新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三版讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)課文+翻譯

1、47814128915f804d2b 160b4e767f5acf8005 .html新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第三版讀寫(xiě)教程第四冊(cè)課文+翻譯Units 12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy愛(ài)情與邏輯:謬誤的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being the only

2、football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次約會(huì)。那一年校園里每個(gè) 人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊(duì)員中唯一一個(gè)沒(méi)有皮夾克的,他一想到這個(gè) 就受不了，于是他和我達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議,用他的女友換取我的夾克。他可不那么 聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty,

3、 well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I appliedI laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she d learned her lessons too well. A few m

4、ore false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flattery instead.我又笑了笑，不過(guò)不覺(jué)得那么有趣了，同時(shí)還不能表露出我害怕她學(xué)得太好了。 再錯(cuò)幾步我可就無(wú)法挽回了。我決定改變策略,轉(zhuǎn)而嘗試奉承她的方法?！癙olly, I love you. Please say you 11 go out with me. Im nothing without you.“波莉,我愛(ài)你。請(qǐng)容許做我的女朋友,沒(méi)有你我什么也不是?！盇d Misericordiam, /z she said.“文不對(duì)題，”她說(shuō)

5、?！癥ou certainly can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting to crumble. /zBut dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things you learn in school dont have anything to do with real life. “你還真是能在遇到邏輯謬誤時(shí)一一區(qū)分它們了，我說(shuō),心里的希望已經(jīng)開(kāi)始動(dòng)搖?！安贿^(guò)不要對(duì)它們太死板，我是說(shuō)這都是些學(xué)術(shù)的東西。

6、你知道，學(xué)校里學(xué) 的東西和實(shí)際生活根本沒(méi)有什么聯(lián)系。”Dicto Simpliciter, /z she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach. “絕對(duì)判斷，”她說(shuō)道，“而且，你自己教的東西應(yīng)該自己身體力行?！盜 leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?z/我一下跳了起來(lái),怒火中燒，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”“No to your proposition, /z she replied.“我

7、不愿意，”她答道。Why? I demanded.“為什么？”我追問(wèn)道.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are back together.“我對(duì)另一位求愛(ài)者更感興趣一一羅伯和我重歸于好了?！盬ith great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.

8、 Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who?11 never where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?”我極力地保持著平靜,說(shuō)道：“你怎么會(huì)甩了我而選擇羅伯？看看我,一個(gè)聰明過(guò) 人的學(xué)生,一個(gè)不同凡響的學(xué)者,一個(gè)前途無(wú)量的人。再看看羅伯,一個(gè)肌肉興旺 的蠢材,一個(gè)有了上頓沒(méi)下頓的家伙。你是否能給我一個(gè)充足的理由，為什么要 選擇跟他？”“ Wow, what presumption! I?ll put it

9、in a way someone as brilliant as you can understand, “ retorted Polly,her voice dripping with sarcasm. Full disclosure -I like Rob in leather. I told him to say yes to you so he should have your jacket!”“喔，這是什么假設(shè)啊!為了讓像你這樣聰明的人能夠明白，我這么說(shuō)吧，波莉 反駁道，聲音里充滿了挖苦，“事情的真相是一一我喜歡羅伯穿皮衣。是我讓他 同意你們的協(xié)議的,這樣他就能擁有你的夾克！”Uni

10、t 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的對(duì)美的追求If youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士,肯定在某個(gè)時(shí)候會(huì)有女士問(wèn)你她看起來(lái)怎么樣。You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of

11、emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.對(duì)于如何應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題,你一定得小心。最好的對(duì)策就是給一個(gè)老實(shí)但又謹(jǐn)慎的 回答,然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法。對(duì)于她的這一問(wèn) 題,無(wú)論你事先練習(xí)多少次,都不會(huì)找到正確答案。The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Most men f

12、orm an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.其原因是，男性和女性對(duì)外表的看法截然不同。大多數(shù)男性對(duì)自己外表的評(píng)價(jià)在 七年級(jí)時(shí)就形成了，而且終生不變。有些男

13、性認(rèn)為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使 隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),他們頭發(fā)掉光了,臉上布滿皺紋，他們?nèi)匀痪芙^改變這種看法。Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passes through their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn5 t bother them; average is fine. They dont affix much val

14、ue to their looks, or think ofthem in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out

