英語語法歸納與精練

1、文檔編碼 : CX5I7R1H2M3 HU8Z9C2Y10D2 ZH1O1V9C10I10英語語法歸納與精練依據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的體會和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議,是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ),其實(shí)完形填空是對語法、他們都一樣認(rèn)為英語語法和詞匯詞匯的綜合考查,但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和懂得,有助于同學(xué)把握靈敏多變的句式,這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀懂得,而且有助于同學(xué)做好英譯漢,寫好作文；因此, 我們在此編寫了有關(guān)重點(diǎn)語法的學(xué)問點(diǎn),并將間續(xù)登出,同時將刊登一些試題；期望同學(xué)們認(rèn)真把握,切不行因不靠它們而忽視了對英語基礎(chǔ)學(xué)問的把握；（一）情態(tài)動詞一情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法情

2、態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情形和表示虛擬語氣；在這兩個方面must/mustnt,;can/cannt;need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldn t;ougtht等情態(tài)動詞完成式表示的意思是有確定區(qū)分的1 表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情形；1 ）must have+ 過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情形的確定估量,譯為“ （昨天）確定 ” ；如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:

3、” Are you feeling all right.”A must be B had been C must have been D had to be （答案為 C）2 ）can t / couldnt have+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情形的否定估量,譯為“ （昨天）一定沒 ” ；如：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A couldnt have received B ought to have received C has received D shouldnt have received（答案為

4、A ）3 ）may / might have + 過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不愿定、可能性很小的估量,或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“ 或許 ” ；如：At Florida Powerrystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician. 2 表示虛擬語氣；1 neednt have + 過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當(dāng)于”didnt need to do譯為“ 其實(shí)沒必要 ” ；如：You neednt

5、have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally. A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed up C did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up 沒有必要穿的那么正式,表達(dá)是說話者的建議,實(shí)際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定,答案為 D 2 ）should have + 過去分詞,表示應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事但實(shí)際上未做,譯為“ 本應(yīng)當(dāng) ”should not + have 過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)當(dāng)做

6、某事但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“ 本不應(yīng)當(dāng) ” ；如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully. 我原先應(yīng)當(dāng)事先認(rèn)真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實(shí)際上作者仍是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒有完成；3 ought to have + 過去分詞,表示動作按理該發(fā)生了,但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生,譯為“ 該 ” ,與 should 的完成式含義類似；如：he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the

7、fire in the stock, which went up in smoke . 4 could have + 過去分詞,表示過去原先可以做但卻未做,譯為“ 完全可以 ” ；這點(diǎn)與ought/should/ have + 過去分詞用法相像；如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully. 5 may/ might have +過去分詞 ,表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做,譯為“ （那樣） 或許會 ” ；如：It might have been better to include more punchy

8、statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers. 二幾個情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫停? may/might just as well “ 不妨,最好” ,與had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train. 既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧；相當(dāng)于you had better go by train；2 cannot / can

9、t too “ 越 越 好 , 怎 么 也 不 過 分 ”； 注 意 這 個 句 型 的 變 體cannot over .如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 駕車時候,越當(dāng)心越好；The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 3 usedn t 或 did t use to 為 used to do 的否定式；如：I didnt 4 ）should 除了“ 應(yīng)當(dāng)” 一層

10、意思外,考研大綱仍規(guī)定要把握其“ 竟然” 的意思expect that he should have behaved like that. 三情態(tài)動詞被動關(guān)系的主動表達(dá)法我無法想象他竟然這樣做；1 want, require, worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動意義；Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing. 2 need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ,兩種形式都表達(dá)被動的意義The house needs painting=

11、 the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired. （二）形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級一形容詞的修飾與位置一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴”ly ”往往是副詞,但有的以“l(fā)y 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞,這點(diǎn)要留意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語；這些形容詞在修飾時候有確定的特殊性要引起大家的留意,下面做了一下歸納：1 以-ly 結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的deadl

12、y 死一般的 lively 活潑的friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的leisurely 閑適的 ugly 長得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 塵世的2 只作以“a” 開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：afraid 可怕的 alike 相象的awake 醒著的 alone 單獨(dú)的,惟一的alive 活著的 ashamed 慚愧的asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的well 健康的 content 中意的unable 無能的3 只作前置定語的形容詞earthen 泥土做的,大地的daily 每日

