Chapter-9-Intelligence-普通心理學課件

1、Chapter 9 IntelligenceIntroduction to PsychologyPeking University10/2/20221Chapter 9 IntelligenceIntroduc什么是聰明？10/2/20222什么是聰明？10/1/20222IntelligenceThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983

2、)10/2/20223IntelligenceThe application ofChapter-9-Intelligence-普通心理學課件Chapter-9-Intelligence-普通心理學課件1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence10/2/202261.1 The multifaceted nature of1.2 Functional Nature of IntelligenceThe capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982)10/

3、2/202271.2 Functional Nature of Intel1.3 Cultureally DefinedCultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978)10/2/202281.3 Cultureally DefinedCulture1.4 Definition of IntelligenceThe applicati

4、on of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983)10/2/202291.4 Definition of IntelligenceIntelligenceViewpoint of laypersonRelated conceptsSkillKnowledgeAptitudeIntelligenceMental ability10/2/202210Intelligence

5、Viewpoint of laype2 Intelligence TestingPsychometric instrumentsIntelligence testsSir Francis Galton(1822-1911)Upper classes were the most intelligentSimple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities10,000(1884)Father of mental test/pioneering statistician10/2/2022112 Intelligence TestingPsychome2.1 B

6、inet ScaleAlfred Binet (1857-1911)(1905) for education commissionBinet & Simon (1908)Abilities increase with ageMental Age, MA-Chronological age,CAThe average age at which children achieve a particular score.Item Selection10/2/2022122.1 Binet ScaleAlfred Binet (12.2 Intelligence Testing in USALewis

7、TermanStanford-Binet scale (1916)IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm)Group TestsArmy Alpha & Army Beta TestScholastic Aptitude Test(SAT)The Wechsler Intelligence Scales10/2/2022132.2 Intelligence Testing in USThe Wechsler Intelligence ScalesDavid WechslerMinimizi

8、ng the linguistic and cultural biasesWechsler-Bellevue tests (1939)WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981)WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991)10/2/202214The Wechsler Intelligence ScalThe Structure of WAIS-RVerbal subtestsInformation

9、ComprehensionArithmeticSimilaritiesDigit spanVocabularyPerformance subtestsDigit symbolPicture completionBlock designPicture arrangementObject assembly10/2/202215The Structure of WAIS-RVerbal 2.3 Frequency Distribution ofIQ ScoresWechsler (1958)New concept of IQcalculating IQ as an individual positi

10、on relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distributionAn normal, bell-shaped curve10/2/2022162.3 Frequency Distribution of2.4 Limitations of IQ TestsPredictive validity of IQ scoresTwo limitations10/2/2022172.4 Limitations of IQ TestsPre2.4.1 Predictive validity ofIQ scores學校階段IQ與成績相關(guān)小學0.6

11、-0.7中學0.5-0.6大學0.4-0.5研究生0.3-0.4Why?10/2/2022182.4.1 Predictive validity ofIHow teachers view brightness as IQ?Bias in ageBias in sexBias in social behavior manner10/2/202219How teachers view brightness a2.4.2 Two LimitationsLack of a theoretical basisAcademic performance/practical intelligenceCultu

12、rally biased15-point difference in white/AfricanWilliams, Robert L.IQ is strongly correlated with socioeconomic statusGroup difference: gender10/2/2022202.4.2 Two LimitationsLack of a語言文化差異Cello Harp Drum Violin GuitarRunning a gameWhat is up?10/2/202221語言文化差異Cello Harp Drum VAssignment 1中小學教育中是否要引用

13、智商測驗？為什么？10/2/202222Assignment 1中小學教育中是否要引用智商測驗？103 Approaches to IntelligenceThe Psychometric ApproachThe Information-Processing ApproachA Theory of Multiple Intelligences10/2/2022233 Approaches to IntelligenceTh3.1 The Psychometric ApproachPsychometric ApproachFactor Analysis: common elementsSpear

14、man Two-Factor TheoryCharles Spearman (1863-1945)g-factor, General Intelligences-factors10/2/2022243.1 The Psychometric ApproachPOther Factor TheoriesLL Thurstone(1938, 1962): 7 primary factorsword fluencycomprehensionnumerical computationspatial skillsassociative memoryreasoningperceptual speedR. C