15、of the strands of his hair and isnt bleeding too badly, he feels hes done all he can.我相信,大多數(shù)男性都不會(huì)對(duì)自己的相貌感到過(guò)分自傲。如果他們偶爾想到自己 外表的話,他們?cè)敢庹J(rèn)為自己樣貌中等。長(zhǎng)相普通不會(huì)使他們有任何煩惱，因?yàn)?普通就已經(jīng)是很好了。男性不是特別注重自己的外貌,也不會(huì)從美學(xué)的角度去審 視自己。他們的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一樣。對(duì)于一位 男性來(lái)說(shuō)，如果能花四分鐘刮刮胡子，結(jié)束之后再把粘到頭發(fā)上的剃須膏擦凈,又沒(méi)有出血太厲害，他就覺(jué)得自己已經(jīng)盡心盡力了。Women do not

16、look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfec

17、tions in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.女性可不是這樣看待自己的。如果非要我猜想大多數(shù)女性對(duì)自己的相貌是如何 評(píng)價(jià)的話，那肯定是：“還不夠好?！?一位女士，無(wú)論她看起來(lái)多么吸引人，她對(duì)自 己的看法總是由于受美容業(yè)的影響而蒙著一層陰影。要她認(rèn)為“我很漂亮”是 一件難事。她把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大,并且幻想這些缺點(diǎn)十清楚 顯，以至于全世界的人都會(huì)注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so def

18、icient? This chronic insecurity isn t inborn, but created through the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they wou 1 d be seven feet tall and weig

19、h 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the dolT s waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve.Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with

20、their action figures”. Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Is this accessory t

21、he right shade of violet for this outfit?”為什么女性會(huì)把自己的外貌想得這么差呢？這種長(zhǎng)期的不平安感并不是與生俱 來(lái)的,而是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會(huì)因素的相互作用造成的，從小時(shí)候大人們給 她們買(mǎi)洋娃娃時(shí)就開(kāi)始了。女孩成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中擺弄的洋娃娃,如果按照身材比例還 原為真人大小的話,就會(huì)是7英尺高,61英磅重，大腿纖細(xì)，上身飽滿。要到達(dá)這 樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很荒唐的,尤其是當(dāng)我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸,就知道其相對(duì) 尺寸對(duì)任何一個(gè)活人來(lái)說(shuō)都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比，小 男孩們得到的“動(dòng)作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古 怪,例如那個(gè)

22、叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人,一半像會(huì)飛的昆蟲(chóng)。這個(gè)玩偶盡 管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無(wú)法想象他會(huì)問(wèn)別人說(shuō)：“這個(gè)配飾的 紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the g

23、rocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to stimulate and restore” their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup

24、tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully d

25、id this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawfords face or complexion.然而，女性在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中卻認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那 樣,這對(duì)大多數(shù)女性來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能的。盡管如此,產(chǎn)值達(dá)幾十億美元的美容業(yè),在 超市化妝品銷(xiāo)售專(zhuān)區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己 只有購(gòu)買(mǎi)最新的保濕面霜、古銅散

26、粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復(fù)” 肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)一期奧普拉脫口秀，在節(jié)目中，超級(jí)名模辛迪?克勞馥 和演播室里的觀眾提供了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上 黏土面膜和其他去皺產(chǎn)品；她還強(qiáng)調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這 些產(chǎn)品時(shí),要用指尖,這樣可以保護(hù)皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實(shí)地按 照辛迪說(shuō)的做了?？墒菍?duì)任何一個(gè)理智的旁觀者來(lái)說(shuō),無(wú)論她們?nèi)绾握J(rèn)真地使用 這些產(chǎn)品,她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。r m not saying that men are superior. Im just saying that youre not going to

27、get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men dont face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they re encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They mig

28、ht say to Brad: 0h yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?我并不是說(shuō)男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特 的指導(dǎo)下把化妝品敷到自己臉上,期望自己能看起來(lái)更像布拉德。與女性不同， 男性的外貌美不是社會(huì)所關(guān)注的唯一焦點(diǎn)。人們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)男性借助其他特征來(lái)提 升自尊。他們也許會(huì)對(duì)布拉德說(shuō)：“是嗎?那么帥哥，你對(duì)草坪維護(hù)又知道多少？”O(jiān)f course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to

29、 pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, “She had gorgeous fingernails!/z To most men, little things li