13、的latter 后面的金子般的每周的里面的golden weekly inner silken 絲一般的monthly 每月的outer 外面的木制的年長的wooden yearly 每年的elder 毛織的僅,只不過woolen former 前任的mere 惟一的恰好的only sheer 純粹的very 小的little live 活的4 以下動詞既是實(shí)義動詞又是系動詞,留意用做系動詞時,要求形容詞做表語：remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear , look；

14、如： All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics. 二形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級1 考比較級時,考生應(yīng)把握：1 ）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)顯現(xiàn),即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)；如：Do you enjoy listening to records. I find records are often actual performance. , or better tha

15、n an Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as 不能省略任何一個介詞；在這里 as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時顯現(xiàn)時候,答案為 A On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. 2 比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念,既是說比較要具有可比性；如：The number of registered participants in this years

16、 marathon was halfA of last years Bthose of last yearsCof those of last year D that of last years（前后相比的應(yīng)當(dāng)是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of ”故代替它的應(yīng)當(dāng)是單數(shù)指示代詞“that ” ,而不能選擇 B,those 是指代 participants,不是同類對比,答案為 D；Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackerays.3

17、比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達(dá)倍數(shù)的詞,表示為“ 為.如干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等,他們的位置是,倍數(shù)詞 +as as , 或倍數(shù)詞 +more than ,但 again 一般放在原級詞之后,即“ as+原級 again+as ” . 如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills automobile accidents. people each year than A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven

18、 times 答案為 B “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting.” “No, I would gladly have paid for it.”A twice so much B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice 答案為 B My uncle is as old again as I am 4 ）以下詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：inferior , minor , senior , prior , prefer to, superior , ma

19、jor , junior , preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如：Their watch is to all the other watches on the market. A superior B advantageous C super D beneficial （答案為 A ）Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter . 1986 年考研題 5 ）“ 比較級an

20、d + 比較級” 或“more and more/less and less + 原級” 以及“ever , steadily, daily 等副詞比較級” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“ 越來越 ” 的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有 grow, get ,become 等；前面兩種情形更多地顯現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)中,留意的是這三種情形引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用 than. 如：Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming daily worse T

21、he road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 6 比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the more等修飾語用以加強(qiáng)語氣,表示“ 更加”的意思；如Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型：A: not so much as 與其說 不如說 t so much a rise in birth ratesa Th

22、e chief reason for the population growth isnfall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. A and B as Cbut D or 人口增長的主要緣由與其說是由于產(chǎn)生率的提高 的結(jié)果；答案為 B ,仍不如說是由于醫(yī)療的進(jìn)步帶來的死亡率下降B no/not any more than 兩者一樣都不 The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A

23、 not so Bnot much Cmuch more D no more （心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦把握；答案為 D ）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink. A much more than B no more than no/n ot any more than意思相C no less than D any more than （答案為D ） than 兩者一樣 ,都 留意基本上與Cno/not any

24、less反She is no less beautiful than her sister . 她和她姐姐一樣漂亮Djust as so 正如 , 也 （用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere. A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is （答案為 C）2 最高級形式應(yīng)留意的問題：1 ）最高級比較范疇用介詞 in, over , of, among；in, all over 用于在某一范疇內(nèi)的比較,如：in China, all over the world. of

25、, among 用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較,如：among the teachers, of the four dresses. 留意： among相當(dāng)于 one of , 不說 among all ；這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)分開來如：all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength. A Among B Of CFor DTo 答案為 B 2 比較級形式表示最高級意義時,比較對象的范疇?wèi)?yīng)用：any other + 單數(shù)名詞the other + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞the others a

26、nyone/anything else 上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語,切不行遺漏,特殊是 other ,否就會造成規(guī)律紛亂的錯誤；如不能說：John runs faster than anyone. 留意與漢語表達(dá)的不同；3 ）most 可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞,意思相當(dāng)于 very ,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù) ,但不能用定冠詞 the ,如： a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants, 要留意與“ the + 形容詞最高級 of + 名詞” 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)分,如：He spoke in the warmest

