2022年考研考博-考博英語-西南科技大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號18

1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西南科技大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題The bar in the club is for the（ ）use of its members.問題1選項A.extensiveB.exclusiveC.inclusiveD.comprehensive【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項extensive“廣泛的，大量的”；B選項exclusive“獨有的，專一的”；C選項inclusive“包含的，包括的”；D選項comprehensive“綜合的，廣泛的”。句

2、意：俱樂部內(nèi)的酒吧僅對會員開放。由選項意思和句意可知，A選項符合句意。2.單選題Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have alway

3、s accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuman animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more

4、to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sent

5、ient creatures.Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to r

6、eciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, pr

7、ovided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, how

8、ever, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpop

9、ulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe avera

10、ge multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.1. The first paragraph is mainly about（ ）.2. We owe nothing to the future generations（ ）.3. Population policy we

11、 take should be considered（ ）.4. According to this passage, optimum population（ ）.5. The proper title for this passage should be（ ）.問題1選項A.the intrinsic value of human experiencesB.the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC.the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD.an anc

12、ient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value問題2選項A.in the authors opinionB.from a social contract view of ethicsC.for a utilitarianD.for most environmentalists問題3選項A.positiveB.negativeC.complexD.reasonable問題4選項A.refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be

13、 as high as possibleB.refers to the population size at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC.is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD.is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons問

14、題5選項A.A Mystery in Applied EthicsB.Our Obligations to Future GenerationsC.Environmental EthicsD.Environmental issues【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:C第4題:C第5題:C【解析】1.主旨大意題。題干：第一段主要是關于_。A選項“人類經(jīng)歷的內(nèi)在價值”，B選項“非人類動物經(jīng)歷的內(nèi)在價值”，C選項“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)作為一個整體的內(nèi)在價值”， D選項“一個關于內(nèi)在價值本質(zhì)的古老倫理問題”,前三個選項在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要問題的所在，而第四個選項，在第二句話中就點了出來，前三個選項是

15、第四個選項的展開說明，故D是正確答案。2.推理判斷題。題干：我們不欠后代任何東西_。根據(jù)關鍵詞“owe to”“future generations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句話From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing.（從倫理學的社會契約觀點或道德自我主義者的角度來看，答案似乎是：什么都不虧欠。），可知，B選項“倫理學的社會契約觀點”，是正確的。文章并沒有提及作者個人觀點，所以A選項“在作者的觀點看來”排除。從文章第二段第五句話Mo

16、st other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own.（然而，其他大多數(shù)倫理理論確實考慮

17、到了后代的利益。舉例來說，功利主義者不會認為，后代成員還不存在這一事實，是我們對后代利益的考慮少于我們對自己利益考慮的任何理由。），所以C選項“功利主義者”排除。環(huán)境保護主義者也認為，我們應該為后代考慮，所以D選線項“環(huán)境保護主義者”排除。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是B選項。3.事實細節(jié)題。題干：我們采取的人口政策被認為是_。根據(jù)關鍵詞“population policy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句話明確指出The question becomes much more complex, however（然而，問題會變得越來越復雜），所以本題的正確答案是C選項。4.細節(jié)推理題。題干：根據(jù)文章，最

18、適宜的人口數(shù)量_。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合適的人口數(shù)量的問題。用兩個問句提出對這一問題的兩種可能的答案，即Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? (是在人口規(guī)模上，平均福利水平會盡可能高嗎？或者是總

19、福利的規(guī)模平均乘以人口的數(shù)量盡可能大？)，并在結尾的最后一句話中指出，and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.（這一問題仍是應用倫理學中最令人不解的謎之一。），其意就是仍有待于將來解決，所以C選項“這是一個只能留到將來解決哲學問題”是正確答案。A選項“最適宜的人口數(shù)量指平均福利水平盡可能高的人口規(guī)?！?，B選項“最適宜的人口數(shù)量指福利總額最大的人口規(guī)?！?，A，B選項都是文章提出的問題，未被證實，所以不正確，D選項“最適宜的人口數(shù)量是一個困難的哲學問題，德里克帕菲特在理性與人中成功地

