新工科研究生英語(yǔ)閱讀寫作-課件-Unit-2

1、新工科研究生英語(yǔ)閱讀與寫作新工科研究生 Unit Two Robot Engineering Unit Two Part OneReadingPart OneLead-in What are robots doing in the following pictures? What else could robots do for humans? What benefits and troubles will robots bring to humans?Lead- inLead-in What are robots doLead-inStart-up Question When it is r

2、eally hot, humans sweat to get cool. Have you ever imagined robots could sweat to cool themselves down like humans? Reading ALead-inReading A Sweating Robot Beats the HeatBy Sophie Bushwick By leaking water, a soft robotic gripper cools itself more efficiently than humans do. Lead- inReading Aroboti

3、c gripper Sweating Robot Beats the H Sweating Robot Beats the Heat 1 Electronics cannot handle the heat. That is why computers rely on fans, and car engines need radiators. But these cooling devices are necessarily rigid, which makes them a bad fit forsoft robotsmade from stretchy, flexible plastics

4、 instead of metal. So some Cornell University researchers have taken their inspiration from perspiration and developed a soft robotic gripper that automatically starts sweating when temperatures rise.Lead- inReading A Sweating Robot Beats the Hradiator noun C UK /re.di.e.tr/ US /re.di.e.t/a device,

5、usually a container filled with water, that sends out heat, often as part of a heating or cooling system 暖氣裝置；散熱器；冷卻器You will need to drain the central heating system before you replace the radiator. 你得先把中央供暖系統(tǒng)的水排凈再更換散熱器。Air can be got rid of by bleeding the radiator at the air vent. 可以用從通氣口給散熱器放氣的辦

6、法排除空氣。radiator rigidadj. uk /rd.d/ us /rd.d/stiff or fixed; not able to be bent or moved 僵硬的；固定的；不能彎曲 的 a table made of rigid plastic 硬塑料做的桌子 a rigid support for a tent 堅(jiān)挺的帳篷支柱rigidstretchyadjective uk /stret.i/ us /stret.i/Stretchy material stretches or can be stretched. （材料）有彈性的They created a stre

7、tchy polymer with firmness similar to human soft tissue. 他們研究出一種堅(jiān)韌且有彈性的聚合物，與人體的軟組織類似。The robotic shorts are made of soft, stretchy material. 機(jī)器人短褲由柔軟且可伸展的材料制成.stretchyinspiration noun C uk /n.spre.n/ us /n.spre.n/a sudden good idea 靈感；突然想出的好主意 Dreams can be a rich source of inspiration for an artist

8、. 夢(mèng)境可以成為藝術(shù)家靈感的豐富源泉。 Both poets drew their inspiration from the countryside. 兩位詩(shī)人都是從鄉(xiāng)村得到他們的靈感。inspiration Fill in the blanks using the words you just learned. Change the forms where necessary. Some Cornell University researchers have taken their_from perspiration and developed a soft robotic gripper

9、that automatically starts sweating when temperatures rise.inspirationinspirationTranslate the following sentences into English. 1. 一些康奈爾大學(xué)的科研人員從出汗現(xiàn)象中獲得靈感，研發(fā)出一種能在溫度升高時(shí)自動(dòng)排汗的柔軟的機(jī)器人手爪。 Some Cornell University researchers have taken their inspiration from perspiration and developed a soft robotic gripper

10、 that automatically starts sweating when temperatures rise. Some Cornell University rDo the following statements agree with the information given in the text? Write TRUE if the statement is true, FALSE if the statement is false. _ The soft robotic gripper developed by Cornell University researchers

11、automatically starts sweating when temperatures rise.TRUETRUE 2 Thanks to their squishy construction, soft robots are sometimes more adaptable and durableand can be less likely to cause injurythan their metallic counterparts. Yet these machines flexible materials can also make them vulnerable to hig

12、h temperatures. The polymers used in many soft robots hold heat longer than metals do, and their stiffness changes when the temperature is altered. These properties can affect the way the robots bend and thus their ability to grasp objects. Giving them the old-fashioned trait of sweating may help.Re