27、of voices They have been most kind to me Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country. Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三不用比較級和最高級的形容詞：1 ）表示顏色的有：white, black 2 ）表示外形的有：round, square, oval, circular , triangular 三角形 ,level 3 表示性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)的有：atomic,

28、economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4 表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 5 表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, l

29、eft, right, final 6 表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 7 含有確定概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete. 四平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情形下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的；如：The ideal listener stays both ins

30、ide and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes. 大多數(shù)情形下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有確定的比較含義的,有的是遞進(jìn)對比 not o nly but also ;prefer to ;rather than 有的是同類對比： and ;but；or ；both and ；either or ; neither nor .平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候留意以下幾點(diǎn)：1 留意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同；如：I

31、t is better to die ones feet thans kneesAliving on ones knees Blive on ones kneesCon ones kneesDto live on one 答案為 D Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 2 其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)；1 ）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分；如：We are

32、taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style. Arather than Bother than Cbetter than Dless than 答案為 A For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. A to name a few Blet alone Cnot to speak Dlets say

33、（答案為B ）2 ）假如平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來其次個介詞不要省略；如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代詞及其指代一樣一代詞的指代1 that 的指代作用 that 指代不行數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù),用 those ）,后面通常跟有修飾語,如顯現(xiàn)在 比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that of；如Conversatio

34、n calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses這里 that by both. 指代前面的the role ；No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor . 2 one 的指代作用one 指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones ；the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；如：A good writ

35、er is Bhe who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. A that Cone Dthis 答案為 C 3 do 的替代作用；do 代替動詞,留意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化；如：For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二代詞指代一樣問題代詞指代一樣是指指代的名詞在性、一樣；數(shù)、格上是否一樣, 或者所照管的名詞詞組在某些方面保持Each cigare

36、tte a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect. 這里 he 指代前面的person；s that the friendship between the two American writers It was during the 1920Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里 its 指代前面的兩人的friendship；Our department was monitored b

37、y two supervisors, Bill and me. 這里 me 必需用賓格形式；代詞指代一樣必需留意以下幾個原就和規(guī)律：1 鄰近和靠近原就由 either or, neither nor , not only but also連接先行詞時候,假如兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一樣,就用其相應(yīng)的始終的人稱代詞；假如兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一樣,人稱代詞一 般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一樣；Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her . Neither the package nor the letters have reached their d

38、estination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink 2 當(dāng) each, everyone, everybody, no one ,none ,anybody, someone, somebody 用作 主語或主語的限定詞時候 , 或者 anything, nothing, something everything 等不定代詞作主 語時候,其相應(yīng)的代詞一般依據(jù)語法一樣原就,實(shí)行單數(shù)形式；如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys

39、 can do it , can he. Everything is ready, isnt it”each3 當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟作同位語時,假如each位于動詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；假如each位于動詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式；如：They each have two coats we are each responsible for his own family 4 由 and 連接兩個先行詞,代詞用復(fù)數(shù) 如： the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident （三）主謂一樣

40、問題把握主謂一樣問題,考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主主謂一樣是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一樣；語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定,進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語；解決主謂一樣主要遵循三個原就：語法一樣原就 意義一樣原就 就近一樣原就 很多情形下應(yīng)當(dāng)綜合利用這三個原就來處理主謂一樣,在不同情形下可能應(yīng)用三個原就中的不同 原就,具體應(yīng)用哪種原就應(yīng)當(dāng)視具體情形而定；總結(jié)如下：一謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情形 1 動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語,謂語用單數(shù)；如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are

41、 rarely the cones that fit him or her . 1987 年考研題 To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far . 2 表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時,謂語用單數(shù)；Two weeks was too long Five times five makes twenty five 3 一般用and 連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候,謂語用復(fù)數(shù),但是下面用and 連接的主語表示一個概念,謂語用單數(shù)：

42、law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水a(chǎn) cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試,不斷摸索horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰,潮漲潮落如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. ar

