工業(yè)工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、本文格式為Word版，下載可任意編輯 工業(yè)工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 工業(yè)工程的真正價(jià)值Real IE Value In additi on, the IE now has a greater opport unity to concen trate on any one of a broad variety of areas that many compa nies now recog nize as in pidual departme nts-i nclud ing simulati on, operations research, ergonomics, material handling and

2、logistics. 值得一提的是，工業(yè)工程現(xiàn)在有更多的機(jī)遇去集中于現(xiàn)在大量企業(yè)已經(jīng)視為獨(dú)立的學(xué)科的眾多領(lǐng)域中的一個(gè)包括防真學(xué)、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、人因?qū)W、物料搬運(yùn)和物流學(xué)。 Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作業(yè)測(cè)量的勞動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) If you are a manu facturer, cha nces are you have a bill-of-materials (BOM) system to determ ine sta ndard parts cost. Do you also have an equivale nt bill-of-labor system to d

3、eterm ine sta ndard labor cost? 假如你是一個(gè)制造商，你有可能會(huì)有一個(gè)物料清單系統(tǒng)來(lái)確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的本金。你是否也能得 到類似的勞動(dòng)力清單系統(tǒng)來(lái)確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的勞動(dòng)本金？ Time study The most widely used tool to develop standard times is still time study. Time study reflects what is happening in your job or project. It is also easy to learn and use. Now, the PC has made sum

4、marizati on of time study data a matter of sec onds in stead of hours. 時(shí)間研究用來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間使用最廣泛的工具依舊是時(shí)間研究。時(shí)間研究能把你的工作或者工程中發(fā)生的事情呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。時(shí)間研究也對(duì)比簡(jiǎn)單學(xué)習(xí)使用。如今，電腦用幾秒而不是 幾小時(shí)就能總結(jié)時(shí)間研究。 Activity sampling An often overlooked tool is activity sampling, usually called work sampli ng by North America n IEs. In this tech niq u

5、e, a group of workers are observed at ran dom times and their in pidual activities no ted each hour. After a week or two, the average time spe nt on each activity can be calculated, and statistically justified. The average time per piece can then be determ in ed. 活動(dòng)抽樣一個(gè)經(jīng)常被忽略的工具是活動(dòng)抽樣，北美的工業(yè)工程師尋常稱之為工作抽

6、樣。 這種技術(shù)抽取隨機(jī)時(shí)間觀測(cè)工人并在每個(gè)小時(shí)對(duì)他們個(gè)人的活動(dòng)作出記錄。一兩周后，每個(gè) 活動(dòng)的平均花費(fèi)時(shí)間可以被計(jì)算并系統(tǒng)地定義下來(lái)。每件工作的平均時(shí)間就能夠確定。 Let quickly review the techniques, and put them into perspective according to the tasks for which they apply: ?moti on an alysis: very short, repetitive tasks; ?time study: short, repetitive and variable tasks; ?activ

7、ity sampli ng: Ion ger, variable tasks; ?historical data: long, repetitive and variable tasks; ?estimates: seldom performed, variable tasks. 讓我們快速回想這些技術(shù)，并弄明了它們適用的任務(wù) ?動(dòng)作分析?時(shí)間研究?活動(dòng)抽樣?歷史數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)間十分短的重復(fù)性 時(shí)間短的重復(fù)性變量 時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的可變工時(shí) 間較長(zhǎng)的重復(fù)性匚 宇工作。冒工作 作； T變工作； ?估計(jì)：很少執(zhí)行的可變工作P30 Elements I n pidual work-measured times ar

8、e ofte n referred to as sta ndard eleme nts or standard data. Some companies maintain standard data in ring binders, but most don t even bother catalog ing in pidual work-measured time eleme nts. APC-based system en courages sta ndard data development and application because it simplifies the proces

9、s and eliminates extra paperwork. Most software programs offer in tegrated moti on-level sta ndard data in the form of an in tegrated PMTS. But your time study, activity sampling, historical data, and estimate elements are also legitimate standard data elements. Such elements can be cataloged in a c

10、omputerized standards system for rapid applicati on to worker sta ndards. This is much faster tha n look ing them up in a ring binder. 原理獨(dú)立作業(yè)測(cè)量次尋常被稱為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單元或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)。一些公司把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)記在環(huán)形手冊(cè)里面，但大多數(shù)公司不干擾記錄獨(dú)立作業(yè)測(cè)量時(shí)間單元。一個(gè)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的系統(tǒng)有利于標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用，由于它簡(jiǎn)化了這個(gè)過(guò)程，消除了額外的文書(shū)工作。大多數(shù)軟件程序以 一種預(yù)定動(dòng)作時(shí)間系統(tǒng)的形式提供集成的動(dòng)作水平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)。但時(shí)間研究，工作抽樣，歷史 數(shù)據(jù)，估

