有機物的英文命名

1、IUPACNomenclature of Organic Compound有機物的命名1Nomenclature of Organic Compound-12Nomenclature of Organic Compound-23Nomenclature of Organic Compound-34Nomenclature-癸癸烷, decane; 分子式:CH3(CH2)8CH3癸烯, decene; 分子式:CH3(CH2)6CH2CH=CH2癸炔, decyne; 分子式: CH3(CH2)6CH2CCH癸醇, decanol; 分子式: CH3 (CH2)8CH2OH癸醛, decana

2、l; 分子式: CH3(CH2)7CH2CHO癸酮, decanone; 分子式:CH3COCH2(CH2)6CH3癸酸, capric acid; CH3(CH2)7CH2CO2H癸基, decyl; 2-癸基-1-萘酚, 2-decyl-1-nathphtol癸酯, decyl; 如: 癸酸癸酯; decyl caprate5Nomenclature-十一十一烷, undecane; 分子式:CH3(CH2)9CH3十一烯, undecene; 分子式:CH3(CH2)7CH2CH=CH2十一炔, undecyne; 分子式: CH3(CH2)7CH2CCH十一醇, undecanol;

3、分子式: CH3 (CH2)9CH2OH十一醛, undecanal; 分子式: CH3(CH2)8CH2CHO十一酮, undecanone; 分子式:CH3COCH2(CH2)7CH3十一酸, undecanoic acid; CH3(CH2)8CH2CO2H十一烷基, undecyl; 如: 2-十一烷基蒽醌, 2-undecylanthraquinone十一烷酯, undecyl; 如: 十一酸十一烷酯; undecyl undecanate6Nomenclature-十二十二烷, dodecane; 分子式:CH3(CH2)10CH3十二烯, dodecene; 分子式:CH3(CH

4、2)8CH2CH=CH2十二炔, dodecyne; 分子式: CH3(CH2)8CH2CCH十二醇, dodecanol; 分子式: CH3 (CH2)10CH2OH十二醛, dodecanal; 分子式: CH3(CH2)9CH2CHO十二酮, dodecanone; 分子式:CH3COCH2(CH2)8CH3十二酸, lauric acid(月桂酸); CH3(CH2)9CH2CO2H十二烷基(月桂基), dodecyl; lauryl 如: 2-月桂基萘烷, 2-lauryldecalin十二烷酯(月桂酯), dodecyl; lauryl 如: 月桂酸月桂酯; dodecyl lau

5、rate; lauryl laurate7Nomenclature-十三十三烷, tridecane; 分子式:CH3(CH2)11CH3十三烯, tridecene; 分子式:CH3(CH2)9CH2CH=CH2十三炔, tridecyne; 分子式: CH3(CH2)9CH2CCH十三醇, tridecanol; 分子式: CH3 (CH2)11CH2OH十三醛, tridecanal; 分子式: CH3(CH2)10CH2CHO十三酮, tridecanone; 分子式:CH3COCH2(CH2)9CH3十三酸, tridecanoic acid; CH3(CH2)10CH2CO2H十三

6、烷基, tridecyl; 如: 2-十三烷基萘烷, 2-tridecyldecalin十三烷酯, tridecyl; 如: 十三酸十三烷酯; tridecyl tridecanate81 烷烴（alkanes）NameMolecular FormulaNameMolecular FormulaMethaneCH4HexaneC6H14EthaneC2H6HeptaneC7H16PropaneC3H8OctaneC8H18ButaneC4H10NonaneC9H20PentaneC5H12DecaneC10H221.1 直鏈烷烴 烴類化合物命名是有機命名的基礎。英文名稱除含1到4個碳原子以外，

7、其余均用希臘文和拉丁文的數詞加上相應的詞尾-ane來命名，10個碳原子以上的則在數詞前加前綴un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。9C11H24undecane21-alkaneHenicosaneC12H26dodecane22-alkaneDocosaneC13H28tridecane23-alkaneTricosaneC14H30tetradecane24-alkaneTetracosaneC15H32pentadecane25-alkanePentacosaneC16H34hexadecane26-alkaneHexacosaneC17H36heptadecane27-alka

8、neHeptacosaneC18H38octadecane28-alkaneOctacosaneC19H40nonadecane29-alkaneNonacosaneC20H42Icosane 30-alkaneTriacontane1 烷烴(alkanes)10 30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratria

9、contane 35-Alkane Pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane1 烷烴(alkanes)114090 Alkane = Number prefix-contanefor example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane1 烷烴(alkanes)12 1.2 含支鏈烷

10、烴和烷基 命名含支鏈的烷烴時，可把它們視為直鏈烷烴，但分別是某些氫（hydrogen）原子被稱為烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基時，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相應的烷烴的字首后。 如： CH3- Methyl CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 3-Methylpentane 1 烷烴(alkanes)13常用取代基-1GroupStructureNaming氫 H-hydro-, hydrogen甲基CH3-methyl乙基CH3CH2-ethyl丙基CH3CH2CH2-propyl異丙基(CH3)2CH-isopropyl; 1-methylethyl丁基CH3(

11、CH2)2CH2-butyl異丁基(CH3)2CHCH2-isobutyl, 2-methylpropyl戊基CH3(CH2)3CH2-pentyl己基CH3(CH2)4CH2-hexyl1 烷烴(alkanes)14常用取代基-2基 團前 綴后 綴基 團前 綴后 綴-Ffluoro氟化fluoride氟-C6H5phenyl苯基benzene苯-Clchloro氯化chloride氯-OC2H5ethoxy乙氧基ethyl ether乙基醚-Brbromo溴化bromide溴-CHOformyl甲?；鵤ldehyde醛-Iiodo碘化iodide碘-COCH3acetyl乙?；鵰ethyl

