虛擬語氣MOOD全英教案

1、VERB(VI)MOOD10.1“Mood”istheformoftheverbwhichshowsthespeakersattitudetowardstherelationbetweentheaction(orstate)expressedbythepredicateverbandtheobjectivereality.語氣是一種動詞形式，用來表示發(fā)言人對謂語動詞所表示的動作態(tài)度。（或狀態(tài)）與客觀實(shí)質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系的Therearethreemoods:theindicativemood,theimperativemoodandthesubjunctivemood.10.2Theindicati

2、vemood(fact-mood事實(shí)語氣)showsthatthespeakerconsiderstheactionorstatedenotedbythepredicateasanactualfact.Itisusedinstatements(bothaffirmativeornegative)offacts,inquestionsoffactsandinexclamationsoffacts,e.g.Theforcesofthethirdworldaregrowingfromdaytoday.(affirmativestatement)Shedidnthelpmewithmywork.(ne

3、gativestatement)WillitdoifweletyouhaveananswerbyFriday?(question)Howhotitistoday!(exclamation)10.3Theimperativemood(will-mood意志語氣)conveysthespeakerswilltourgethepersonaddressedtofulfilanaction.Thismaybeexpressedintheformofacommand,arequest,awarning,etc.oftheverb)forthesecondpersonsingularorplural,e.

4、g.Givehimwhathelpyoucan.Donotmakethesamemistakeagain.Thesubjectofanimperativeisseldomexpressedunlessitisemphatic.Ifitisemphatic,thesubjectisplacedbeforetheverbintheusualplaceofthesubject,e.g.Youbemorecareful.(Lawrence)“Dontyouloseaminute.”(Conrad)Withthefirstandthethirdpersonitisprecededby“l(fā)et”(or“h

5、ave”)andanaccusative,e.g.Letmesee.(讓我想想，讓我看一看。)Letushelpyou.(讓我們幫助你吧。)Letsgo.(Thesecondpersonisincludedin“us”,whichisshortenedtos.)(我們走吧。)Theimperativemoodmaybeusedtoexpressaconditioninacompoundsentence,e.g.Makehasteandyouwillaccomplishtheworkontime.(Ifyoumakehaste,youwillaccomplishtheworkontime.)3)

6、Theemphaticimperativeisformedwiththehelpoftheauxiliaryverb“do”,e.g.Doworkharder.Dobesilent.“Willyou?”isoftenaddedtotheimperative,e.g.Bringmethatdictionary,willyou?“Shallwe?”isoftenaddedtosuchanimperativesentenceasfollows:Letsgo,shallwe?10.4Thesubjunctivemood(thought-mood想象語氣)doesntrefertofactsbutthe

7、speakersthought.Itexpresseswishes,suggestions,supposition,etc.,e.g.IwishIcouldseehimimmediately.-wish(thefactisthatIcantseehimimmediately.)Hesuggeststhattheregulationsshouldberevisedatonce.-suggestion(Whethertheregulationswillberevisedatonceisuncertainthoughhesuggestthattheyshould.)IfIhadhadtimelast

8、week,Ishouldhavecometoseeyou.-supposition.(Ihadnotimelastweek,soIdidntcometoseeyou.)10.5TheUseoftheSubjunctiveintheUnrealConditionalSentenceConditionalsentencesmaybedividedintotwokinds:realconditionalsentencesandunrealconditionalsentences.Bothrefertosupposition.Insentencesofrealconditiontheindicativ

9、emoodisusedbecausethesuppositionmaycometrue,e.g.Youcanfinishtheworkbyyourselfifyoutryhard.Ifitrains,Ishallstayathome.Inunrealconditionalsentencestheverbsareinthesubjunctivemoodbecausethesuppositioninsuchsentencesiseitherdoubtfulorcontrarytothefact,e.gIfIwereyou(but,infact,Icantbeyou)Iwouldstudymuchh

10、arder.-contrarytothefactIfIshouldhavefreetimetomorrow(butIdontthinkIshallhavefreetime),Iwouldhelpyouwithyourgrammar.-futuredoubtfulsuppositionIamsurewhetherIllseehim.(indicative)ButifIseehim,Iwillaskhimtocome.(realcondition)Ididntmeethimthere.(indicative)IfIhadmethimthere,Iwouldhaveaskedhimtocome.(u