15、attell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid IntelligenceWechsler WAIS-RJ. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation10/2/202225Other Factor TheoriesLL ThurstLimitations of the Psychometric ApproachDescribing rather than explainingFacts but no theory; Lack of ProcessProliferation in factorsUncertainty in dete

16、rmining factors and their pattern10/2/202226Limitations of the Psychometr3.2 The Information-Processing ApproachSpeed of ProcessingPosner et al(1969)Knowledge BaseAbility to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies10/2/2022273.2 The Information-ProcessingSpeed of ProcessingJudge Identity: A APerceive

17、form of letterAnalyze perceived formsCompare formsR: identicalJudge Identity: A aPerceive form of letterAnalyze perceived formsLook up names of letterCompare letter namesR: identicalSpeed of ProcessingJudge IdentKnowledge BaseInformation in LTMQuantity, Method of organization, Availability-Intellige

18、nce PerformanceExperience & Schema10/2/202229Knowledge BaseInformation in LAcquire and Apply Cognitive StrategiesDaily TaskDifference between adults and childrenRetard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies10/2/202230Acquire and Apply Cognitive StLimitation of I-P

19、 ApproachTheory to TheoryLimited in academic situationBeing difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving.10/2/202231Limitation of I-P ApproachTheo3.3 A Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner(1983)Selecting IntelligencesLimitations of the Theory of M-I.10/2/2022323.3 A Theory o

20、f Multiple IntelSelecting IntelligencesGardner(1983)One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligenceCriterionMultiple neural modulesSavant and prodigy studiesDistinctive developmental course10/2/202233Selecting IntelligencesGardnerGardner Seven Intelli

21、gencesLogical/Mathematical Linguistic or VerbalMusicalBodily/KinestheticSpatialIntrapersonalInterpersonal10/2/202234Gardner Seven IntelligencesLogLimitations of Gardner TheoryUnderestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligenceLack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapers

22、onal and musicalThe potential proliferation of intelligences10/2/202235Limitations of Gardner TheoryUR. Sternberg (1985): Triarchic TheoryComponential intelligenceknowledge acquisition componentperformance componentmetacognitive componentExperiential intelligence處理新奇或者很常規(guī)的問題的能力Contextual intelligenc

23、e日常事務(wù)、適應(yīng)新的不同情境的現(xiàn)實管理能力10/2/202236R. Sternberg (1985): TriarchicScrambled WordsH-U-L-A-GP-T-T-M-ET-R-H-O-SC-I-B-A-ST-N-K-H-G-IR-I-D-E-VT-E-N-R-E10/2/202237Scrambled WordsH-U-L-A-G10/1/2Emotional IntelligenceP. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993)IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income)Social ability

24、 is important in life.Apply emotional experience to motivationD. Goleman(1995)P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997)準確、適當?shù)卣J知、評價和表達情緒調(diào)整自己的情緒利用情緒促進思維Mayer(1998)Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale10/2/202238Emotional IntelligenceP. Salov4 Heredity and Intelligence個體差異研究種族/家族群體研究縱向研究10/2/2022394 Heredity and

25、 Intelligence個體差4.1 Individual Differences in IQGenetic and environmental variablesLongtitudinal studyTwin, family, and adoption studies:Distinguish the impact of nature and nurtureSiblings, dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical)10/2/2022404.1 I

26、ndividual Differences in Some Results領(lǐng)養(yǎng)兒的智商與生身父母的關(guān)系更大領(lǐng)養(yǎng)一段時間之后，被領(lǐng)養(yǎng)兒的智力能顯著提高（20）越早領(lǐng)養(yǎng)，環(huán)境的影響就越大。環(huán)境因素：父母社會經(jīng)濟地位、學校等10/2/202241Some Results領(lǐng)養(yǎng)兒的智商與生身父母的關(guān)系更大104.2 Group Differences: race Arthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973)Between one-half and three-fourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors.Minnesota Adoption StudyScarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992)Racial Ancestry StudyScarr et al(1977): No relation10/2/2022424.2 Group Differences: race Ar4.3 Commentary: the science & politics of IntelligenceEmotional IssueMilwaukee