13、ading A Reading Asquishy adjective uk /skw.i/ us /skw.i/ soft when pressed 松軟的squishy pink leather chairs 松軟的粉色皮椅Dr Broomell and Dr Waite were curious about the composition of the only hard parts of an otherwise squishy animal. 布魯梅爾博士跟瓦特博士，對(duì)這個(gè)周身濕軟的動(dòng)物所僅有的堅(jiān)硬部分由什么構(gòu)成的，相當(dāng)感興趣。squishy adaptableadjective uk

14、 /dp.t.bl/ us /dp.t.bl/able or willing to change in order to suit different conditions有適應(yīng)能力的，能適應(yīng)的；適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的 By making the workforce more adaptable and skilled, he hopes to attract foreign investment. 通過(guò)使勞動(dòng)力更具適應(yīng)力并且更具技能，他希望吸引到外資。Rats are highly adaptable to change. 大鼠很能適應(yīng)變化。adaptabledurableadjective uk /d

15、.r.bl/ us /dr.bl/able to last a long time without becoming damaged持久的，耐久的 Fine bone china is eminently practical, since it is strong and durable.精細(xì)骨瓷是非同一般地實(shí)用，因?yàn)樗鼒?jiān)固耐用。The durable high-impact plastic case is water resistant to 100 feet.這種耐久的高強(qiáng)度塑料盒在100英尺水深以內(nèi)是防水的。durablevulnerableadjective uk /vl.nr.bl/

16、 /vn.r.bl/ us /vl.n.bl/able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked易受傷的；易受影響（或攻擊）的；脆弱的 In cases of food poisoning, young children are especially vulnerable.遇到食物中毒，幼兒尤其容易受危害。People with high blood pressure are especially vulnerable to diabetes.血壓高的人尤其容易患糖尿病。vul

17、nerablepolymernoun C uk /pl.mr/ us /p.l.m/a chemical substance consisting of large molecules made from many smaller and simpler molecules聚合物，聚合體 These polymers all put together can be broken down into sugar.這些聚合物可以一起被分解為糖。Lots of molecules in nature get together to form long chains called polymers.大

18、自然里許多分子聚在一起形成長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的鏈子，名叫聚合物。polymerstiffnessnoun U uk /stf.ns/ us /stf.ns/the quality of being very formal and not relaxed生硬，拘謹(jǐn)The object of these movements is to prevent stiffness or deformity of joints.這些活動(dòng)的目的是防止關(guān)節(jié)僵硬或變形。stiffnesstraitnoun C uk /tret/ us /tret/a particular characteristic that can prod

19、uce a particular type of behaviour（個(gè)人的）特征，特性，品質(zhì)The study found that some alcoholics had clear personality traits showing up early in childhood.這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些酗酒者早在孩童時(shí)就表現(xiàn)出明顯的個(gè)性特征。We do not know which behavioral traits are inherited and whichacquired.我們不知道哪些行為特征是遺傳的，哪些是后天養(yǎng)成的。traitFill in the blanks using the

20、 words you just learned. Change the forms where necessary. Thanks to their squishy construction, soft robots are sometimes more adaptable and _ and can be less likely to cause injurythan their metallic counterparts. durabledurableFill in the blanks using the words you just learned. Change the forms

21、where necessary. People with high blood pressure are especially_to diabetes. vulnerablevulnerableGive brief answers to the following questions. What are advantages and disadvantages of the squishy construction of soft robots? _ Thanks to their squishy construction, soft robots are sometimes more ada

22、ptable and durable than their metallic counterparts. Yet these machines flexible materials can also make them vulnerable to high temperatures. Thanks to their squishy constrTranslate the following sentences into English. 柔軟的機(jī)器人因其濕軟的構(gòu)造，與金屬機(jī)器人相比，有時(shí)適應(yīng)性和耐用性更強(qiáng)，受損的可能性較小。 Thanks to their squishy constructi

23、on, soft robots are sometimes more adaptable and durableand can be less likely to cause injurythan their metallic counterparts.Thanks to their squishy constr 3“I think its a really great idea,” says Cecilia Laschi, a soft robotics expert at the BioRobotics Institute at the SantAnna School of Advance

24、d Studies in Italy, who was not involved in the new study. “One of the main contributions of this field is really to make us imagine this kind of robot with lifelike abilities, something that was not possible before, with traditional robotics technology.”Reading A Reading ATranslate the following se

