9The Goals of the Lecture Series10Goa

7、l #1help you conduct high quality research in Geography and Geographic Information Systemsdescribe standard research practices and procedures in western countries11Goal #2: Improve your English.By talking in English about some GIS concepts you already knowand some that you dont knowhopefully, I can

8、provide some new insight and understanding! 12Goal #3: Learn about Spatial StatisticsWe will focus on Spatial Analysis in general, and Spatial Statistics in particular.Hopefully, you already know at least something about spatial statisticsTalking about it again here will help your English, and help

9、you better understand spatial analysis and spatial statisticsSpatial AutocorrelationCentrographic Statistics13Goal #4: Learn about doing research on the U.S.Learn about data sets for the United States Learn about geographical concepts used with US data, for exampleCoordinate systems such as the Stat

10、e Plane Coordinate SystemGeographic units used for reporting data such as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), census tracks, census blocks, etc.14Research in geography, GIS and Earth ManagementTypes of ResearchSpatial analysisthe focus of my lecturesThe steps of a research projectThe importance of

11、 the research objectiveUsing and citing the Existing Literature 15Types of research in G-GIS-EMData set generationOften what you do for your first job!Technology or tool developmentUsually at universities or computer companiesSpatial Analysisidentifying spatial patterns understanding why they occur1

12、6?but all are interrelatedResearch Interrelationships17DescriptionExplanationApplicationTechnology or tool developmentrequiresused forrequiresSpatial Analysisusesused forused forData generationExample: Urban tree inventoryFang Qiu, Jie Chang , Caiyun Zhang at UT-DallasUrban forests (trees in cities)

13、 very important resource todayNeed inventory of trees by tree speciesData generationInterpolation and cluster analysis techniques used to identify trees and their speciesTool development and spatial analysis18Interpolation and cluster analysis techniques applied to remote sensing data used to identi

14、fy tree speciesGround PointsAccuracy doubled from existing methods: -60%-70% versus 30%-40%Urban tree inventory:relevant to all your areas of studyPhysical geographyTrees are an important part of the natural environmentBiogeography and forestryEconomic geographyTrees are an important economic resour

15、ce significantly increase the value of houses and landGISGIS tools and techniques required to do the inventoryEarth ManagementTrees are a critical resource to be managed21$Briggs Henan University 2010Location of children with cancer -they appear to cluster(concentrated in one area)Why?-because peopl

16、e cluster in cities?-because there is a source of pollution?Example: cancer data(source: Rogerson and Yamada p. 17, from Cuzick and Edwards, 1990)(data is for childhood cancer in northern England)Need to apply spatial analysis to examine if cancer cases still cluster after we remove the obvious fact

17、or that people cluster in cities.The focus of the my lectures23This lecture series will focus on tools and techniques for spatial analysisThe goal of spatial analysis is toDescribe and identify spatial patterns, and understand why they occurSpatial analysis usually states a hypothesis: a guess at a

18、possible explanatione.g. Environmental pollution results in higher rates of diseasedesigns a study to test that hypothesis usingAppropriate dataAppropriate tools and techniquesSpatial statistics are often the best tools to useWe will focus on spatial statisticsSee Outline of Lecture Topics Stating a

19、n hypothesesA hypotheses is “a guess at an explanation,” for example(More people get sick in areas which have more pollution) Designing a study to test that hypotheses24Outline of Lecture Topics: Spring (May)Week 1 (May 7)1. Research Methodology: The Central Role of Goals and Objectives. (1Intro.ppt

20、) 2. Spatial Analysis: Concepts and Issues (2spatanal.pp) 3. Spatial Data: What is special about spatial data? (3spatdata.pp) Week 2 (May 14)4. Standard Statistics & Spatial Statistics: Differences & Similarities (5CentroStat.ppt)5. Descriptive Spatial Statistics for Points and Polygons6. Inferentia

21、l Spatial Statistics: Standard and spatial (6InfStat.pp)Week 3 (May 21)7. Point Pattern Analysis: Concepts and Tests for Clustering and Dispersion (7.1PointPat.pp)8. Point Pattern Analysis: Applied Point Pattern Analysis (7.2PointPat.ppt)9. Conclusion and preview of September classes: Analyzing poly