12、ketone甲基酮-OHhydroxy羥基alcohol醇(酚)-CO2Hcarboxy羧基carboxylic acid羧酸-NH2amino氨基amine胺-CO2CH3methoxycarbonyl甲氧羰基ester羧酸酯-CNcyano氰基nitrile腈-COC6H5 benzoyl苯甲酰基phenyl ketone苯基酮-NO2nitro硝基-OCH2C6H5benzyloxy芐氧基benzyl ether芐基醚1 烷烴(alkanes)15Individual alkyl groups are named by replacing the suffix -ane of the p

13、arent alkane by -yl. Thus the alkyl group CH3-, derived from methane, is called the methyl group. Similarly, ethyl, CH3CH2-, is the alkyl group derived from ethane. 1 烷烴(alkanes)16The formal system of nomenclature used today is one proposed by IUPAC(the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemis

14、try)This system was first developed in 1892 and been revised at irregular intervals to keep it up to date. Underlying the IUPAC system of nomenclature for organic compounds is a fundamental principle: each different compound should have an unambiguous name.1 烷烴(alkanes)171.3 Nomenclature of Branched

15、-Chain Alkanes 1 Locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms; the chain determines the parent name for the alkane.2 Number the longest chain beginning with the end of the chain nearer the substituent.3 Use the numbers obtained by application of rule 2 to designate the location of the substit

16、uent group.4 When two or more substituents are present, give each substituent a number corresponding to its location on the longest chain.1 烷烴(alkanes)185 When two substituents are present on the same carbon atom, use that number twice.6 When two or more substituents are identical(相同的), indicate thi

17、s by the use of the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, and so on.7 When two chains of equal length compete for selection as the parent chain, choose the chain with the greater number of substituents.8 When branching first occurs at an equal distance from either end of the longest chain, choose the name tha

18、t gives the lower number at the first point of difference.1 烷烴(alkanes)191.4 Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkanefor example: 1 烷烴(alkanes)201.5 一些可采用普通命名的支鏈烷烴： (CH3)2CHCH3 Isobutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 Isopentane (CH3)3CCH3 Neopentane (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH3 Isohex

19、ane1 烷烴(alkanes)21 對取代的烷基也可以在相應的烴名前加“異(iso-)”、“仲(sec-)”、“叔(tert-)”、“新(neo-)”等字命名。 下面是一些烷基，其系統命名和普通命名： (CH3)2CHCH- 2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3CH2CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl CH3CH2C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-Pentyl (CH3)3CCH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopent

20、yl1.5 一些可采用普通命名的支鏈烷烴： 1 烷烴(alkanes)221.6 Poly side chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:1 烷烴(alkanes)232. Nomenclature of Alkyl HalidesWhen the parent chain has both a halo and an alkyl substituent attached to it, number the chain from the end nearer the first substituent, reg

21、ardless of whether it is halo or alkyl. If two substituent are of equal distance from the end of the chain, then number the chain from the end nearer the substituent that has alphabetical precedence.2-Chloro-4-methylpentane24In what is called IUPAC substitutive nomenclature, a name may have as many

22、as four features: locants位標, prefixes, parent compound and suffixes. 3. Nomenclature of Alcohols25Consider the following compound as an illustration without, for the moment, being concerned as to how the name arises: 3. 醇(Alcohols)26The following procedure should be followed in giving alcohols by IU

23、PAC naming:3.1 Select the longest continuous carbon chain to which the hydroxyl is directly attached. Change the name of the alkane corresponding to this chain by dropping the final e and adding the suffix -ol.3. 醇(Alcohols)273.2 Number the longest continuous carbon chain so as to give the carbon at

24、om bearing the hydroxyl group the lower number. Indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by using this number as a locant; indicate the positions of other substituents (as prefixes) by using the numbers corresponding to their position along the carbon chain as locants.3. 醇(Alcohols)28The followin

25、g examples show how these rulesare applied:3. 醇(Alcohols)29Alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups are commonly called glycols. In the IUPAC substitutive system they are named as diols:3. 醇(Alcohols)30Ether = R + R + etherfor example: CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether

26、 CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Diethyl ether 4.醚類(Ethers)31 醚的命名，根基官能團命名法 分子中兩個烴基后加上“醚”（ether）即可,兩個烴基相同時加“di”, 若為兩個復合基且相同，則加數詞“bis”。4.醚(Ethers)325. 環(huán)氧化合物(Epoxy) 環(huán)氧化合物用詞頭“環(huán)氧(epoxy)”命名。英文名中，“epoxy”可放在母體名前，不按字序排列。336. Nomenclature of Monocyclic CompoundsCycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix

27、 cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms. 34Naming substituted cycloalkanes is straight-forward:name them as alkylcycloalkanes, halocycloalkanes, alkylcycloalkanols, and so on. If only one substituent is present, it is not necessary to designate its position. Wh

28、en two substituents are present, it should be numbered the ring beginning with the substituent first in the alphabet and number in the direction that gives the next substituent the lower number possible. When three or more substituents are present, the compound should be numbered the ring begining a

29、t the substituent that leads to the lowest set of locants.35When a single ring system is attached to a single chain with a greater number of carbon atoms, or when more than one ring system is attached to a single chain, then it is appropriate to name the compounds as cycloalkylalkanes. 367. Bicyclic

30、 CompoundsThe compounds containing two fused or bridged rings are named as bicycloalkanes. We usually use the name of the alkane corresponding to the total number of carbon atoms in the rings as the parent name. The following compound, for example, contains seven carbon atoms and is, therefore, a bicycloheptane.37 The carbon atoms common to both rings are called bridgeheads, and each bond, or each chain of atoms, connecting the b