30、ke fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one womans flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as anothers bare nails.當(dāng)然，女性會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)她們對(duì)外表的熱衷追求是出于對(duì)來(lái)自男性的壓力的一種反 應(yīng)。而事實(shí)是,大多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為美麗不僅僅來(lái)自于口紅和香水,而且他們也不會(huì) 去注意這些額外的細(xì)節(jié)。四十多年來(lái),我在聽(tīng)男性談?wù)撆詴r(shí),從來(lái)沒(méi)有一次聽(tīng) 到過(guò)哪位男性這樣說(shuō)：“她的指甲真漂亮??！”對(duì)大多數(shù)男性來(lái)說(shuō),像指甲這樣小 的東西看起來(lái)都一樣,無(wú)論一個(gè)女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美

31、無(wú)瑕,還是 光光的毫無(wú)修飾,男性都一概視而不見(jiàn)。By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who dont notice when it only exposes wo

32、men to prosecution from other women?女性參與這種極端的從眾行為,實(shí)際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因?yàn)?只有那些女性才有資格評(píng)價(jià)她們所付出的努力。但是,如此費(fèi)力地去取悅男性而 他們卻根本不會(huì)注意，同時(shí)又只是招致其他女性的指責(zé),這樣做究竟有什么好處 呢？Anyway, to get back to my original point: If youre a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can t say she looks bad without receiving immediate and

33、well-deserved outrage. But you also cant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because shell know youre lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford s. Also, she suspects to that I had a radiant,

34、well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.但她漂亮而且富有,也沒(méi)有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。她擁有合適 的家庭背景,足以勝任一名堅(jiān)忍而睿智的律師的女友。如果我能夠讓我所申請(qǐng)的 頂尖律師事務(wù)所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半,我就很有 可能在競(jìng)聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢(shì)獲勝?！癛adiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her well-spoken.“光彩照人”，她

35、已經(jīng)是了。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得 “談吐優(yōu)雅”。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I

36、 turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about?” she asked.在一起外出度過(guò)了美好的一天之后，我驅(qū)車(chē)來(lái)到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵 古老的大橡樹(shù)下。我的想法有些怪異。而這個(gè)地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區(qū)，我 that youre not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybodys appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream i

37、n your hair and inside the folds of your ears.不管怎樣,言歸正傳:如果你是一位男性，當(dāng)有女士問(wèn)你她看起來(lái)怎么樣時(shí)，你千 萬(wàn)不能說(shuō)她看起來(lái)很糟糕,那樣肯定會(huì)使她立刻遷怒于你,這也是你咎由自取。 但是,你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因?yàn)樗?知道你是在說(shuō)謊。她已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了無(wú)數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪?克勞馥 的一樣。而且,也許因?yàn)槟愕念^發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏,她會(huì)懷疑你根本沒(méi)有資 格對(duì)任何人的外表給出主觀評(píng)價(jià)。Unit 4Achieving sustainable environmentalism實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)性開(kāi)展的環(huán)保主義E

38、nvironmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, r

39、egulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?在上流社會(huì),對(duì)環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對(duì)整容一樣,是一種

40、不可或缺的 態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德?特納到喬治?w. H.布什,每個(gè)人都聲稱自己熱愛(ài)地球母 親,那么，在由議員、選民之類(lèi)的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、 規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢？顯而易見(jiàn)，并不是每一項(xiàng)冠以環(huán)境保 護(hù)名義的事情都值得去做。我們?cè)鯓硬拍軇e離出最正確選擇,并且把我們各自不同 的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)合理的政策當(dāng)中呢？There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those t

41、hings that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necess

42、ity. All else is luxury.有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品,什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品 是指那些無(wú)需人類(lèi)付出代價(jià)就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品那么是指那 些無(wú)論付出什么代價(jià),都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原那么可以被稱為理性環(huán) 保主義的至高原那么。它規(guī)定,對(duì)那些直接威脅人類(lèi)健康與平安的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng) 對(duì)措施是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品，而其他那么都屬于奢侈品。For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an envir

43、onmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the oceans ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.例如，保護(hù)大氣層一一阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效

44、應(yīng)一一是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品。 近來(lái),科學(xué)家報(bào)告說(shuō)臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠(yuǎn)比我們先前認(rèn)為的要嚴(yán)重得多。臭 氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān),而且它還會(huì)破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物 鏈的起點(diǎn),人類(lèi)那么位于該食物鏈的頂端。The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American

45、Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexicos desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowas moderate climate?溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的:冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒(méi)、 氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸,最終食物消失殆盡。美國(guó)中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全 世界。隨著全球氣候的變化,我們難道準(zhǔn)備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠

46、氣候,而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎?Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly

47、 declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.臭氧損耗和溫室效應(yīng)是人類(lèi)的災(zāi)難,而且是需要緊急處理的災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯?威脅到人類(lèi),且后果很難扭轉(zhuǎn)。理性環(huán)保主義一一唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保 主張一一首先公開(kāi)聲明，自然是服務(wù)于人類(lèi)的。

48、理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類(lèi) 為中心的思想。它號(hào)召人類(lèi)保護(hù)自然，但是是在人類(lèi)自我生存得到保證的前提之 下。Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritu

49、al. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated who

50、le villages and left millions homeless.當(dāng)然,這種以人類(lèi)為中心的主張與當(dāng)下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的，后者已經(jīng) 沉溺于對(duì)地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個(gè)活的生物體。這種環(huán)保 主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的,其實(shí)它只是感情用事而已。比方,在自然是否友 善的問(wèn)題上，當(dāng)下的環(huán)保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點(diǎn)，而這種觀點(diǎn)與自 然造成的災(zāi)難這一現(xiàn)實(shí)是不相協(xié)調(diào)的。當(dāng)龍卷風(fēng)肆虐堪薩斯州，當(dāng)瓢潑大雨襲擊 孟加拉國(guó)，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬(wàn)人失去家園的時(shí)候，我對(duì)自然的崇 拜便停止了。Anon-sentimental environmentalism is one

51、 founded on Protagoras，s idea that Man is the measure of all things. In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps usthrough the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Envir

52、onmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a

53、 sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the

54、 ANWR.非感情用事的環(huán)保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬(wàn)物的尺度”的基礎(chǔ) 上的。在建立人類(lèi)權(quán)威的過(guò)程中,這條原那么會(huì)幫助我們梳理各種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)于 環(huán)境保護(hù)的爭(zhēng)議。就以當(dāng)前關(guān)于是否在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的某一角落開(kāi) 采石油的激烈爭(zhēng)論為例吧。環(huán)保主義者聯(lián)盟發(fā)動(dòng)人們反對(duì)目前正在試圖通過(guò)美 國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)審議、使這一開(kāi)采行為變得合法化的一項(xiàng)立法行動(dòng)。他們散布說(shuō)美國(guó)應(yīng) 該保護(hù)并且節(jié)約能源而不是開(kāi)采能源。這其實(shí)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的非此即彼的主張。 美國(guó)確實(shí)需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時(shí)也需要生產(chǎn)更多的能 源。政府的估測(cè)說(shuō)明，在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的地下蘊(yùn)藏著美國(guó)五大油田之 一的可能性幾乎到達(dá)50

55、%o我們沒(méi)有尋找平安的方法開(kāi)采北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù) 區(qū)地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of

56、Arctic caribou.美國(guó)剛剛經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),其局部原因就是為了獲取石油。對(duì)能源的依賴使美國(guó) 不但付出了金錢(qián)的代價(jià),而且也付出了生命的代價(jià)。就因?yàn)榭赡芷茐谋泵礼Z鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you cant have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff o

57、f the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾,我會(huì)感到非常遺憾。但 是,魚(yú)和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護(hù)馴鹿,還是要為了防止人們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生而減 少對(duì)石油的依賴,面對(duì)這一僵局,我每次都會(huì)選擇人類(lèi)而不是馴鹿。I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of t

58、he owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental o

59、nes. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.我對(duì)俄勒岡州的斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹的態(tài)度也是一樣。我絕不是仇視貓頭鷹。如果花很 少的代價(jià)就可以保護(hù)貓頭鷹,我會(huì)贊同它應(yīng)受保護(hù)一一畢竟,生物多樣性對(duì)生態(tài) 系統(tǒng)是非常必要的。但是,我們必須記住，保持生物多樣性并不意味著要留住每 一種物種。有時(shí)候,為了更加根本的利益,

60、我們不得不犧牲一局部生活中美的東 西。如果為了保護(hù)斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹而讓三萬(wàn)伐木工家庭失去生計(jì),我會(huì)選擇伐木工家 庭（包括他們的鋸子和砍伐的木材），而不是貓頭鷹。覺(jué)得它會(huì)使人的心情變輕松。我們呆在車(chē)子里,我調(diào)低了音響并把腳從剎車(chē)上挪開(kāi)?！拔覀円勑┦裁?？”她問(wèn)道。TLogic.“邏輯學(xué)?！薄癈ool, she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說(shuō)?！癟he doctrine of logic, “ I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some o