22、gons and surfaces25Outline of Lecture Topics (Fall)Week 4 (Fall- 1st week)10. Review of May sessions (Point Patterns) and Intro to fall (Polygons & Surfaces)11. Spatial Autocorrelation: concept and implementation (9SAconcepts.pp)12. Global Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation: Morans I and Gearys C (

23、10SAglobal.ppt)Week 5(Fall-2nd week)13. Local measures of Spatial Association: Anselins LISA & others (11SALocal.ppt)14. Using GeoDA for measuring spatial autocorrelation (12SADemo.pp)15. Regression and Correlation: standard approach (13SpatReg.pp)Week 6 (Fall-3rd week)16. Spatial Regression 17. Usi

24、ng GeoDA for standard and spatial regression (15Regdemo.pp)18. Analyzing surfaces: Concepts and Trend Surface Analysis (18Surfaces.pp)Week 7 (Fall-4th week)19. Analyzing surfaces: IDW and Kriging18. Research at UT-Dallas: spatial statistics in practice. (16UTDRes.ppt)19. A taste of other topics: clu

25、ster creation, network analysis, interaction data26Software(training will be included) ArcGIS from ESRI, Inc. (licensed)GeoDA by Luc Anselin, Arizona State University (freely available) Crime Stat III by Ned Levine, National Institute for Criminal Justice (freely available) Copies also on my web sit

26、e at: 27Research projects:what must be included. 28US students seldom get this right.You must do better!29The seven parts of every Research ProjectObjective, explains the purpose of the research and why it is importantUsually includes Hypotheses: possible explanations which you will testLiterature R

27、eview, identifies the key pieces of existing research relevant to the project and the hypothesesData Sources, identifies and explains the data used.Analysis and Methodology, explains the methodology applied to the data.Results, describes the main research findings, whether or not the hypotheses were

28、 upheld, and any potential problems or ingsConclusion, discusses the implications of your results relative to your initial project objective.References, provide standard format citations for all resources used in the project. For more detail, go to: These 7 parts are necessary for every research pro

29、jectEvery research paper or report should include a section covering each part30Which component do you spend the most time on in your courses?Data and methods!Which component is the most important for successful research?The objective and the hypothesesObjective: the foundation for any research proj

30、ect31ObjectiveEverything depends on the objectiveHypotheses are based upon the objectivedata is selected which enables you to test the hypotheses and meet your objective methods of analysis are applied to the data in order to meet your objectiveYour results and conclusions are always made relative t

31、o your objectiveEverything links back to the objective!32Objective: one sentenceExample (project you can do):This research is in the area of environmental justice. Environmental justice is concerned with whether or not some groups of people are more exposed to environmental hazards than other groups

32、 “The objective of this research is to examine if low e or ethnic minorities in Dallas, Texas are more exposed to pollution than higher e groups or non-minorities”33Objectiveyour guide for everything!Your guide for every research decisionWhat hypothesis will meet my objective?What data is needed to

33、meet my objective?Which analytical method(s) is best to meet my objective?How are my results relevant to my objective?34If it doesnt relate to the objective, dont do it!35The Literature ReviewAll research and analysis should build upon the existing base of knowledgeMust use the existing base of know

34、ledge to:Identify appropriate objectivesState logical hypothesesSelect and use correct methodologies and appropriate data All of this is plished by reviewing the existing literature of scientific knowledge published in refereed journalsnot a Baidu or Google searchBase of KnowledgeHelp with Literatur

35、e ReviewsA standard Baidu or Google search is not sufficient! Instead, use Google Scholar The single most commonly used academic bibliographic database in US is probably “Web of Science” at Your library may provide accessA very useful bibliography fro GIS from ESRI is Lists of GIS journals are available On website of Dr Fang Qiu On my web site (with other information about GIS) 36How to Format CitationsIt is very important to use the correct format when citing literaturecopying/pasting a URL is not sufficient!It may be gone tomorrowThe Chicago Manual of Style is the acc