11、nrealcondition)Asentenceofunrealconditionmayrefertothepresent,thepast,orthefuture.Itmayalsorefertonoparticulartime.Thefollowingarevariousverbformsforitaccordingtosenseandsomepointsforattention:(a)SuppositioncontrarytothepresentfactIn“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromthepastfromshould/would+rootformE

12、xampleIfhehadmoretimenow,hewouldlendhishelptotheworkIndication(Understood)ButIknowthathehasnomoretimenow.Otherexamples:Ifhewereherenow,hewouldnotletthematterendthisway(butheisnothere)HowniceitwouldbeifIweretherenow.Note1)Withtheverb“tobe”,“were”isusedforallpersonsandbothnumbersinthepastform.Incolloq

13、uialspeech,“was”isoftenusedinsteadof“were”forthefirstandthethirdpersonsingular.Nevertheless,wemustsay“IfI(he,she)were(notwas)you”Note2)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesuppositioncontrarytothefactreferringtonoparticulartime,e.g.Iftherewerenowater,therewouldbenolifeontheearth.Nomatterhowperfectthebirds

14、wingis,itcouldneverliftthebirdifitwerenotsupportedbyair.Note3)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesentenceofrejectedconcession(虛構(gòu)退步句)referringtothepresent,e.g.EvenifIwerethere,Ishouldntbeabletosolvetheproblembymyself.(Infact,Iamnotthere.)-referringtothepresentEventhoughwedidnthaveneededmaterials,weshould

15、(would)findsubstitutesforthem.Cf:EvenifIhadbeenthere,Ishouldnt(wouldnt)havebeenabletosolvetheproblembymyself.(Infact,Iwasnotthere.)-referringtothepast(b)Suppositioncontrarytothepastfact.In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromHad+pastparticipleshould/would+have+pastparticipleExampleIfhehadhadmoretimebef

16、ore,hewouldhavelenthishelptothework.Indication(Understood)Buthehadnomoretimebefore,sohedidntlendhishelptothework.Otherexamples:Ifhehadnotbeenillandmissedmanyclasses(buthewasillandmissedmanyclasses),hewouldhavemadegreaterprogress.Note:thisformmayalsobeusedtorefertocertaincasesoffuturedoubtfulsupposit

17、ion,e.g.Ifyouhadntfinishedtheworkbytheendofthismonth,youwouldprobablybecriticized.Ifhehadntgotbackbythetimeyoucomeagain,hewouldcertainlyhavebeenattheseasideinotherscompany.(c)FuturedoubtfulsuppositionTherearethreetenseformsexpressingthefuturedoubtfulsupposition:A.In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfrom

18、wereto+rootformshould/would+rootformExampleIfheweretohavemoretimebefore,hewouldlendhishelptothework.Indication(Understood)ButIthinkitishighlyimprobablethathewillhavemoretimetomorrowB.In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromshould+rootformshould/would+rootfromExampleIfheshouldhavemoretimebefore,hewouldle

19、ndhishelptothework.Indication(Understood)ButwhetherhewillhavemoretimetomorrowisdependentuponchanceC.In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromthepastformshould/would+rootfromExampleIfhehadmoretimetomorrow,hewouldlendhishelptothework.Indication(Understood)ButIthinkitisimprobablethathewillhavemoretimetomorr

20、ow.Note1)Intheabove-mentionedunrealconditionalsentences,boththe“If”clauseandthe“Result”clauseineachsentencerefertotwoactionswhichoccuratthesametime.Iftheactionsexpressedinthetwoclausesdonottakeplaceatthesametime,differenttenseformsareusedasthesenserequires.Examinethefollowingexamples:IfChinahadnotbe

21、enliberated(contrarytothepastfact),thepeasantsandworkerswouldstillbeleadingamiserablelife(contrarytothepresentfact).Ifthecriminalwerehonest(contrarytothefact),hewouldhavemadeacleanbreastofthewholethinglongago(contrarytothepastfact).Note2)“should”or“would”canbereplacedby“could”or“might”,etc.asthesens

22、erequires,e.g.Ifhecouldhelpme,hewould.(Hecanthelpme.)Ifhewouldhelpus,hecould.(Hewonthelpusthoughhecan.)Ifhemightcome,hewouldcomeearly.(Hemaynotcome.)Note3)Inunrealconditionalsentencesexpressingfuturedoubtfulsupposition,therootformoftheverbmaybeusedinthe“If”clauseand“shall”(“will”,“can”,“may”)canbeus

23、edinsteadof“should”(“would”,“could”,“might”)inthe“Result”clause.Comparesentences(1),(2)and(3)inthefollowinggroups:(1)Ifheishard-working,whycanthefulfiltheplanaheadofschedule?(Ithinkhewillprobablybehard-working.)(2)Ifheshouldbehard-working,hecouldfulfiltheplanontime.(Itseemsthathewontbehard-working.)

