電法新技術(shù)(NXPowerLite)課件

1、3DEX INTERPRETATION METHOD The 3D Explorer Induction Logging Service3D ExplorerPrimary Impetus Other Possible Applications Identification & Quantificationof Low Resistivity & Low Contrast PayFracture Detection & Orientation MeasurementAnisotropy Correlation with SeismicsOil Based Mud DipmeterDeviate

2、d & Horizontal Well PlanningCrossbeds & sand/shale & siltstonesRhRvOrigin of Electrical AnisotropyLaminated sand-shale sequencesSands With Different Grain SizeThin resistive or conductive streaks20-30% of global reserves in anisotropic reservoirsResistivity: examplex545x580 x600 x63030800.2200Gamma

3、rayLaterologsProductiontest1750 BOPDGOR 3250CleansandCoreThin bedsPrinciple of MeasurementSand: high RtShale: low RtRhRv100%50%0%Net / grossSand resistivityShale resistivity10 m1 mResistivity (Linear scale)Vertical resistivityHorizontal resistivityAnisotropyResistivity Response in Laminar Sand/Shale

4、 Sequences 8 Frequencies (10 - 150 kHz) 7 Receivers: 1 Transmitter:zTz7 HzzTzHDIL Configuration32145063DEX Configuration 3 Receivers:RyRzRxxTxTxHxxHxyHxzTzTzHzzHzxHzyyTyTyHyyHyxHyx Multiple Frequencies (20 - 200 kHz)z Full Magnetic Field Tensor 3 Transmitters:Horizontal Parallel Conductivity Tensor

5、ComponentVertical Series Conductivity Tensor ComponentIsotropic Tensor Resistivity ModelChorzCvertIsotropic Tensor Resistivity EquationsIsotropic Laminar Sand Conductivity ComponentIsotropic Laminar Shale VolumeThomas-StieberShale Distribution Model ReferencesThomas-Stieber, 1975: Volumetrically Bal

6、anced Shale Distribution Model GR Response Vsh & Density t Model Demonstrated Importance of Laminar Sand Total PorosityHaley, 1979: LAMIS1, Complete Thomas-Stieber & Waxman-Smits-Thomas ModelJuhasz, 1981: Clarified Thomas-Stieber Volumetric Mixing Rule Equations Demonstrated Net Pay Corrections Usin

7、g Thomas-Stieber Model Demonstrated Swb Shale Distribution DependenceJuhasz, 1986: Compared Complete Vsh-e & Vsh-t Shale Distribution ModelsThomas-Stieber, Juhasz Shale Distribution & Laminar Sand PorosityClean SandPorosityDispersed ShaleLaminar ShaleVshaleTotalshModified, after Juhasz 1986sdThomas-

8、Stieber, Juhasz Shale Distribution & Laminar Sand Porositysd + (1 - sd ) sh1- sd = Vsh sd = Vshsd shI. LaminatedIV. Structural Grain ReplacingV. Structural Pore FillingIII. Dispersed Grain ReplacingII. Dispersed Pore FillingThomas-Stieber, JuhaszShale Distribution & Laminar Sand PorosityLaminarShale

9、Pay Zone“Clean”Sandssdt,sdshTwo Component Porosity ModelLaminar Sand-Shale Porosity ModelSand = 35%Shale = 15%Assume Equal Volumes ofSand & ShaleVolume ofSand = 50%Volume ofShale = 50%sand = 35%shale = 15%Volume ofSand = 50%Volume ofShale = 50%Total (average) measured porosity Effective (shale corre

10、cted) porosityLaminar Sand PorosityTrue laminar sand total porositycorrected for laminar shale effectsusing the Thomas-Stieber modelIndonesian EquationEmpirical e - Swe Equations?Shale Distribution ?Empirical e - Swe Equations Archie - Swe DifferenceSee Worthington 1985Empirical e - Swe EquationsBul

11、k Volume Hydrocarbons - Vsh Plot Shale VolumeSimandoux0%100%Mod. SimandouxIndonesianFertl Dispersed ShPoupon SwtHossin Dispersed ShPoupon Swsd 0.20.30.0BVHCVolumetric ComponentsRsd - Water SaturationLaminar ShaleVolumeClean SandDispersed ShaleWaxman-Smits SwtsdArchie Swsd tsd - Rsd - Swtsd Petrophys

12、ical ModelsdfMoveable Fluids ?NMR - 3DEX IntegrationTensor Resistivity Petrophysical ModelMRIL Data AnalysisEchoAmplitude0151501351201059075604530Time (ms)20151050.001.002.003.004.000.1110100100010000MBVIMBVM4.000.001.002.003.00Incremental Porosity (pu)MCBWMatrixMatrixDryDryClayClayClay-Clay-BoundBo

13、undWaterWaterMobileMobileWaterWaterCapillaryCapillaryBoundBoundWaterWaterHydrocarbonHydrocarbonT2 DecayMRIL PorosityT2 Decay (ms)T2 CutoffsTransformECHO TRAINT2 SPECTRUMFORMATION VOLUMETRICSMRIL Response Model For A Thinly Bedded, Laminated SequenceTrue T2 msIncremental MBVMT2 CutoffMBVIShale MBVISa