43、e C. was d. were 答案： A；4 表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式,作主語時候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式Linguistics is a branch of study on human language. 5 有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意義上是單數(shù),依據(jù)意義一樣原就動詞用單數(shù)The chaos was stopped by the police The news is a great encouragement to us A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6 用

44、 and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候,動詞謂語用單數(shù)形式Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man 二謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情形 and, 連接的并列主語,和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面1 由 and, both 謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式；Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college. 2 集體名詞police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)

45、形式的動詞The Chinese people are brave and hardworking The cattle are grazing in the sunshine 3 當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Japanese were once very aggressive 4 某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人,做主語時候,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)The rich are not always selfish 5 不行數(shù)名詞作主語,其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)Three million tons of coal were exported that y

46、ear 三謂語動詞可用單數(shù),也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情形1 就近一樣原就 這種情形下,謂語動詞使用單數(shù)仍是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù),存在這種情形的 主要由以下幾種可能：1 ） 由連詞either or ; neither nor ; whether or ;not only but also ;or 等連接的并列主語Neither money nor fame has influence on me Not only you but also he is wrong 2 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一樣 Blocking the open-sided porch, framed

47、by the enveloping fog, stands a tall grave-faced policeman. Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees. Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair , there has been improvement in the facili 2 主語帶有（ together/along）with, such as, accompani

48、ed by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分,謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一樣Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of othe

49、r nations. The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 1981年考研題 3 關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中,謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一樣；如：Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

50、 （1996 年考研題）There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for , but which do not bring a return in money to the community. （1990 年考研題）4 一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時候,謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù),名詞是復(fù)數(shù),謂語動 詞用復(fù)數(shù),反之就用單數(shù)；這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third three-fourth of; eighty

51、ten, twenty percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等Two-thirds of people present are women Lots of damage was caused by the fire 5 集體名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù),當(dāng)表示整體時候,謂語動詞 就用單數(shù),當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個體時候,謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)；這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm,

52、 family 等等The family is the basic unit of our society The family were watching the TV The audience was enormous The audience were greatly moved at the words 6 某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)：第一組：a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)the majority of + 其次組；the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)

53、each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)謂語用單數(shù)one and a half + 第三組；more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù)第四組；the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 謂語的數(shù)與 of 后面的名詞一樣第五組；neither nor . 引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一樣. not only . but also nor/ but also/ butnot

54、 .but 謂語的數(shù)與主語的其次部分（即留意比較：More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book （四）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列,而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前；倒裝是一種修辭手段,目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)；倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝,考試多為部分倒裝；考生應(yīng)把握什么情形下需要倒裝 和迷茫；一用全部倒裝的情形, 并對倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來,防止做題時候的盲目全部倒裝一般是存在以以下副詞開頭的句子中,全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主

55、謂語序顛倒過來,把謂語移到主語前面：1 ）出于修辭需要,表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on；如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Up went the plane 2 出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell. Here is a ticket for you There existed a certai

56、n doubt among the students as to the necessity of work 留意： here ,there 用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時主語一般為名詞,假如是人稱代詞就不需要倒裝“ where is the cup ？”“ Here it is！”Here you are. There he comes. 3 有時主語較長,為了使句子平穩(wěn),防止頭重腳輕,主謂要全部倒裝；這種情形多顯現(xiàn)在主系 表結(jié)構(gòu)中；如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life. In between the

57、se two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness. 二接受部分倒裝情形（主要是助動詞或系動詞）放到句子主語前 ,構(gòu)成部分倒裝 ,部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分而全部倒裝就把句子的謂語（包括實(shí)義動詞）都放在主語前1 以下否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時,如置于句首,句子的主謂要部分倒裝,：never , no, neither , n

58、ot only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less ；如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we

59、 do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state. 1985 年考研題 注： 1 假如謂語動詞是單個實(shí)義動詞,倒裝時需依據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)加助動詞 do ；如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly. （1983 年考研題）2 ）考生要廣義懂得“ 句首” 的概念,留意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首；如：Suddenly, Gallups name was on everyones lips; not only

60、 was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction. 2 以 only 修飾狀語（副詞,介詞短語,狀語從句）開頭的句子,句子的主謂要部分倒裝：only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only bec