11、計(jì)單元是合理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)原理。這種原理可以在計(jì)算機(jī)編目標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系以便于快速應(yīng) 用于職工的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這樣會(huì)比去查環(huán)形手冊(cè)要快得多。 Operations worker sta ndards are ofte n referred to as operati on or process sta ndards, and are typically paper systems just beggi ng for computerizatio n. The operati ons or process level is the core level in any PC-based sta ndards syst

12、em, and it ofte n offers side ben efits such as manufacturing line balancing. Frequencies, allowances, internal elements, setup elements, workplace layouts, assembly sketches, operator in struct ions, and other worker-orie nted aspects are also han dled at this level. 運(yùn)營(yíng)操作職工標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尋常被稱為操作或處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，尋常是紙面上的沒(méi)有計(jì)

13、算機(jī)化的系統(tǒng)。在 任何基于計(jì)算機(jī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)中操作或流程級(jí)別是核心級(jí)，它尋常帶來(lái)了副作用如生產(chǎn)線平 衡。頻率、寬放時(shí)間、內(nèi)部要素，設(shè)置要素，工作場(chǎng)所的布局，裝配示意圖，運(yùn)營(yíng)商指令，和其 他工人取向方面也在這個(gè)層次上處理。 21 世紀(jì)的工廠布局Next Generation Factory Layouts An alter native to a function al layout is a cellular con figurati on, in which the factory is partiti oned into cells, each dedicated to a family o

14、f products with similar processing requirements. Although cellular factories can simplify work flow and reduce material han dli ng, they are gen erally desig ned to produce a specific set of products whose dema nd levels are assumed to be stable and product life cycles sufficie ntly long In fact, ce

15、lls are usually dedicated to sin gle product families with little allowa nce for in tercell flows. Cellular factories are in efficie nt whe n dema nd for exist ing products fluctuates or new products are in troduced ofte n. Some authors have proposed alter native cellular structures to overcome thes

16、e problems, such as overlapping cells, cells with machine shari ng, and fractal cells. Although an improveme nt, these alter natives rema in boun ded by their cellular structure. 對(duì)于功能式布局的一個(gè)可替代形式是單元化結(jié)構(gòu)。在單元化結(jié)構(gòu)中工廠分成大量小單元，每 個(gè)單元都可用于加工同一系列的具有相像要求的產(chǎn)品。雖然單元生產(chǎn)工藝能夠簡(jiǎn)化工作流程 降低材料處理，但是一般只用于一套特定的、需求水平穩(wěn)定的并且生產(chǎn)周期足夠長(zhǎng)的生產(chǎn)

17、流 程。實(shí)際上，生產(chǎn)單元尋常用于跨單元生產(chǎn)流程代價(jià)不大的單一產(chǎn)品系列。單元化生產(chǎn)用于 需求有波動(dòng)的現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品和經(jīng)常引入新產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)線的時(shí)候效率不高。有些專家開(kāi)發(fā)了替代性 的單元化結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)戰(zhàn)勝這些問(wèn)題，例如重疊式單元、機(jī)器可共享的單元、和不規(guī)矩單元。雖然 有提升，可這些替代品依舊被單元化結(jié)構(gòu)所局限。 Layout design procedures，whether for functional or cellular layouts ，have been largely based on a determ ini stic paradigm. Such desig n parameters as p

18、roduct mix, product dema nds, and product routi ngs are assumed to be known with certa in ty. 布局設(shè)計(jì)流程，無(wú)論是功能布局還是單元化布局，都主要給予確定性的范例。這些設(shè)計(jì) 參數(shù)，諸如產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，產(chǎn)品需求和生產(chǎn)工藝都應(yīng)假定為已知的。 The desig n criterio n is ofte n a static measure of material-ha ndli ng efficie ncy ( a total adjace ncy score, total materialha ndli ng

19、cost ,or a comb in ati on of both ), which does not capture the n eed for flexibility and recon figurability. 設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則尋常靜態(tài)衡量材料處理效率(總鄰接分?jǐn)?shù)，總材料處理本金或二者相結(jié)合) 。這 樣有失靈活性和可重構(gòu)性。 In fact, the relati on ship betwee n layout flexibility and layout performa nee is poorly un derstood and an alytical models for its evaluati on are lack ing. The structural properties of layouts that affect their flexibility are also n ot well un derstood .C