20、解決了這個問題”德里克帕菲特只是在書中提到What is optimum population?但是并沒有解決，所以D選項不正確，綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項。5.主旨大意題。題干：最適合文章的標題應該是_。本文主要討論的并不是環(huán)境問題，而是由環(huán)境問題而引出的道德問題，A選項“應用道德中的謎”是最后一段提到的，B選項是“我們對下一代的責任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想內(nèi)容。所以本題的正確答案應該是C選項“環(huán)境倫理”。3.單選題A(n)（ ）shape has four straight sides at 90 to each other, two of which are

21、 much longer than the other two.問題1選項A.squareB.ovalC.circularD.oblong【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項square“正方形的，直角的”；B選項oval“橢圓的，卵形的”；C選項circular“循環(huán)的，圓形的”；D選項oblong“長方形的”。句意：長方形有四條邊，相鄰兩邊夾角為90度，其中兩條邊長于另外兩條。由選項意思和句意可知，D選項符合句意。4.單選題Good salesmen know by（ ）the best approach to take with a particular customer.問題1選項

22、A.bentB.geniusC.instinctD.faculty【答案】C【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項bent“天賦，愛好”；B選項genius“天才，天賦”；C選項instinct“本能，直覺”；D選項faculty“能力，功能”。句意：優(yōu)秀的推銷員憑直覺就知道應對特定客戶的最佳方法。由選項意思，固定搭配和句意可知，C選項符合句意。5.寫作題Write on the ANSWER SHEET a composition of about 250 words based on the topic “Education Makes A Better Future”.You are to wri

23、te in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons or your experience(s) to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.【答案】略6.單選題Correct ideas are not（ ）in the m

24、ind, but come from social practice.問題1選項A.learnedB.friendlyC.impartedD.innate【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項learned“博學的，有學問的”；B選項friendly“友好的，親切的”；C選項imparted“給予的，授予的”；D選項innate“先天的，固有的”，句意：正確的思想不是頭腦中固有的，而是來源于社會實踐。由選項意思和句意可知，D選項符合句意。7.翻譯題Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the

25、ANSWER SHEET.An American study played people recordings of actors delivering speeches about climate change. The version that people responded to the best talked about “air pollution” rather than “climate change” because pollution is something visible that they could relate to, with strong connotatio

26、ns of dirtiness and poor health. Climate change is about much more than just dirty air, but finding ways of making climate change more visible is critical. People simply dont worry about things they cant see (or even imagine). One approach that has been used to increase the amount that people use pu

27、blic transport breaks down habits into simple “ifthen” plans. To change a habitual behavior, a person has to identify a goal (drive less, for example), a behavior they want to perform in pursuit of that goal (get the bus to work on Fridays) and a situation that will trigger the behavior (having enou

28、gh time to catch the bus).【答案】一個美國研究向人們播放演員在做天氣轉變演講的錄音。人們反應最好的版本談論的是“空氣污染”而不是“氣候變化”因為污染是和他們有關的，可以看見的臟亂和對健康的不良影響。氣候變化不僅僅是空氣污染的問題，但找到讓氣候變化更加有形的方法是至關重要的。人們只是不擔心他們看不見（甚至想象不到）的事情。一種增加人們使用公共交通工具數(shù)量的方法是把習慣分解成簡單的“如果那么”計劃。為了改變一種習慣性行為，一個人必須確定一個目標（比如少開車），一種他們?yōu)榱俗非筮@個目標想要做的行為（周五坐公共汽車去上班），以及一種能夠觸發(fā)這種行為的情況（有足夠的時間去趕公共

29、汽車）。8.單選題There were two small rooms in the beach house,（ ）served as a kitchen.問題1選項A.the smaller of whichB.the smaller of themC.the smallest of whichD.smallest of that【答案】A【解析】考查比較級。前面句子里面提到的兩個房間，所以后面的句子應該是這兩個房間做比較，選擇其一，要用到的是比較級，而不是最高級，排除C，D選項。兩者中較小的一個應該用which。句意：在海濱小屋有兩個小房間，小點的那個做廚房。所以本題的正確答案是A選項。9

30、.單選題A great amount of work has gone into（ ）the Cathedral to its previous splendor.問題1選項A.refreshingB.restoringC.renovatingD.renewing【答案】B【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項refresh“振作，恢復活力”；B選項restore“恢復，修復”，強調(diào)恢復原貌；C選項renovate“更新，修復”，強調(diào)整修一新；D選項renew“使更新，使修復”。句意：為了使大教堂恢復昔日的輝煌，進行了大量的工作。由選項意思和句意可知，B選項符合句意。10.單選題His thoughts