24、(3)Ifhebehard-working,hewill(would)fulfiltheplanontime.(Idontknowwhetherhewillbehard-working.)B(1)Ifheknowsit,hewilltellus.(Itseemshewillknowit.)(2)Ifheshouldknowit,hewouldtellus.(Itseemshewontknowit.)(3)Ifheknowit,hewill(would)tellus.(Whetherhewillknowitisuncertain.)InsentencesA(2)andB(2),whilethes

25、ubjunctivemoodisusedinthe“If”clauses,theindicativemoodmaybeusedinthe“Result”clauses.Thus,A(2)andB(2)turninto:Ifheshouldbehard-working,hecanfulfiltheplanontime.Ifheshouldknowit,hewilltellus.Here,“shouldbe”and“shouldknow”donotexpresssuppositionscontrarytoanticipationbutuncertainty.Theymaybereplacedbyt

26、hepresentforms“is”and“knows”respectivelyandthesentenceswillthusbecomerealconditional.Besides,theimperativemoodmaybeusedinthe“Result”clausesiftheverbformofthe“If”clausesif“should+rootform”,e.g.IfyoushouldseeJohn,givehimmyregards.Ifsheshouldfailthistime,tellhertotryagain.Note4)Theconjunction“if”isfreq

27、uentlyomittedbeforewere,should,could,had,etc.Inthiscasethesubjectoftheclausestandsafterthem,e.g.Hadyou(=Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.WereI(=IfIwere)you,Iwoulddomorepracticeafterclass.Note5)“Supposing”,“unless”,“incase”,“provided(that)”etc.canbeusedastheconjunctioninsteadof“if”,e.g.S

28、upposingtheywerenotthere,whatshouldwedo?Unlesstheyshouldinviteme,Iwouldntgothere.Takeanumbrellawithyouincaseitshouldrain.Note6)Themeaningoftheconditionalclause(referringtoeitheranunrealconditionorarealcondition)maybeimpliedinaphrase,aclauseorthecontext,e.g.Withyourassistance(=Ifwehadyourassistance),

29、wemightfinishtheplancarlier.Withoutheavyindustry(=Iftherewerenoheavyindustry).Theplansformechanizationandelectrificationofagriculturewouldbeimpossible.Butforyourco-operation(=Ifithadntbeenforyourco-operation),ourmeetingwouldnthavebeensosuccessful.Amoreresponsiblemanwouldhaveacteddifferently.(=Ifheha

30、dbeenamoreresponsibleman,hewouldhaveacteddifferently.)10.6OtherUsesandCorrespondingFormsoftheSubjunctiveInthesimplesentencetoexpressdesire,e.g.Glorybetothepeople!LonglivethePeoplesRepublicofChina!Note:Averbphraseformswiththemodalverb“may”isoftenusedtoexpressdesire,e.g.Maytheybesuccessful!Cf:Theymayb

31、esuccessful.(indicative)2)Insubordinateclauses:Toexpresswish(anunfulfilleddesireoradesirethatisunlikelytobefulfilled),e.g.Iwishthathewerenotsoagitated=Itisapity(orIamsorry)thatheissoagitated.Iwish(or:wished)Ihadgone(or:couldhavegone)tothefootballlastnight.=Iam(or:was)sorrythatIdidnt(or:couldnt)gotot

32、hefootballmatchlastnight.Iwishtheboyswouldbequiet.=Itisapitythattheboyswontbequiet.(2)Toexpressrejectedmanner(comparison),e.g.ThewholefamilygreetedmeasthoughIwereoneofthefamily.Theyalsotalkpeaceandhaverepeatedlymadegesturesasiftheywerewillingtoeaseinternationaltension.(Infact,theyareunwillingtoeaseinternationaltension.)Theenemyactsasifhehadknownourplanalready.Weshouldchangetheplan.Toexpressrejectedconcession,e.g.ThoughhecriticizemeIwillnotbehurt.Whethertheinformationbetrueornot,wemustbevigilant.Howeverharditrain