25、ntences into English.使我們真正設(shè)想出具有仿生能力的這種機(jī)器人是這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的主要貢獻(xiàn)之一。以前使用傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)器人技術(shù)，不可能做到這一點(diǎn)。 One of the main contributions of this field is really to make us imagine this kind of robot with lifelike abilities, something that was not possible before, with traditional robotics technology.One of the main contributions

26、 4 Sweating is not just lifelike; it is also an extremely efficient cooling method. “Elite marathon runners in the right conditions have been known to lose almost four liters of sweat an hour,” said study co-author Thomas Wallin, a Ph.D. candidate at Cornell at the time of the research and now a mat

27、erials scientist at Facebook Reality Labs, at a recent press conference. “This corresponds to roughly 2.5 kilowatts of cooling capacity.” For comparison, he added, a home refrigerator consumes about one kilowatt of energy over the course of an hour.Reading AReading Aelitenoun C, + sing/pl verb uk /i

28、lit/ us /ilit/the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society（社會(huì)）上層；掌權(quán)人物；出類拔萃的人，精英the elite troops of the presidents bodyguard 總統(tǒng)衛(wèi)隊(duì)中的精英部隊(duì)Power is largely concentrated in the hands of a small elite. 權(quán)力主要集中在少數(shù)精英人物的手里。 elitekilowattnoun C uk /kl.wt/ us /kl.wt/a unit of pow

29、er equal to 1,000 watts千瓦特a prototype system which produces 25 kilowatts of power 一個(gè)生產(chǎn)25千瓦電量的樣機(jī)The report credited gas for an increase of 166 million kilowatts an hour through October. 該報(bào)告將10月份電力每小時(shí)增加1.66億千瓦歸功于天然氣。 kilowatt 5 The researchers suggest this technique is particularly suited to soft robo

30、ts. To move and interact with their surroundings, many of these devices use hydraulic systems to pump water into a balloon-like “finger”usually made from materials such as hydrogel, a water-rich polymerto make it inflate and bend in a predictable way. Adding pores to the gripper finger would allow i

31、t to release some of its water as sweat. But the liquid would have to leak out in a controlled fashion, or the gripper would deflate too quickly.Reading AReading Ahydraulic adjective uk /hadrl.k/ us /hadr.lk/operated by or involving the pressure of water or some other liquid 水壓的，液壓的We do test which

32、involves using hydraulic cylinders to apply loading to it. 我們做的測(cè)試包括使用液壓缸對(duì)其施加載荷。The boat has no fewer than five hydraulic pumps. 這艘船有不下5個(gè)液壓泵。hydraulic inflate verb uk /nflet/ us /nflet/to make something increase in size by filling it with air （使）充氣；（使）膨脹Airbags inflate instantaneously on impact to fo

33、rm a cushion between the driver and the steering column. 安全氣囊在碰撞時(shí)立刻膨脹，在司機(jī)和方向盤之間形成一個(gè)緩沖。With a supply of compressed air, the large balloon inflated in a matter of seconds. 大氣球注入壓縮空氣后, 幾秒鐘便膨脹了起來(lái)。 inflate porenoun C uk /pr/ us /pr/a very small hole in the skin of people or other animals, or a similar ho

34、le on the surface of plants or rocks 毛孔；氣孔；小孔As part of photosynthesis, leaves open and close pores called stomata. 作為光合作用的一部分，樹(shù)葉會(huì)打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉它上面的細(xì)孔，叫氣孔。Like human skin, soil has holes that are called pore. 和人類的皮膚一樣，土壤也有許多洞叫做毛細(xì)孔。poreleak verb I or T uk /lik/ us /lik/(of a liquid or gas) to escape from a ho

35、le or crack in a pipe or container; (of a container) to allow liquid or gas to escape（液體或氣體）漏，泄漏The pools fibreglass sides had cracked and the water had leaked out. 池子的玻璃纖維側(cè)面裂了，水已經(jīng)滲了出來(lái)。More details are now beginning to leak out. 更多的細(xì)節(jié)現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始泄露出來(lái)。leak deflateverb I or T uk /dflet/ us /dflet/If something