31、 were（ ）from this painful topic by the sudden arrival of a neighbor.問題1選項A.attractedB.retractedC.distractedD.protracted【答案】C【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項attract“吸引，引起”；B選項retract“縮回，縮進，取消”；C選項distract“（使）分心，轉移注意力”，distractfrom“使從分心”；D選項protract“延長；繪制”A、B、D選項一般不和介詞from連用。句意：突然來了一個鄰居，使他從這個痛苦的話題上分心了。由選項意思和句意可知，C選項符合句

32、意。11.寫作題Write on ANSWER SHEET a letter of about 150 words based on the following situation: You are Sally Parsons, dean of the School of Information Engineering, Southeast Missouri State University. Your school is employing prof. Lin Jia-xin from Beijing University to be a visiting professor. Your w

33、riting should include the following content:1. The purpose of your employment2. The payment and accommodation offered to the professor3. The employment duration4. Your expectation for a favorable and early reply5. Signature in your name with rank / position【答案】略12.單選題The book（ ）was not in the school

34、 library.問題1選項A.to which the professor referred usB.to which the professor referred to usC.which the professor referred usD.which the professor referred to us【答案】A【解析】考查定語從句。當從句謂語動詞是不及物動詞時，定語從句用介詞+連接詞引導，refer表示“參考，查閱”的意思時為不及物動詞，用法是refer sb. to sth.。句意：教授讓我們查閱的那本書不在學校圖書館。因此，本題的正確選項是A選項。13.單選題That myt

35、hical beast, homo economicus, is utterly clear about the purpose of work: to get paid. He is keener on leisure than work, and if money can be got without effort, he downs tools. If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.

36、Yet a cross-country comparison of benefits and attitudes to work published on January 28th finds precisely the opposite pattern. Researchers ranked 13 countries according to their generosity (measured by comparing typical benefits to those out of work with the average wage of a production worker) an

37、d their citizens commitment to work (gauged by asking whether they would work if they did not need the cash, and whether they regarded a job as merely a way to earn a living). The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits were least after those

38、that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates. Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top

39、on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees. But this does not entirely explain their comparative immunity to the attractions of hard work: Britons of every social class and level of education were less keen on work than their counterparts elsewhere.Could the “dependency culture” currently

40、 excercising British politicians be solved by raising benefits? Unlikely, says Alison Park, editor of the annual British Social Attitudes Report, in which the study appeared: attitudes to work vary from country to country for many reasons. The generosity of what the report terms “encompassing” state

41、s, all Nordic with Lutheran traditions, may have been made possible by a strong work ethic, rather than a stronger commitment to work having emerged as a result of it.And work incentives are affected by features of welfare systems other than overall generosity: “corporatist” states such as Germany,

42、which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality. Britain s little benefits, by contrast, are largely independent of previous employment, which may mean they are seen as an alternative to work, rather than as one of t

43、he good things that flow from it.6. “Work-shy citizens” in the last sentence of paragraph 1 probably refers to people who are（ ）.7. From paragraph 2, we learn that（ ）.8. Britons are unmotivated in their work mainly due to（ ）.9. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?10. Which of the fo

44、llowing would be the best title for the text?問題1選項A.incompetent for their workB.ashamed of their workC.unwilling to do their workD.irresponsible for their work問題2選項A.Britons average wage is the lowest in EuropeB.Britons rely heavily on government welfaresC.Britons prefer leisure to workD.Britons are

45、 not enthusiastic in work問題3選項A.weak work ethicB.insufficient work skillsC.lazy lifestyleD.defective welfare system問題4選項A.Americans are probably less interested in their work than Britons.B.Norwegians exceed Britons in professional education.C.People in Nordic countries are more committed to their w

46、ork than Germans.D.The welfare of “encompassing” states might be better than that of “corporatist” states.10. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?問題5選項A.Attitude to Work: Diligent or Idle?B.Attitude to Work: Cant or Wont?C.Welfare System: Stimulator or Inhibitor?D.Welfare Sys

47、tem: More Generous or More Reasonable?【答案】第1題:C第2題:D第3題:B第4題:B第5題:B【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。題干：第一段最后一句中的“work-shy citizens”可能指的是_的人。通過關鍵詞“work-shy citizens”可以定位到第一段最后一句話前后內(nèi)容If real people feel the same, then plentiful out-of-work benefits should be found in the same places as work-shy citizens.（如果現(xiàn)實中的人也一樣如此，那么大量

