定語從句小結(jié)講義-高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

1、 定語從句修飾某一名詞或代詞或整個句子的從句叫定語從句，它一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞或句子之后。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞（that, which, who, whom, whose, as）和關(guān)系副詞（when, where, why）。定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞取決于定語從句中缺少何種成分和先行詞是人/物。定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇從句中缺少成分先行詞關(guān)系詞從句中缺少主語指物that/which從句中缺少主語指人that/who從句中缺少賓語指物that/which從句中缺少賓語指人that/who/whom從句中缺少定語指人/物whose（whose +

2、n. =the+ n. + of which或 of which + the + n.）從句中缺少狀語指地點指時間指原因where = at/in/on/during whichwhen = in/at whichwhy = for which整個主句which/asThe classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor.I still remember the days when/ during which I stayed in Beijing. I

3、still remember the days which/that we spent together.He showed me the place where / in which he lived. This is the place which/that we visited last year.I dont know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today. The reason which/that you gave us was unacceptable.特殊情況及疑難點：一、只用that不用which的情況1、先行詞為

4、 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代詞時。Here is something (that) I will tell you.2、先行詞被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修飾時。Is it the very one that you want?3、當(dāng)先行詞是最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時。4、當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。This is the most interesting story (t

5、hat) I have ever heard.The first meeting(that) we will take part in will be held in the afternoon.當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞時。6、當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時。I can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see.7、如有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個關(guān)系代詞則宜用 that。8、主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主語的定語從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞。9、被修飾成分為表語,或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語從句的表語時，該關(guān)系代詞

6、宜用that。10、主句的主語為which/who時，關(guān)系代詞用that。11、有時為了避免重復(fù)而使用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。Who is the man that is standing there? / Which is the book that you want to borrow?They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.二、只用which不用that的情況1、 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時。 We depend on the land

7、 from which we get our food.2、 在非限制性定語從句中。The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.3、 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指整個主句的概念時。 He was late again, which made the teacher angry.三、只用who不用that的情況1、當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones,anyone或those時。2、there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中。Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. / There is an

8、 old man who wants to see you.3、當(dāng)先行詞是人，后面有較長修飾語時。4、為了避免重復(fù)或引起歧義。5、當(dāng)先行詞是I,you,he,they等時（常用于諺語中）。6、先行詞是指成員的集體名詞。7、who可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。8、先行詞是擬人化的名詞。9、先行詞指特定的人時用who,不指特定的人用that。四、當(dāng)先行詞是way，關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語且意為“方式、方法”時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞可以用that /in which /不填。如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語，按正常的定語從句分析。Thisisthewayweve alwaysdoneit. / Im disg

9、ustedwiththeway thathewas treated.五、介詞與關(guān)系代詞1、介詞如何確定（1）依據(jù)定語從句中動詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定（2）依據(jù)先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定（3）根據(jù)意思來確定2、關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語時，介詞的位置（1）whom和which可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面。（2）含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動詞的后面，如look at, listen to, look for尋找, look after = take care of照顧, hear of/about聽說, hear from收到的信, care for關(guān)心，

10、照顧；喜歡, look forward to盼望，期待, pay attention to注意。You can have a look at the flowers which she takes good care of. （3）關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面。（4）關(guān)系代詞whose也可以在從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起作介詞賓語。3、“名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)常見的形式有：名詞/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比較級/the+

11、最高級+of+which/whom。六、定語從句中的主謂一致1、關(guān)系代詞作從句主語時，從句中謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致，先行詞是句子時，從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you.2、“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系代詞前作先行詞時，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語，從句的動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)one前有the,the only,the very等修飾時，從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam. / Tom is th

12、e only one of the boys who has passed the exam.七、as與which的區(qū)別a、位置不同：as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中間；which只能放在主句后。Im disgustedwiththeway thathewas treated.b、as起連接作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處，意為“正如，正像”，表意料之中。which相當(dāng)于并列句，可以用and this來代替，意為“這一點，這件事”，表出乎意料。注意：as常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu), 一般不能用which代替as：as we know/ as is known to all眾所周知,