36、 that has air or gas inside it deflates, or is deflated, it becomes smaller because it loses the air or gas.（使）變癟；給放氣The balloon deflated slowly. 氣球慢慢癟掉了。We drove a few miles until the tyre deflated and we had to stop the car. 我們開(kāi)了幾英里直到輪胎漏氣了，然后我們不得不停下車。deflateFill in the blanks using the words you j

37、ust learned. Change the forms where necessary. Adding pores to the gripper finger would allow it to release some of its water as sweat. But the liquid would have to leak out in a controlled fashion, or the gripper would_ too quickly.deflatedeflateTranslate the following sentences into English.在手爪的手指

38、上添加一些孔隙，它就能以出汗的方式排出自身的一些水分，但液體必須要有控制地滲漏，否則手爪就會(huì)過(guò)快地干癟。 Adding pores to the gripper finger would allow it to release some of its water as sweat. But the liquid would have to leak out in a controlled fashion, or the gripper would deflate too quickly.Adding pores to the gripper fi 6To control this proces

39、s, the Cornell team built their three-pronged gripper robot from “smart gels” that change in size when the temperature increases. The researchers were also able to use multiple materials to build each hollow finger by selecting ones that could be 3-D printed in a process called multimaterial stereol

40、ithography. For the bulk of the finger structure itself, Wallin and his colleagues used a polymer called PNIPA, which starts shrinking when temperatures hit about 40 degrees Celsius. And for the outward-facing side, they turned to a chemical called acrylamide, which expands at high temperatures. The

41、y gave thisReading AReading A part of the finger a texture designed to encourage evaporation and perforated it with tiny pores a fifth of a millimeter wide. As the fingers heat up, their volume shrinks, and the pores expand, squeezing the liquid contents out through the holes.Reading AReading Agelno

42、un U uk /del/ us /del/ a thick, clear, liquid substance, especially one used on the hair or body（尤指用于洗發(fā)或護(hù)膚的）凝膠，凍膠Aerogels are gels where all the liquid has been replaced with gas. 氣凝膠是一種內(nèi)部液體全部被氣體替代的凝膠。 The product is filemot gel with vegetal fragrance. 本品為黃褐色凝膠劑，有植物氣味。gelhollowadjective uk /hl./ us

43、/h.lo/having a hole or empty space inside 空的，空心的The tree trunk was hollow inside. 這樹(shù)干里面是空的。Bamboo is light because it is hollow. 竹子很輕， 因?yàn)樗虚g是空的。hollowshrink verb I or T uk /rk/ us /rk/to become smaller, or to make something smaller （使）縮小，（使）變小All wood tends to shrink. 所有的木頭都會(huì)收縮。If you give up exerci

44、se, your muscles shrink and fat increases. By the same token, if you expend more energy you will lose fat. 如果你放棄鍛煉，肌肉就會(huì)萎縮，脂肪會(huì)增多。同樣地，如果你消耗較多的體能，你就會(huì)減掉脂肪。shrink texture noun C or U uk /teks.tr/ us /teks.t/the quality of something that can be decided by touch; the degree to which something is rough or s

45、mooth, or soft or hard 質(zhì)地；質(zhì)感；手感 Matured over 18 months, this cheese has an open, crumbly texture with a strong flavour. 這種奶酪18個(gè)月后發(fā)酵成熟，氣孔多，組織松脆，味道濃郁。It has an orange flavour and smooth texture. 它有一種桔子的味道，質(zhì)地光滑。texture evaporationnoun U uk /vp.re.n/ us /vp.re.n/the process of a liquid changing to a gas

46、, especially by heating 蒸發(fā) Our bodies can sweat, thereby losing heat by evaporation.我們的身體會(huì)流汗，由此能通過(guò)蒸發(fā)散熱。the hydrochloric acid was removed by evaporation in vacuo.鹽酸在真空蒸發(fā)中被除掉了。evaporationperforateverb T uk /p.fr.et/ us /p.f.ret/to make a hole or holes in something 打孔 Were starting by drilling it, and

47、we perforate every single hole to thread fiber-optic through every single hole.我們要先鉆眼，在每個(gè)眼上打孔，然后光纖穿過(guò)這些孔。I refused to wear headphones because they can perforate your eardrums.我不愿戴耳機(jī)，因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)使鼓膜穿孔。perforateperforateverb T uk /p.fr.et/ us /p.f.ret/to make a hole or holes in something 打孔 Were starting by