14、nd MBVILegendSand MBVMT2 SpectrumMPHEPermeability ?Directional resistivities are the key to determine ksand in laminated sequences.Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical ModelLaminar Sand PermeabilityWhere default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2Coates-Timur Permeability Equation BVIsd BVMsdCksdb=a es

15、dProducibility ?Lack of anisotropy hints to slump zones.Tensor Resistivity Petrophysical Modelx100 x150 x200Coarsening Upward Log ExampleRhRvRsdT-SVlamr3DEXVlamrVshlamrVshdispx150RhRvRsdModern Deltaic Sediment SlumpsRotational SlumpDetachment BowlScale: 1.5kmRotational SlumpSlump Channel10m Water De

16、pth60m Water DepthSide-Scan Sonar ImageModern Deltaic Sediment SlumpsRotational SlumpDeformed - FoldedBeddingCross Section ViewMap ViewNormal (Rotational)Down to the Basin FaultNote Scalesx100 x150 x200Illustration of Sediment SlumpLoss of Electrical Anisotropy3D Explorer Tool IntegrationCombination

17、, feedthrough instrument3D Explorer & High Definition Induction Logborehole and invasion definition, layer model, constrain Rh3D Explorer & Magnetic Resonance Logmoveable fluids, HC storage capacity, k, 3D Explorer & Image Logsadds laminae distribution, lateral continuity information, minimum lamina

18、ted shale volumeConventional Induction and ImageConventional data suite in a laminated sand-shale sequenceIn the following.Perform a Sensitivity ExperimentCompare to new 3DEX technologyTypical Thin-Bed ExampleImage based interpretationImage-based Net/ Gross IdentificationThin-Bed Example - AfterImag

19、e-based Resistivity ModelingLarge Rt uncertainty100%50%0%Net / grossSand resistivityShale resistivity10 m1 mResistivity (Linear scale)Vertical resistivityAnisotropyResistivity Response in Laminar Sand/Shale SequencesHorizontal resistivityLaminar Shale VolumeResistivity ohm-m1101000%10%20%30%40%50%60

20、%70%80%90%100%RHorRSHALE = 1 -mRmeasured = -5 / +5% RSand = 6 / 21 m Sw = 25% / 14% RSAND = 10 -mUncertainty for Rdetermination -5%/ +5%sd = 30%, Rw=0.04, Sw = 20%Uncertainties using Horizontal dataUncertainty for Vshaledetermination -10%/ +4%VLAMR = -10 / +4% RSand = 4 / 46 m Sw = 32% / 9% Both unc

21、ertainties Sw = 35% / 0% 100%50%0%Net / grossSand resistivityShale resistivity10 m1 mResistivity (Linear scale)Horizontal resistivityAnisotropy3DEX Response in Laminar Sand/Shale SequencesVertical resistivityLaminar Shale VolumeResistivity ohm-m1101000%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%RSHALE = 1 -mRme

22、asured = -5 / +5% RSand = 9.5 / 10.6 m Sw = 20.5% - 19.5% RSAND = 10 -mUncertainty for Vshaledetermination -10%/ +4%sd = 30%, Rw=0.04, Sw = 20%Uncertainty for Rdetermination -5%/ +5%RVerVLAMR = -10 / +4% RSand = 8.5 - 10.8 m Sw = 21.7% - 19.3% Uncertainty using Vertical dataBoth uncertainties Sw = 2

23、2% / 19% 3DEXField ExamplesMiddle East - exampleResistivity and calculated oil saturation over the oil leg show large variation from high to very low without a correlation to porosity or shalinessSaturations derived from capillary pressure curves are much higher and more consistent Dry oil is produc

24、ed in comparable rates from intervals with high and low resistivityCore inspection indicates very thin horizontal mica/pyrite laminationsGR (API) Resistivity Results ZDEN Logging Depth (m)5 15 Caliper (in) 0150 110 100Resistivity (Ohm-m)510Rv/Rh 060CNC1.7 2.7 130 3 Resistivity Image x 0 x5 x10 x15 C

25、NCZDENGRCalRh, 3DEXRv, 3DEXRh, HDILWell A: STAR and 3DEXSaturation Analysis Well B515x00 x10 x20 x30 x40 x50 x60Caliper (in)Logging Depth (m)Gamma Ray0150060 CNCZDEN1.72.7 110100 Resistivity (Ohm-m)Resistivity0.5 Porosity01 Oil SaturationGRCalCNCZDENRvRhOil SaturationsOil saturation from capcurve da

26、taOil saturation from RhOil saturation from RvGOM - example 2vertical exploration wellmany intervals where standard induction resistivity reads just above baselineBCZone3DEX Field Log ExampleGamma Ray - Resistivity - Porosity DataX200BCZone3DEX Field Log ExampleShale Distribution - Saturation Result

27、sX200GWC3DEX Field Log ExampleGamma Ray - Resistivity - Porosity DataX400GWC3DEX Field Log ExampleShale Distribution - Saturation ResultsX400Laminar Sand ConductivityLaminar Shale Volume3DEX measurements - summary3DEX direct measurementsPorosityTrue laminar sand SwSand permeability3DEX direct measurements PorosityTrue laminar sand SwSand permeability3DEX measurements - summaryTrue laminar sand total porosity corrected for laminar shaleLaminar Sand