13、 as we all can see正如我們所見, as has been said before/above如前所述/如上所述, as might be excepted這可能是例外, as is often the case情況常常如此或者such（+名詞）+as.（像一樣的，像之類的）, such（+名詞）+as.（像一樣的，像之類的）As is known to us all, China is in the east of Asia.Jack has won first prize, as it often happens. / She has been absent again,

14、as is expected.We have found such materials as are used in their factory. /I have the same book as he has.c、在從句中作主語時，which既可作系動詞be的主語也可作實義動詞的主語，而as只可作系動詞be的主語。八、一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, stage, scene, occasion等在定語從句中作狀語時，看作地點。Weve just reached a point where / at which both sides will sit down

15、 together and talk.考點練透1She is going to settle in Shanghai, _ she has some close friends.2“You cant judge a book by its cover,” _ the old saying goes.3Ill never forget the days_we studied in the university.4They have reached the point_they have to separate with each other.5Any student_family is too

16、poor to go to school can get help from the government. 6He did an excellent job in the final exam, _made his parents very happy. 7The tower, _ base is a shop, is frequently visited by travelers. 8_ was reported in the paper, no people died in the accident. 9Her performances on the stage were perfect

17、，_ made a lot of people admire her.10When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything _ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. 11He wrote many books, two of_ have been published so far. 12My father is the first person to _ I will turn for help when I meet difficu

18、lties. 13This is the most interesting book _ I have read. 14This is the very place _ Im wishing to live in. 15The people_whom Mr. Smith associates are all highly respectable. 16This is the very hotel _ I stayed at when I was travelling here.17Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made in

19、to television series. 18They also had a small pond _they raised fish. 19I live next door to a couple_children often make a lot of noise.20We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_the weather may be better. 21Many young people, most of_were well-educated, headed for remote regions to c

20、hase their dreams. 22Opposite is St.Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music.23Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, _ the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them. 24In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _ are w

21、omen.25The students benefitting most from college are those _ are totally engaged (參與) in academic life, taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources.26The experiment has reached a stage _ they can almost do nothing about it.AwhichBthatCwhereDwhat27. Who is the man _was standing there

22、? AwhoBwhichCthatDwhom28. A bus company_ driver caused an accident while using his mobile phone has been fined 10,000 yuan.AwhichBwhoCwhoseDwhat29. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable.Awhich priceBof which priceCprice of whichDwhose price30. He talked happily about the m

23、en and books _ interested him greatly in the school.AthatBwhenCwhoDWhich高考真題1. (2020年新高考卷39) The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum _ opened in 1759.2. (2020年新高考卷60) The Digital World is a set of volumes _ aim to describe how di

24、gital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.3. (2020年全國卷63) Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot _ it could send signa

25、ls to the spacecraft and to Earth.4. (2020年全國卷61) In ancient China lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.5. (2019年全國卷64) They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals.6. (2017全國卷64) But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models,

26、wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.7. (2016全國卷65) But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _ I was the first Western TV reporter8. (2018年全國卷66) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 m

27、inutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.答案詳解：考點練透1.考查定語從句。句意：俗話說：“不能以貌取人?！痹诜窍拗菩远ㄕZ從句中缺少賓語，且表示“正如”，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞as。故填as。2.考查定語從句。句意：到目前為止，我們已經(jīng)為貧困的孩子們籌集了5萬英鎊，這是非常出乎意料的。在非限制性定語從句中缺少主語，且修飾主句，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。故填which。3.考查定語從句。句意：史密斯先生的腳受了重傷，很快被送往當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院。在非限制性定語從句中不缺

28、少主語、賓語或表語，且foot和先行詞Mr Smith構(gòu)成所屬關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whose表示“的”。故填whose。4.考查定語從句。句意：我們生活在一個比以往任何時候都更容易獲得更多信息的時代。在定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，且先行詞為age，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when。故填when。5.考查定語從句。句意：女孩和姐姐一起安排在訓(xùn)練中心上鋼琴課，她會在那里呆一個小時。在定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，且先行詞為centre，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where。故填where。6.考查定語從句。句意：所有在場的人都反對這個項目的原因是它會造成很多污染。在定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，且先