48、drilling it, and we perforate every single hole to thread fiber-optic through every single hole.我們要先鉆眼，在每個(gè)眼上打孔，然后光纖穿過(guò)這些孔。I refused to wear headphones because they can perforate your eardrums.我不愿戴耳機(jī)，因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)使鼓膜穿孔。perforatevolumenoun C or U uk /vl.jum/ us /vl.jum/the amount of space that is contained wi

49、thin an object or solid shape 容量 When egg whites are beaten they can rise to seven or eight times their original volume.打過(guò)的蛋清，體積可以漲到原來(lái)的七八倍How do you measure the volume of a gas?你如何計(jì)量氣體的體積？volumeDo the following statements agree with the information given in the text? Write TRUE if the statement is t

50、rue, FALSE if the statement is false._ Researchers perforated the outward-facing side of fingers of soft robots with tiny pores.TRUEDo the following statements agA. Give brief answers to the following questions.What material is used for the bulk of the finger structure of soft robots? Why? A polymer

51、 called PNIPA is used for the bulk of the figure structure of soft robots, because it starts shrinking when temperatures hit about 40 degrees Celsius.A polymer called PNIPA is usedA. Give brief answers to the following questions.What material is used for the outside-facing side of fingers? Why? A ch

52、emical called acrylamide is used for the outside-facing side of fingers, because it expands at high temperatures. A chemical called acrylamide Lead-in 7“The best part of this synthetic strategy is that the thermal regulatory performance is based in the material itself,” Wallin said at the press even

53、t. “We did not need to add sensors or other components to control the sweating rate. When the local temperature rose above the transition, the pores would simply open and close on their own.” Reading ALead-inReading Athermaladjective before noun uk /.ml/ us /.ml/connected with heat 熱的，熱量的Rescue team

54、s are using thermal imaging to locate survivors of the earthquake. 救援隊(duì)伍正利用熱成像確定地震幸存者的位置。A new type of solar thermal system for homes that can provide heat, hot water, and electricity is being tested in Boulder, Colo., over the next few months. 未來(lái)幾個(gè)月，科羅拉多州博爾德市將測(cè)試一種新型的家用太陽(yáng)能熱系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)可以提供熱量、熱水和電力。 thermal

55、sensornoun C uk /sen.sr/ us /sen.s/a device that is used to record that something is present or that there are changes in something 感測(cè)器The latest Japanese vacuum cleaners contain sensors that detect the amount of dust and type of floor. 日本最新款吸塵器裝有傳感器，能測(cè)出灰塵量和地板類型。A sensor channels the light signal al

56、ong an optical fibre. 傳感器沿光導(dǎo)纖維輸送光信號(hào)。 sensorcomponentnoun C uk /kmp.nnt/ us /kmpo.nnt/a part that combines with other parts to form something bigger組成部分；成分；零件Enriched uranium is a key component of a nuclear weapon. 濃縮鈾是核武器的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵組成部分。Hardware is the mechanical components of a computer. 硬件指的是計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)械部分。 c

57、omponentratenoun C uk /ret/ us /ret/the speed at which something happens or changes, or the amount or number of times it happens or changes in a particular period率，比率；速率；速度；進(jìn)度The rate at which hair grows can be agonizingly slow. 頭發(fā)生長(zhǎng)的速度可以慢得令人苦惱。His pulse rate dropped suddenly. 他的脈搏速率突然下降。 rateFill i

58、n the blanks using the words you just learned. Change the forms where necessary.Most people walk at an average_of 5 kilometers an hour. raterateI. Reading ComprehensionA. Give brief answers to the following questions.What is the best part of the synthetic strategy used in the design of sweating grip

59、pers? The best part of this synthetic strategy is that the thermal regulatory performance is based in the material itself. People do not need to add sensors or other components to control the sweating rate.I. Reading ComprehensionThe beLead-in 8 He and his colleagues also designed a non-sweating ver

60、sion of the gripper, which acted as a control device. To compare the robots abilities to shed heat, they used both machines to pick up hot objects while a fan blew air over them. The sweating gripper dropped its temperature six times faster than the dry one, cooling itself at a rate of 107 watts per