48、的失業(yè)福利應該在那些不愿工作的公民身上找到。），可知C選項“不愿去做他們的工作”符合題意。選項A“無法勝任他們的工作”，B選項“對自己的工作感到羞愧”，D選項“對他們的工作不負責任”。根據(jù)“失業(yè)福利”這個單詞可知，Work-shy citizens指的是不愿工作而導致失業(yè)的人，所以A，B，D選項均不符合題意。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是C選項。2.推理判斷題。題干：從第2段，我們可以學習到_。根據(jù)第二段最后一句話The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose b

49、enefits were least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一個國家越慷慨，其人民就越熱衷于工作。英國人緊隨美國人之后，福利最微薄，他們對工作最不感興趣。）可知，D選項“英國人對工作沒有熱情”，符合題意。A選項“英國人的平均工資是歐洲最低的”，文章表達的英國福利最差，并不是說平均工資最低，屬于概念混淆，所以A選項不正確。B選項“英國人嚴重依賴政府福利”，英國人享受的福利是最差的，所以B選項的表述也不正確。C選項“比起工作，英國人更喜歡休閑”，文中并沒有提及英國人喜歡休閑，屬于無中生有，所以

50、C選項也不正確。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是D選項。3.事實細節(jié)題。題干：英國人在工作中缺乏積極性主要是因為_。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第一句話One reason may be the skills make-up of the British workforce. The researchers found, logically enough, that professionals and graduates were more positive about work than the unskilled and non-graduates.（其原因之一可能是英國勞動力的技能的構成。研究人

51、員發(fā)現(xiàn)，符合邏輯的是，專業(yè)人士和大學畢業(yè)生對工作的態(tài)度比無技能和沒有大學學歷的人更積極。），所以B選項“工作技能不足”符合題意。A選項“薄弱的職業(yè)道德”，C選項“懶惰的生活方式”，D選項“有缺陷的福利系統(tǒng)”，這三個選項在此處并沒有提及。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為B選項。4.推理判斷題。題干：下列哪個選項可以從文章中推斷出來？A選項“美國人對工作的興趣可能不如英國人”，通過文章第二段最后一句話The more generous a state is, the keener on work its people are, they found. Britons, whose benefits we

52、re least after those that Americans get, were least keen of all on work.（一個國家越慷慨，其人民就越熱衷于工作。英國人緊隨美國人之后，福利最微薄，他們對工作最不感興趣。），可知，美國人的福利待遇比英國好，所以美國人比英國人更加熱愛工作，A選項不正確。通過文章第三段Fewer Britons than Norwegians (who came top on work commitment) have professional jobs or degrees.（擁有專業(yè)工作或學位的英國人少于挪威人（挪威人在工作承諾方面排名第一

53、），可知，B選項“挪威的職業(yè)教育超過了英國”，符合題意。通過文章第五段第二句話“corporatist” states such as Germany, which pay higher benefits to those with a longer work history, may be encouraging positive attitudes to work by such conditionality.（像德國這樣的“社團主義”國家會給那些工齡較長的人更好的福利，他們可能通過這樣的制約性來鼓勵積極的工作態(tài)度。），所以德國人會更加投入工作，可推斷出C選項“北歐國家的人比德國人對工作更

54、投入”和D選項“包容國家的福利可能比社團主義國家更好”均不正確。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為B選項。5.主旨大意題。題干：下列哪一個是文章的最好的標題？文章第一段就指出，工作的目的就是獲得報酬。第二段以英國人為例，說明人們對工作的積極性和國家的慷慨程度和福利有關。第三段指出英國人對工作不熱情的另一個原因是缺乏技能。第四段指出每個國家對工作態(tài)度不同的原因有很多種，強烈的職業(yè)道德也是原因之一。第五段以德國的例子說明工作的動力還會受到福利體制的特點影響。文章主要說的是人的工作態(tài)度是積極的還是消極的受到方方面面的因素影響，所以本題選B選項“工作態(tài)度：不能還是不愿意？”正確。A選項“工作態(tài)度：勤奮還是懶惰

55、?”對主旨的概括不夠貼切，C、D選項都在說福利待遇，不能全面概括文章內(nèi)容。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為B選項。14.單選題A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) -rich and the info-poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger

56、twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the int

57、erest of business to universalize accessafter all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be net

58、ted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defe

59、at poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an

60、invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure inclu