29、行詞為reason，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞why。故填why。7.考查定語從句。句意：你們還想為自己說些什么？嗯，有一點我們必須堅持。在定語從句中缺少賓語，且先行詞為point，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which。故填that/which。8.考查定語從句。句意：他們已經(jīng)到了不得不彼此分開的地步。在定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語或表語，且先行詞為point，為抽象地點，所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞where。故填where。9which【詳解】_ made a lot of people admire her.是一個非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系詞指代整個主句內(nèi)容，所以填which。10that【詳解】考查定語從句。句意

30、：當(dāng)你睡覺時，你的大腦會整理白天發(fā)生的一切，試圖將新的經(jīng)歷與舊的記憶聯(lián)系起來。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，修飾先行詞everything，是不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用which，故填that。11which【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：他寫了許多書，其中兩本已出版。分析可知，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系詞代替先行詞books在從句中充當(dāng)介詞of的賓語，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞which。故填which。12. whom【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：我父親是我遇到困難時第一個尋求幫助的人。此處為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)定語從句修飾先行詞person，作介詞to的賓語，指

31、人，在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)定語從句中只能用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)。故填whom。13that【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：這是我讀過的最有趣的書。分子句子結(jié)構(gòu)， I have read. 是一個定語從句，修飾先行詞the most interesting book ，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作賓語，指物，且先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾，所以只能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)。故填that。14that【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：這就是我希望居住的地方?？崭裉幰龑?dǎo)定語從句，先行詞是place，從句中作賓語，由the very修飾，用關(guān)系代詞that。故填that。15with【詳解】考查短語和定語從句。句意：與史密

32、斯先生交往的那些人都很受人尊敬。短語associate with，意為“與交往”，分析句子可知，whom Mr. Smith associates為定語從句，先行詞是The people，在從句中作with的賓語，故填with。16that【詳解】考查定語從句引導(dǎo)詞。句意：這就是我在這里旅行時住過的旅館。分析句子可知，空格處引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞為the very hotel，（先行詞中由the very修飾時，通常用關(guān)系代詞that指代事物，）關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)從句，在從句中作介詞at的賓語。故填that。17which【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：瑪利亞寫了2本小說，兩本都被拍成了電視

33、連續(xù)劇。先行詞是 novels，在定語從句中做介詞of的賓語，指物，用which引導(dǎo)定語從句，故填which。18where【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：他們還有一個小池塘，他們在那里面養(yǎng)魚。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，_ they rasied fish是定語從句， a small pond作定語從句的先行詞，從句缺少地點狀語，要用where引導(dǎo)。 故填where。19whose【詳解】考查定語從句關(guān)系詞。句意：我住在一對夫婦的隔壁，他們的孩子經(jīng)常吵鬧。本句為定語從句，修飾先行詞couple（夫婦），且先行詞在從句中作賓語，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。故填whose。20when【詳解】考查非限制性定語從句

34、關(guān)系副詞。句意：我們將公園野餐推遲到下周，那個時候天氣會更好。分析句子可知，“the weather may be better.”在句中作定語，是非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞next week，先行詞next week在定語從句中作時間狀語，需用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。故填when。21whom【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：許多年輕人，其中大多數(shù)受過良好的教育，前往偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)追逐自己的夢想。此處為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞people，且作介詞of的賓語，指人應(yīng)使用whom。故填whom。22where【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：對面是圣保羅教堂，在那里你可以聽到一些優(yōu)美的音

35、樂。此處為非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞St.Pauls Church，且先行詞在從句中作的是地點狀語，用關(guān)系副詞where。故填where。23when【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：一些語言專家認(rèn)為大約10,000年前時，世界人口只有五百萬到一千萬，他們這些人之間說的語言可能有12,000種。根據(jù)語法分析，空格所在的句子是非限制性定語從句修飾“10,000 years ago”，從句中作時間狀語。故填when。24whom【詳解】考查定語從句。句意：我們工廠有2000個工人，其中三分之二是女性。此處是“介詞短語+關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，先行詞是workers，指人，關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語，應(yīng)使用whom引導(dǎo)，故填wh